1 Chapter 1: Biomes and Ecosystems are divisions of the Biosphere Workbook page 6 1.1 BIOMES Read Pages 8 – 27 Biosphere: ______________________________________ The Biosphere is made up of different Biomes. _______________________________________________ Biomes are regions_____________________________ _______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 1. _________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________ 6. _________________________________________ 7. _________________________________________ 8. _________________________________________ Biotic Components are: ____________________________ ________________________________________________ Ex. _____________________________________________ Abiotic Components are: ____________________________ ________________________________________________ Ex. _____________________________________________ FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BIOMES 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 1. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
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Chapter 1: Biomes and Ecosystems are divisions of the Biosphere Workbook page 6
1.1 BIOMES Read Pages 8 – 27
Biosphere: ______________________________________ The Biosphere is made up of different Biomes.
_______________________________________________ Biomes are regions_____________________________
Human Activity: ________________________________________________________________
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
Denitrification
Denitrifying Bacteria
Nitrification
Nitrifying Bacteria
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Nitrogen Cycle Questions
Use the Nitrogen Cycle from the provincial exam data booklet! If you don’t have one on you get it at: www.openschool.bc.ca/courses/science/.../science%2010_databooklet.pdf
1. What gases are found in the atmosphere?
2. What gases does industry contribute to the atmosphere?
3. What is the process called when N2 is changed to NH4+?
4. What chemicals does fertilizer application add to the soil?
5. What gas do volcanoes add to the atmosphere?
6. What does atmospheric fixation do?
7. What acid falls to the ground as precipitation?
8. List 2 decomposers found?
9. Where are nitrogen fixing bacteria found?
10. What is the process called when dissolved NH4+ and NO3
28. Explain how herds of large mammals can survive in grassland biomes. Use the term “available energy” in
your answer.
29. Explain how each of the following processes cycles carbon through an ecosystem.
(a) photosynthesis
(b) respiration
(c) decomposition
(d) ocean mixing
30. How does carbon return to the environment when fossil fuels are burned?
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31. Although growing soybeans and peas replenishes nutrients in the soil, growing large, single crops of these
plants could have a negative effect on an ecosystem. Explain how this might happen.
32. How might increased river temperatures affect bear populations?
33. What would be more concentrated in an organism: 1 ppm (part per million) or 1 pp(part per billion) of a
chemical? Explain.
34. DDT is toxic at 5 ppm. Study the diagram below showing how DDT biomagnifies. From the data given in this
diagram, determine at which trophic level DDT is toxic.
35. A woodpecker’s feet, tail, beak, and tongue allow the bird to catch insects under the bark of trees. Explain
how the process you identified in question 17 may have resulted in these adaptations.
36. Explain why it might be easier to walk through a mature old-growth forest than through a young forest
undergoing succession.
37. How can water contamination from human activities such as mining affect biodiversity?
Thinking Critically
38. The diagram below shows a food web in the Antarctic Ocean.
(a) Explain why a decline in the population of baleen whales might lead to an increase in the populations of
seals, penguins, and krill-eating fish.
(b) What might happen to the other species if the population of baleen whales increased but the population of
krill stayed the same? Explain.
39. Some plants have adaptations that protect them from predation by herbivores. Give an example that would
best illustrate such an adaptation.
40. What happens to the energy in top carnivores when they die?
41. Large carnivores have a greater chance of becoming extinct than smaller organisms. What factors make this statement true? Use examples in your answer. 42. The impact of human activities on nutrient cycles is detrimental to biotic communities. Explain. 43. How would an ecosystem be affected if lethal levels of a heavy metal bioaccumulated in a keystone species? Use the following data to construct a climatograph, then answer the questions that follow. (a) In what biome would you find this location? Explain. (b) In what zone is this biome located?
