Chapter 1 Chemistry 2018-2019 - Amazon S3 · Mixture: ›A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties. Mixed together

Chapter 1

Chemistry 2018-2019

Almost everything in our lives is affected either

directly or indirectly by the study of Chemistry.

Chemistry…

…is the study of the composition

structure, and properties of matter,

the changes matter undergoes, and the energy involved

in those processes.

Chemistry Affects Us

For the next 2-3 minutes brainstorm 3-5

ways that Chemistry is affecting or has

affected your life.

1. Organic Chemistry: Study of Carbon

containing compounds. (*exceptions)

2. Inorganic Chemistry: Study of non-

organic (non-carbon) substances, many

of which have organic fragments

bonded to metals (organometallics).

3. Physical Chemistry: Study of properties

and changes of matter and their relation

to energy.

4. Biochemistry: Study of substances and

processes occurring in living things.

5. Theoretical Chemistry: Using math and

computers to understand the principles

behind observed chemical behavior

and predict the properties of new

compounds.

6. Analytical Chemistry: The identification

of the components and composition of

the materials.

A chemical is any substance that has a

definite composition.

> Sugar

> Water

> Carbon Dioxide

What is Matter?

> Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

> Mass is the amount of matter in an object

> Volume is the amount of three dimensional space an object occupies.

An atom is the smallest unit of an element that

maintains the identity of the element.

An element is a pure substance that cannot be

broken down into simpler more stable

substances and is made of one type of atom.

A compound is a substance that can be broken

down into simple stable substances.

Compounds are made of 2 or more elements

chemically bonded.

Elements:

Compounds:

A physical property is a characteristic

that can be observed or measured

without changing the identity of the

substance.

› Melting and Boiling Point

A physical change is a change in a

substance that does not involve a

change in the identity of the substance.

› Grinding, cutting, melting and boiling

A change of state is a physical change of a

substance from one state to another.

States of Matter: Solid state, Liquid State,

Gas or Plasma > Solid: Definite shape and volume

> Liquid: Indefinite shape and definite volume

> Gas: Indefinite shape and volume.

*A vapor is a substance that naturally occurs as a

solid or liquid but is in the gaseous state.

Plasma: High

temperature

state of matter

where atoms

lose most of

their electrons.

A chemical property relates to a

substance’s ability to undergo changes

that transform it into different substances.

(combustible, flammable, corrosive…)

A change in which one or more

substances are converted into different

substances is a chemical change or

chemical reaction.

Evidence of a Chemical Change:

Melting Point

Flammable

Magnetic

Density

Corrosive

Malleable

Toxic

Conductive

Physical

Chemical

Physical

Physical

Chemical

Physical

Chemical

Physical

Cutting wood

Burning wood

Bending a nail

A rusting nail

Ice melting

Forming a precipitate

Producing electricity

Changing color

Physical

Chemical

Physical

Chemical

Physical

Chemical

Chemical

can be BOTH

The reactants are substances that react in a

chemical change.

The products are substances that are

formed by the chemical change.

C + O2 → CO2 (Carbon plus Oxygen yields Carbon Dioxide)

Reactants Products

Energy is always involved when a

chemical or physical change occurs.

Energy can be found in various forms,

but in chemistry typical forms:

› Heat

› Light

Energy can be absorbed or released in a

change, but it is NOT destroyed or

created.

Remember from Physical Science…

Energy is the capacity to do work.

> Potential Energy: Energy of Position or Rest(stored)

> Kinetic Energy: Energy of Motion

Detectable forms of energy include: light, heat,

sound and electricity.

Law of Conservation of Energy: The total

amount of energy in the Universe is constant—it

merely changes from one form to another– energy

can be neither created nor destroyed.

Mixture:

› A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter,

each of which retains its own identity and properties.

Mixed together physically.

Can usually be separated.

Two types of Mixtures:

› Homogenous mixtures (aka solutions) are mixtures

that are uniform in composition.

Salt Water Solution

› Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform throughout

and you can separate out the different parts. Clay-Water Mixture

Chromatography: Uses differences in

dissolving ability to separate portions of a

mixture.

Filtration: Separating a solid from a liquid

from gravity or vacuum.

Distillation:

Using boiling

point

differences to

separate a

liquid from

something

dissolved in it.

01_13

Thermometer

Vapors

Distillingflask

Burner

Condenser

Receivingflask

Distillate

Water outCool

water in

Pure Substances:

› Have a fixed composition.

› Elements or compounds.

Differs from mixtures in the following ways:

› Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly

the same characteristic properties.

› Every sample has exactly the same composition.

i.e. Water is always 11.2% Hydrogen and 88.8%

oxygen by mass.

The vertical columns on the periodic

table are called groups or families. Each group contains elements with similar

chemical properties.

The horizontal rows in the periodic table

are called periods.

› Regular changes occur the physical and

chemical properties across a period.

Metals: A metal is an element that is a

good electrical and heat conductor.

Properties of Metals:

› Most are solids at room temperature

› Malleable—hammered into thin sheets

› Ductile—drawn into a wire

› Conduct heat and electricity well

Gold, Copper and Aluminum:

Non-metals: Element that is a poor

conductor of heat and electricity.

Properties of Non-metals:

› Many are gases.

› Solids are brittle.

› Poor conductors of

heat and electricity.

Carbon, Sulfur, Phosphorus and Iodine:

Metalloid: Element that has some

characteristics of both metals and non-

metals.

Properties of Metalloids:

› Solids at room temperature.

› Semi-conductors

Noble Gases: Group 18 elements only

› Generally unreactive

› Gases at room temperature