Chapter 1

Chapter 1

Pre-Columbian To

Age of Exploration

Mississippi Valley

North America

a. Fishing, hunting, trade (great soil)a. New strain of maize and beans

b. Cahokia (present-day St. Louis)a. Sophisticated religious system b. Over 100 pyramidsc. Disappeared

Maya Guatemala a. Civilization- religious center (city) b. Achievements

a. Astronomy- developed a calendarb. Mathematic- symbol for zero c. Declined 900 CE

Aztecs Northern Mexico

a. Elaborate temples and canalsb. Organized society- king, priests, tax collectors,

warriors, merchant. c. Human sacrifced. Conquered by Spaniard Hernan Cortez (1519)

Anasazi ArizonaAnd

New Mexico

a. Desert-dwelling pueblos in Chaco Canyonb. Irrigation canalsc. Drought and outside attacks led to their decline

Incas Peru a. Large and rich, palaces with high wallsb. Developed system of terraces, canals, aqueducts.c. Potato and tomato

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Map 1-2 p9

Figure 1-1a p5

• Iroquois Confederacy– Political and linguistic differences hindered

Native Americans as they attempted to respond to the threat posed by the European colonist

– Political and military alliance

• North American Natives, including Iroquois, developed matrilineal cultures.– Power and possessions passed down the female

side.

II. Europeans enter Africa • Portuguese set trading post along African shores

– Gold and slaves (huge appetite for slaves)– Slavers charged high prices for captives from distant sources– Slave brokers separated persons from the same tribe– Systematic traffic to work sugar plantations

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Map 1-3 p11

• The Treaty of Tordesillas– Spain and Portugal fear interference– The Pope drew a “Line of Demarcation”, dividing the heathen world into two equal parts.

East was Portugal (stronger navy), West for Spain (Favorable to Spain)– Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) further moved the line west.

• Brazil became a Portuguese colony • As other nations emerged, they tended to ignore the treaty

The Spanish Conquistadores • Independent Spanish adventures that led powerful armies to conquer

the Americas– At first, concentrated on Caribbean islands

• Disease devastated the local Indian pop.

• Turned to American mainland (1510)– Vasco de Balboa crossed Panama, 1st European to Pacific Ocean – Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for Spain – Hernando Cortes destroyed Aztec empire, won enormous wealth– Hernando de Soto led expedition through southeastern US – Francisco de Coronado

• First Europeans to see the Grand Canyon

• Increased Knowledge of the land– Asserted territorial claims to the continent

Map 1-5 p17

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New Spain • Autocratic, rigidly controlled empire

– Everything to benefit the parent country • Tight control, bureaucracy run directly form Madrid • Annual fleets carried riches of the New World to Spain • Developed econmiendas

– Large manors or estates with Indian slaves ruthlessly managed for the benefit of the conquistadores.

– Replaced by hacienda system

• African slaves took place of Indians • Society highly stratified

– Natives of Spain (peninsulares)– Spanish born in New World (creoles)– Mixed or Indian blood occupied lower level

Map 1-6 p21

English and French Beginnings John Cabot Sponsorshi

p of the king of England

1497, became the first European since the Viking voyages to reach the mainland of North America

Giovanni de Verrazzano

Sponsored by the kind of France

1524, Followed the American coast from present-day North Carolina to Maine

Jacques Cartier

Sponsored by the king of France

1534, mounted three expeditions to the area of St. Lawrence River. Explored up to Montreal.

• France made no attempt for 65 years to explore or colonize in America

Francis Drake Sponsored by the king of England

• Sailed around South America raided Spanish settlements.

• Claimed for England.• Sailed around the world • Prompted the 1588 Spanish Armada

• Cemented England as great naval power

Clash of Religions• Protestant v. Catholic – Violence both in American and Europe– Huguenots, French Protestants, escaped persecution in

Catholic France were massacred by Spaniards in New World.

• Spaniard attempt to fortify– Settlement of St. Augustine, Florida – First city in North America – Ft. Matanzas

Pope’s Rebellion • Pueblo Indian uprising (1680)– Result of Spanish efforts to suppress the Indians’

religious practices.

• Destroyed every Catholic church in province• Rebuilt kiva (Santa Fe)http://youtu.be/6E9WU9TGrec

Crash Course (11min)

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