CHAPTER 1 6

CHAPTER 16 •The Enlightenment

An example of a French Salon where debating societies argued the ideas of the Enlightenment.

1 – Montesquieu 2- Rousseau 3- Diderot 4-Madame Geoffin 5- Voltaire

An example of a French Salon where debating societies argued the ideas of the Enlightenment.

•Public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics and social issues.

What is a Philosophe?

Rene Descartes•Wrote “Discourse on Method” Which was the concept of mind and matter; that reason is the chief source of knowledge.•Father of modern philosophy•"I think, therefore I am.”•“Because the mind can not be doubted, but the physical world can, the two must be radically different.”

A tree falls in the woods. No one is there to hear it.

Does it make a sound?

François-Marie ArouetBorn: 21 Nov 1694Died: 30 May 1778Wrote 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books

Greatest Figure of the Enlightenment

Wrote “Treatise on Toleration”:“I do not agree with what you have to say, but…I'll defend to the death your right to say it.”

VOLTAIRE!

Deism: the universe was like a clock. Created by the Deity, but left to function. Human beings were left to solve their own problems.

Path to the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was an 18th century philosophical movement built on the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. Philosophers hoped to make a better society by applying the scientific method and reason to social problems.

Discussed reason, natural law, hope, and progress.

“War in the Age of Enlightenment”

Path to the Enlightenment Enlightenment philosophers thought that society was governed by natural laws just as the Newtonian physical universe was.

John Locke: He argued that people are born with a mind that is a tabula rasa, or blank slate, and that knowledge comes to it through the 5 senses.

This meant that the right influences could create a new kind of society by creating a new way of understanding.

Jean-Jacques Rousseauwrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of MankindArgued that people formed governments and laws to protect their private property, but the government relationship enslaved them.

Rousseau in 1762 wrote “The Social Contract" =

An entire society agrees to be governed by its general will.

How does the Enlightenment compare to the Scientific Revolution?

The Enlightenment applied the idea of natural laws to human affairs rather than the physical universe.

French Revolution as an example. The Tennis Court Oath (Right) - People rising up against Absolute Rulers and Corrupt Government.Creating a new republic (middle image).The death of a king. Louis XIV is killed. (bottom image)