Chapter 1 Exploring Life introduction to Biology Chapter 1: Exploring Life Dr. Nezar Redwan.

Chapter 1 Exploring Life Chapter 1 Exploring Life

introduction to Biology

Chapter 1: Exploring Life Dr. Nezar Redwan

المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح المصطلــــــــــح تعريفBiology Is The Science Of Life In All Its Living Forms, Plants, Animals And Microorganisms Including Man

ظاهرة دراسة علم هو الحياة علموالحيوان النبات في ممثلة الحياة

اإلنسان وكذا الدقيقة والكائناتBiology Is The Scientific Study Of Life للحياة العلمية الدراسة هو األحياء علم

The Term “Biology” Derived From Bios = Life And Logos = Science Logos

كلمتين ”Biology“مصطلح من مشتقو Biosيونانيتين : حياة Logosيعني

علـــم يعنيLiving Organisms الحية الكائنات

Adaptationواالستعداد التهيؤ وهي التكيف

تحت للعيش الحي للكائن الفطريفيها يوجد التي بيئته ظروف

Evolutionعليها المفطور التغير عملية هو التطور

ويحورها حياته بها يكيف التي الكائن

Organizationللكائنات هامة أخرى صفة التعضية

في الدراسة موضوعات تحدد بها الحيةاألحياء علم

Hierarchy Of Life للحياة الهرمي التنظيمEmergent Properties الناشئة بالصفات تعرف جديدة صفات

Biosphereاألنظمة – ) البيئات كل الجوي الغالف

األرض( على للحياة الداعمة البيئية

Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biologyالحياة : بعلم التعريف مدخل


Ecosystemمن – الجماعات كل البيئي النظامفي تعيش التي المختلفة الكائنات

معينة منطقة

Communityالمختلفة – الكائنات كل الجماعة

) في) تعيش التي المختلفة العشائرمعين بيئي نظام

Populationالواحد – النوع أفراد كل العشيرة

منطقة في فقط بينهم فيما يتزاوجونمعينة

Organ Systemsمحددة – وظائف لها العضوية األجهزة

أعضاء من وتتألفOrgans للكائن – محددة وظائف تؤدي األعضاء

Tissuesمن – مجموعة من مكونة األنسجة

المتشابهة الخالياMolecules الذرات – من تجمع جزيئات

Organellesوظائف – ذات غشائية تراكيب عضيات

محددة

Cellsعن – بغشاء تفترق حية كيانات خاليا

بيئتهاLiving And Nonliving Components الحية والغير الحية المكوناتPhotosynthetic Organisms الضوئي البناء على القادرة الكائناتProducers Are Called And Provide Food الغذاء توفر نتجات Zالم

ConsumersبالمZستهلكات

على ) أو النباتات على تتغذى كائناتالنباتات ( على تتغذى حيوانات

The Nonliving Componentsمواد عن عبارة الحية غير المكونات

للحياة ضرورية كيميائية غذائية


Recycle Chemicals الكيماويات تدوير إعادةNecessary For LifeMove Energy Through The Ecosystem البيئي النظام خالل الطاقة تحريكProkaryotic Cells النواة أولية خالياGenetic Material Is Not Surrounded By A Nuclear Membrane

نووي بغالف محاطة غير الوراثية المادة

Simple And Small وبسيطة صغيرةBacteria Are Prokaryotic النواة أولية البكتيرياEukaryotic Cells النواة حقيقية خاليا

Possess Organelles Separated By Membranesتفصلها بأغشية محاطة عضيات تمتلك

السيتوبالزم عن

Plants, Animals, And Fungi Are Eukaryoticوالفطريات والحيوانات النباتات

النواة حقيقيةNucleus نواةContains DNA Surrounded By Nuclear Membrane

نووي بغالف محاط دنا على تحتوي

Membrane غشاءDNA Is The Genetic )Hereditary( Material Of All Cells

الخاليا لكل الوراثية المادة هو الدنا

A Gene Is A Discrete Unit Of DNA الدنا من مميزة وحدة عن عبارة الجينChapter 1: Exploring Life Dr. Nezar Redwan