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45. Plants, such as tomatoes, require adequate amounts of phosphorus for energy transfer between their cells and for healthy plant development. If the amount of phosphorus in the soil is limited, the growth of tomato plants can be reduced. Design an experiment to determine the minimum amount of phosphorus required for optimum tomato plant growth. (a) What would be your hypothesis? (b) What would be your independent variable? (c) What type of data would you collect? (d) List at least five abiotic factors you would control in your experiment. (e) What biotic factors would you control in your experiment? Applying Your Understanding 46. There is a relationship between a soil fungus called mycorrhiza (plural: mycorrhizae) and the roots of plants. The fungus obtains sugars from the plant and absorbs minerals and water from the soil, which then enter plant roots. If the mycorrhizae are removed from the plant’s roots, the plant’s rate of growth and reproduction is reduced. What is this relationship an example of? A. parasitism B. mutualism C. commensalism D. predation 47. High school students conducting an ecological study of a pond in a public park were surprised to discover dead fish floating on the water. The park was located next to a public golf course. The students noted that Canada geese were residents of the park. Which of the following is a possible explanation for the dead fish? A. The dead fish were the result of biotic and abiotic factors. B. The pond was experiencing eutrophication. C. The Canada geese were upsetting the nitrogen balance in the pond. D. All of the above are factors. Month Average Average Precipitation (mm) Temperature (ºC) J 115 21 F 110 22 M 86 19 A 38 17 M 24 14 J5 11 J2 12 A6 14 S 22 17 O 24 19 N 105 20 D 123 20
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On the island of Oahu, Hawaii, lives a group of tree snails found nowhere else in the world. These small snails once covered the lowlands and the volcanic ridges of the island but are now confined to the mountaintops. Forty-two species had evolved from one original species, but only seven or eight species remain today. The rosy wolf snail was brought to Oahu to kill the giant East African snail, which was becoming a road hazard and destroying gardens, but the rosy wolf snail preferred to eat the tree snail. Rats and habitat loss in the lowland areas are also threatening the survival of the remaining tree snail species. Forty-two species of snail arose on what was once a barren volcanic island. What is this an example of? A. succession B. pioneer species C. adaptive radiation D. biomagnification 49. Which of the following is true of the rosy wolf snail described in question 48? A. I only B. I and II only C. I, II, and III only D. I, II, III, and IV 50. A previously unidentified survival mechanism has been found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. Roundworm eggs are eaten by black ants as the ants feed on bird feces. The yellowish roundworms cause the abdomens of the black ants to change from black to amber. When sunlight shines on the ants’ abdomens, they appear red. The infected ants change their behaviour, now holding their swollen bellies higher in the air. To a bird, the ants look like juicy red berries ready to be picked. Normally, birds would avoid the bad-tasting black ants, but now they become lunch. The roundworm has what type of relationship to the ant? A. parasitic B. predatory C. mutualistic D. commensal 51. Which organism benefits from the relationship identified in question 50? A. the roundworm because it infects the ant B. the roundworm because it is carriedaway by birds C. the roundworm because the ants changecolour D. the bird because it now eats the ants 52. A long prairie drought has killed the wasps, robber flies, and other predators that normally feed on grasshopper eggs. A moist winter protected the eggs from drying out, and a warm spring produced plenty of vegetation. The result was a dramatic increase in the number of grasshoppers, which destroyed most of the plant life in the area. What would be the effect of the grasshopper infestation on this ecosystem? A. Only the antelopes would die of starvation. B. The wolves and coyotes would die of starvation. C. The antelopes, wolves, and coyotes would die of starvation. D. Only the grass species would be affected.
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53. The shipworm is a type of marine clam that destroys the wood of ships and marine piers. Scientists were recently surprised to discover that bacteria found on these clams’ gills can change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, which the clams can use to make protein. Why would scientists be surprised by this discovery? A. Bacteria are not known to change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates. B. Only plants are known to fix nitrogen through symbiosis. C. Scientists believed that clams changed atmospheric nitrogen. D. Clams were not known to make protein. 54. What is the process in the nitrogen cycle described in question 53 called? A. nitrification B. denitrification C. decomposition D. nitrogen fixation 55. A common species of phytoplankton known as Phaeocystis globosa is able to chemically sense which type of predator is in the neighbourhood and change its shape accordingly. If the predator is a herbivore such as a paramecium, which eats a more refined, small-particle diet, the algae will form a dense colony. If the grazers are smallcrustaceans such as copepods, which eat a chunkier diet, the algae will detach from the colony into single cells. What is the adaptation shown by this phytoplankton best described as? A. a structural adaptation B. a physiological adaptation C. a behavioural adaptation D. a survival strategy 56. Phaeocystis phytoplankton blooms play a key role in the carbon cycles of cold oceans and sometimes account for as much as 85 percent of an ocean’s carbon producers. Fecal waste from the copepods that eat the phytoplankton falls to the deep ocean floor. An increase in ocean temperature due to global climate change could affect these phytoplankton and ocean carbon stores. How could climate change affect the Phaeocystis phytoplankton blooms and the carbon cycle? I Less phytoplankton may be produced. II Less carbon would be held in deep ocean sediment. III Atmospheric carbon would be increased. IV Atmospheric carbon would be decreased. A. I and II only B. I, II, and III only C. I, II, and IV only D. II and IV only 57. Several years ago, toxaphene, an agricultural pesticide, was found in trout and their predators osprey in Bow Lake high in the mountains of Banff National Park. This chemical was also found in freshly fallen snow. What is the most logical explanation for these findings? A. I and II only B. II and IV only
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C. III and IV only D. II, III, and IV only 58. Some scientists think that Earth is currently experiencing the sixth great period of mass extinction. Geological records show that, during the past five mass extinctions, 50 to 90 percent of species estimated to exist during those times became extinct. Although the previous mass extinctions had natural causes, the current steep rise in species extinction is the result of human activities. Which of the following activities is responsible for this extinction? A. I and II only B. I, II, and II only C. I, III, and V only D. I, II, III, IV, and V