Chapter 1 - Human Respiratory System

8/3/2019 Chapter 1 - Human Respiratory System

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What is the similarity between this

pictures ?


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The human respiratory system consists of

Nasal cavity

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Lungs

Alveolus

Rib cage Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles


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Nasal cavity to warm, moisten and filter

fine particles like dust from the air

Trachea is a channel that branches into

twoEach branch is called bronchus which

enter the lungs

The bronchus branches into finer tubes

called bronchioles

Each bronchioles ends with an alveolus


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TracheaBronchus

Bronchiole

Left

lung

Alveolus

Right

lung

Diaphragm


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Involved two physical processes

Inhalation Exhalation

Air from the

outside istaken into the

lungs

Air is expelled

from the lungsto the outside


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The pathway taken by air :

Nose / nasal

cavity

Trachea Bronchus

BronchiolesAlveolus


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Inhalation Exhalation

The rib cage moves

upwards and outwards

Diaphragm contractsand moves downwards

The volume of thoracic

cavity increases

Pressure in the lungsdecreases

Air from the outside is

forced into the lungs

The rib cage moves

downwards and inwards

Diaphragm relax andmoves upwards

The volume of thoracic

cavity decreases

Pressure in the lungsincreases

Air is forced out from

the lungs


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The diaphragm relax

Moves upwards The diaphragm contract

Moves downwards


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Trachea

Bronchus

Lungs

Rib cage

Diaphragm

Glass tube

Balloon

Rubber sheet

Bell jar

Y-shaped tube

Functional Model Of Human

Respiratory System


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When the rubber

sheet is released

When the rubber sheet

is pulled down


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Volume in the bell jar?

Decreases

Air pressure in the bell

jar?

Increases

Movement of air

Air is forced out of the

balloon through the Y-

tube

Changes to the balloon?

Deflate


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Volume in the bell jar?

Increases

Air pressure in the belljar?

Decreases

Movement of air

Air moves into the

balloon through the

glass tube.

Changes to the balloon?

Deflate


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Surrounded by a large

network of blood

capillaries

Have millions of alveoli

(large surface area)

Wall of alveolus is moist

It has thin wall

( one cell-thick)


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The alveolus is efficient in gaseous exchange:

It has a thin wall ( 1 cell thick)

It is moist ( enable gas to dissolve easily)

Surrounded by a large network of blood

capillaries (gas can be transport faster) It has millions of alveolus ( to increase its

surface area)


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Low oxygen concentration in

the blood capillary


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Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into theblood capillaries

High oxygenconcentration in the

blood capillary


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High carbon dioxide

concentration in the blood

capillary


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Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood capillariesinto the alveolus

Low carbon dioxide

concentration in the

blood capillary


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In the blood, oxygen combine with the haemoglobin

in red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin

Haemoglobin + oxygen Oxyhaemoglobin


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High oxygen

concentration inthe blood

capillary

Low oxygen concentration in

the blood capillary

Oxyhaemoglobin Oxygen + haemoglobin


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Nicotine and tobacco tar from the cigarettesmoke

Sulphur dioxide from factories

Carbon monoxide from the exhaust fumes

Haze from the burning forest


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Chemical substance Harmful effects

Nicotine

Cause illness like bronchitis, throat

cancer and lung cancer

Cause addiction

Tobacco tar

Blackens the lungsDamage alveolus cells and lung

cells

Cause lung cancer

Acid Corrodes lung cells

Cause illness like coughing, asthma

and bronchitis


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Chemical substance Harmful effectsAcidic gas from factories

Sulphur dioxideIrritates the air passage

Vehicle fumes

Carbon monoxide

Reduce the ability of blood

to transport oxygenBurning forest or garbage

HazeIrritates the air passage

Damage the lungs


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Asthma

Is a type of disease caused by the inflammationof the breathing channel.

The breathing channel suddenly become narrowcausing difficulty in breathing

Lung cancer

Unusual cell growths in the lungs

Smoking is the major cause of lung cancer

Carcinogen is the cause of cancer


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Emphysema

Caused by the cigarette smoke

Which cause the alveolus of the lungs to enlargeand be destroyed.

Bronchitis

Is an acute inflammation of the air passageswithin the lungs


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Install tall chimneys in factoriesInstall electrostatic precipitators on

factory chimneys

Install catalyst converters onvehicles exhaust pipe

Use air cleaning system

Burn garbage in special places likethe incinerators

Stop smoking

Chapter 1 - Human Respiratory System

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