Order الحية – للكائنات المعقد التعضي النظام

Regulationعلى – المحافظة على المقدرة التنظيم

الحياة مع متناسقة داخلية بيئةGrowth And Development الجنيني والتطور النمو

Energy Processingالطاقة – إكتساب الطاقة معالجة

بممارسة للكائن نافعة لصورة وتحويلهااأليض

Response To The Environmentاالستجابة – قدرة للبيئة االستجابة

البيئي للمؤثراتReproduction النوع – إكثار على المقدرة التكاثر

Evolutionary Adaptationالصفات – اكتساب التطوري التكيف

بيئته مع للكائن dتناسبا األكثرDomains عوالـــمThe Three Domains )Groups( Of Life حيوية ) ( مجاميع عوالم ثالث هناكBacteria - Prokaryotic, And Most Are Unicellular And Microscopic

تكون – ما وعادة ، النواة أولية البكتيريامجهرية و الخلية وحيدة

Archaea - Like Bacteria, Are Prokaryotic, And Most Are Unicellular And Microscopic

تكون – ما وعادة ، النواة أولية البدائياتشأن شأنها مجهرية و الخلية وحيدة

البكتيرياEukarya - Are Eukaryotic And Contain A Nucleus And Organelles

النواة – حقيقية خاليا النواة حقيقياتعضيات و نواة لها أي


THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE العلمية الطريقة

Discovery Scienceيستخدم – االستقرائي العلم

لوصف متنوعة وقياسات مشاهداتالعلم

Hypothesis- Based Science

اإلستنتاجي ) – االفتراضي العلمالذي( – البيانات يستخدم اإلستداللي

لوضع وذلك االستقرائي العلم يوفرها) التجريبي ) العلم إنه علمية تفسيرات

A Hypothesis

لمجموعة مقترح تفسير هي الفرضيةهي آخر وبمعنى المشاهدات من

تثيرها التي لألسئلة التخمينية اإلجابةالمشاهدة

A Theoryعلى مبني علمي إستنتاج هي النظرية

من ومتزايد كبير بعدد مؤيد التجربةبالتجارب المدعومة األدلة


Topics Discussed in this chapter

1. The Characteristics of Life

2. Biological Organization

3. The 3 domains of life

4. Steps in the Scientific Method


What is Biology?

Biology is the study of all living things

Living things are called organisms

Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals


Biology:

is the scientific study of life in all its living forms, plants, animals and microorganisms including man

The term “Biology” derived from

bios = life

and

logos = science


All Living Things Share Common Characteristics

known as:

The Characteristics of Life


The Characteristics of Life1. Order)organization( :

Living organisms are organized in several levels of increasing complexity best described as a :

Hierarchy of life levels.

Atoms Molecules Organelles

Cells – life starts here

Tissues Organs System

Organism Population Community

Ecosystem Biosphere


Biosphere

Ecosystem

يحيط ما مع المتفاعلة المختلفة العشائر جميعمنطقة في ومناخ وتربة وهواء ماء من بها

فلوريدا ساحل مثل Florida coastمعينة

Community, All organisms onthe Florida coast

ال

Population, Group of brown pelicans

Nucleus ا

Nerve

Spinal cord

Cell Nerve cell

Tissue Nervous tissue

Organ ا Brain

Organelle

Nucleusن

Molecule

DNA

Atomذرة

Organism Brown pelican

Organ system Nervous system

Brain ا

Life’s hierarchy of organization

Nucleus

Organism

Organ system

Organ

Tissue

Cell

Organelle

Macromolecule

Molecule

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Water

Oxygen atom

Hydrogen atoms

Bone cells

Hierarchy of life levels.

