Chapter 1

Database Design, Application Development, and Administration, 5th Edition

Copyright © 2011 by Michael V. Mannino All rights reserved.

Chapter 1

Introduction to Database Management

Slide 2Chapter 1: Introduction to Database Management

Welcome! Database technology: crucial to the

operation and management of modern organizations

Major transformation in computing skills Significant time commitment Exciting journey ahead


Book Goals First course in database management Practical textbook

Fundamentals of relational databases Query formulation Data modeling, normalization, and physical design Database application development Database administration and database processing

environments

Detailed material


Outline Database characteristics DBMS features Architectures Organizational roles


Initial Vocabulary Data: raw facts about things and events Information: transformed data that has

value for decision making Essential to organize data for retrieval and

maintenance


Database Characteristics Persistent

Inter-related

Shared


University Database

University Database

Registration

GradeRecording

FacultyAssignment

CourseScheduling

Entities: students, faculty, courses, offerings, enrollmentsRelationships: faculty teach offerings, students enroll in offerings, offerings made of courses, ...


Water Utility Database

Billing

MeterReading

PaymentProcessing

Service Start/Stop

Entities :customers, meters, bills,payments, meter readingsRelationships :bills sent to customers,customers make payments,customers use meters, ...


Database Management System (DBMS) Collection of components that support

data acquisition, dissemination, storage, maintenance, retrieval, and formatting

Enterprise DBMSs Desktop DBMSs Embedded DBMSs Major part of information technology

infrastructure


Database Definition Define database structure before using a

database Tables and relationships SQL CREATE TABLE statement Graphical tools


University Database


Table Definition Window


Table Contents (Rows)

StdFirstName StdLastName StdCity StdState StdZip StdMajor StdClass StdGPA

HOMER WELLS SEATTLE WA 98121-1111 IS FR 3.00

BOB NORBERT BOTHELL WA 98011-2121 FIN JR 2.70

CANDY KENDALL TACOMA WA 99042-3321 ACCT JR 3.50

WALLY KENDALL SEATTLE WA 98123-1141 IS SR 2.80

JOE ESTRADA SEATTLE WA 98121-2333 FIN SR 3.20

MARIAH DODGE SEATTLE WA 98114-0021 IS JR 3.60

TESS DODGE REDMOND WA 98116-2344 ACCT SO 3.30


University Database (ERD)

StdNoStdClassStdMajorStdGPA

StudentOfferNoOffLocationOffTime

Offering

EnrGrade

Enrollment

Registers

Accepts

CourseNoCrsDescCrsUnits

Course

FacNoFacSalaryFacRankFacHireDate

Faculty

Has

Teaches

Supervises


Nonprocedural Access Query: request for data to answer a

question Indicate what parts of database to retrieve

not the procedural details Improve productivity and improve

accessibility SQL SELECT statement and graphical

tools


Graphical Tool for Nonprocedural Access


Application Development Form: formatted document for data entry

and display Report: formatted document for display Use nonprocedural access to specify data

requirements of forms and reports


Sample Data Entry Form


Sample Report


Procedural Language Interface Combine procedural language with

nonprocedural access Why

Batch processing Customization and automation Performance improvement


Transaction Processing Transaction: unit of work that should be

reliably processed Control simultaneous users Recover from failures


Database Technology Evolution

Era Generation Orientation Major Features

1960s 1st generation File File structures and proprietary program interfaces

1970s 2nd generation Network navigation

Networks and hierarchies of related records, standard program interfaces

1980s 3rd generation Relational Nonprocedural languages, optimization, transaction processing

1990s to 2000s

4th generation Object Multi-media, active, distributed processing, more powerful operators, data warehouse processing, XML enabled, cloud computing


DBMS Marketplace

Enterprise DBMS Oracle: dominates in Unix; strong in Windows SQL Server: strong in Windows DB2: strong in mainframe environment Teradata: usage as a data warehouse platform Significant open source DBMSs: MySQL, Progress,

Firebird, PostgreSQL, open source Ingres

Desktop DBMS Access: dominates FoxPro, Paradox, Approach, FileMaker Pro


Data Independence Software maintenance is a large part

(50%) of information system budgets Reduce impact of changes by separating

database description from applications Change database definition with minimal

effect on applications that use the database


Three Schema Architecture

View 1 View 2 View n

ConceptualSchema

InternalSchema

ExternalLevel

ConceptualLevel

InternalLevel

External toConceptualMappings

Conceptualto InternalMappings


Differences among Levels External

FacultyAssignmentFormView: data required for the form in Slide 18 (Figure 1.9)

FacultyWorkLoadReportView: data required for the report in Slide 19 (Figure 1.10)

Conceptual: tables in Slide 14 Internal

Files needed to store the tables Extra files to improve performance


Client-Server Architecture

Database

Databaseserver

a) Client-server processing with database server

Database

Database server

Middlewareserver

b) Client-server processing with middleware and database servers


Parallel Database Architecture

M

N

...

P P P...

M M M

N

...

P P P...

M M

(a) SD (b) SN

LegendP: processorM: memoryN: high-speed networkSD: shared diskSN: shared nothing


Distributed Database Architecture

Client Server Server

DatabaseDatabase

Client

Client

Client

Denver London

Server

Database

Tokyo

Client

Client


Cloud Computing

Server Server

DatabaseDatabase

Server

Database


Organizational Roles

Indirec t Param etr ic Pow er

F unctiona l User

T echnica l Non T echnica l

D BA A na lys t/Program m er M anagem ent

Inform ation S ys tem s

Spec ia l iza tion


Database Specialists Database administrator (DBA)

More technical DBMS specific skills

Data administrator Less technical Planning role


DBA Responsibilities

Technical Non-technical

Designing conceptual schemas Setting database standards

Designing internal schemas Devising training materials

Monitoring database performance Promoting benefits of databases

Selecting and evaluating database software

Consulting with users

Managing security for database usage Planning new databases

Troubleshooting database problems


Summary Databases and database technology vital

to modern organizations Database technology supports daily

operations and decision making Nonprocedural access is a crucial feature Many opportunities to work with databases

Chapter 1

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