Atom

MoleculesMolecules - clusters of atoms

OrganellesOrganelles - membrane-bound structures with different jobs inside Cells

CellsCells - life starts here. The simplest entity that has all the properties of life

TissuesTissues - - made of groups of similar cells that carries out a particular function in an organism

OrgansOrgans - - A structure consisting of two or more tissues that performs specialized functions within an organism

OrganOrgan systemssystems - have specific functions; are composed of organs that carries out a particular function in an organism


Life’s hierarchy of organization

Organism:Organism:Population:Population:All the individuals of a species only interbreed with

each other within a specific areaCommunity:Community:The array of organisms )different populations( living in

a particular ecosystem Ecosystem:Ecosystem:All the organisms )communities( living in a particular

areaBiosphereBiosphere :All the environments )ecosystems( on Earth that

support life


The Characteristics of Life2. Metabolism:

Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism. Organized synthesis and break down of molecules; can produce energy to power life processes.

3.3. EnergyEnergy processing:processing:

Acquiring energy and transforming it to a form useful for the organism through metabolism

4. Motility:

Organisms can move themselves or their parts.

5. Responsiveness:

An ability to respond to environmental stimuli

2. .Chapter 1: Exploring Life Dr. Nezar Redwan

6. Regulation:

An ability to maintain an internal environment consistent with life (Homeostasis) Within The Ranges Required For Life. Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc

7.Development:

Develop from simple to more complex organism.

8. Reproduction:Reproduction:

The ability to perpetuate the species, genes are passed from parent to offspring; genes control an organism’s phenotype

The Characteristics of Life


The Characteristics of Life9. Evolution:

Evolution is the process of change that transforms life. Populations change over time as they adapt to their environment.

10. Adaptations:

The innate fitness of an organism for its environmental condition. the environment selects organisms with traits/ that are best suited for an organisms environment (natural selection). The leopard is an excellent example of an organism adapted to its environment.

Adaptations are the result of evolution


Some important properties of life

(3) Growth and development

(4) Energy processing

(2) Regulation

(1) Order

(5) Response to the environment

(6) Reproduction

(7) Evolutionary adaptation(7) Evolutionary adaptation اا


)2( Regulation


The environment outside an organism )a living thing(

frequently changes,but mechanisms regulatethe organism’s internalenvironment, keeping

it within limits thatsustain life

For example, a jackrabbit can adjust its body temperature by regulating The amount of blood flowing through its ears. When the rabbit’s body temperature rises, more blood flows through the vessel in its ears, allowing excess heat to be released to the air.

)3( Growth and development


Information carried by genes the units of inheritance thattransmit information from

parentsTo offspring – controls the

patternof growth and development in

allorganisms, including the

Nile crocodile


)4( Energy processing Metabolism

Organisms take in energyand transform it in

performing all of life’sactivities

Fro example, when thisbear eats the fish, it willuse the chemical energy

stored in the fishto power its own activities

and chemical reactions)metabolism(



)5( Response to the environment

All organisms respondto environmental stimuli

Fro example, a Venus

flytrapcloses its trap in

responseto the environmental

stimulusof an insect landing on

it



)6( Reproduction

Organisms reproduce theirown kind, by producing

offsprings. This emperor

Penguins is protecting its baby.By reproduction survival of

the specie, not extinction,is achieved



)7( Evolutionary adaptation

Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations to change )evolve( over time

Fro example, the appearanceof the pygmy seahorseshas evolved in the way

that camouflage the animalin its environment



1.2 Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy

Life requires interactions between living and nonliving

components

– Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are called producersproducers

– Others eat plants )or animals that profit from plants( and are called consumersconsumers

– Decomposers: Decomposers: Recycle all organic materials)Dead Recycle all organic materials)Dead plants and animals(plants and animals(

The nonliving components are chemical nutrients required for life


To be successful, an ecosystem must accomplish two things

– Recycle chemicals necessary for life

– Move energy through the ecosystem

– Energy enters as light and exits as heat

1.2 Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy


Ecosystem

Producers(such as plants)

Sunlightأ

Cyclingof

chemicalNutrients

Chemical energy

Consumers(such as animals)

)

Heat

Heat

The cycling of nutrients and flow of energy in an ecosystem

Decomposers

THE PROCESSTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCEOF SCIENCE

Scientific MethodScientific Method


Steps in the Scientific MethodSteps in the Scientific Method

ObservationObservation

HypothesisHypothesis

ExperimentExperiment

Data CollectionData Collection

ConclusionConclusion

RetestRetest


1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature

Two approaches are used to understand Two approaches are used to understand natural causes for natural phenomenanatural causes for natural phenomena

1. Discovery based science:Discovery based science: is results that have been found from actually having

carried out the experiment or investigation. uses verifiable observations and measurements to

describe science.

2.2. Hypothesis- basedHypothesis- based science:science: is an educated guess by a scientist of what will happen

during an experiment or investigation. uses the data from discovery science to explain

science.This requires proposing and testing of hypotheses.


1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature

There is a difference between a theorytheory and a hypothesishypothesis

– A hypothesishypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations

– A theorytheory is supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence


1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses

We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses

– An example would be the reasoning we use to answer the question, “Why doesn’t the flashlight work?”

– Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem is either the:

)1( bulb or )2( batteries.– The hypothesis must

be testable– The hypothesis must

be falsifiable

Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries

Observations

Questionر

Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb

يعمل

Test prediction

Test prediction ا

Test falsifies hypothesis

Test does not falsify hypothesis

Prediction:Replacing batteries

will fix problem ت


will fix problem

The Process of Science

Deductive reasoning:

Draws specific conclusions based on information )facts(

Inductive reasoning:

Draws general conclusions based on specific (observations(


The Scientific Method

Observation

Question or problem

Hypotheses

Testable predictions

Experiments

Analyze data

Conclusions

Steps in the Scientific MethodSteps in the Scientific Method


Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries

Observations

Questionر

Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb

يعمل

Test prediction

Test prediction ا

Test falsifies hypothesis

Test does not falsify hypothesis


will fix problem ت


will fix problem

An example of hypothesis-based science

The Hypothesis

A tentative explanation for observations

Consistent with facts

Can be tested

Tests can be repeated by others

Can be rejected


Testing Predictions by Experiment

Prediction

Deductive product of a hypothesis

Control group

Closely matches experimental group

Experimental group

Differs from control group in 1 variable Chapter 1: Exploring Life Dr. Nezar Redwan


Another hypothesis:

Mimicry helps protect nonpoisonous king snakes from predators where poisonous coral snakes also live

The hypothesis predicts that predators learn to avoid the warning coloration of coral snakes



Experimentation supports the prediction of the mimicry hypothesis:

Nonpoisonous snakes that mimic coloration of coral snakes are attacked less frequently

The experiment has a control group using brown artificial snakes for comparison

The experimental group is artificial snakes with the red, black, and yellow ring pattern of king snakes


Eastern coral snake )poisonous(


Scarlet king snake )nonpoisonous(


Artificial king snake that was not attacked )left(; artificial brown snake that was attacked by a bear

)right(

Artificial king snake that was not attacked

Artificial brown snake that was attacked by a bear


You should now be able to

1. Describe life’s hierarchy of organization

2. Describe living organisms’ interactions with their environments

3. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells

4. Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life

5. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis-based science

6. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and society are connected


Training Questions )Choose the right answer(1) Structure fits …………. at all levels of organization in the organism is a basic concept of biologya) Species b) Adaptation c) Functiond) Strength e) Response

2) Which of the following is composed of a sequence of nucleotides?a) DNA b) Starch c) Proteind) RNA e) A and D are correct choices.

3) A (an)__________ is a group of organisms consisting of only one species that live in the same place at the same time and producing its own offspring.

a) Organism b) Population c) Ecosystemc) Biosphere e) Community

4) The middle tier of life hierarchy is characterized by the _______ which is a living thing.a) Organ b) Organism c) Speciesd) Population e) Ecosystem

5) Living organisms have many __________ that distinguish them from nonliving: a) Names b) Attributes c) Colorsd) Characters (Traits)e) B And D Are Correct Choices

Chapter 1 Exploring Life introduction to Biology Chapter 1: Exploring Life Dr. Nezar Redwan.

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