Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS1Explanation of TermsEvolution of theMicroprocessor2The basic blocks of a computer are the central processing unit (CPU) the memor! an" the input#output (I/O).Computer hardware includes such components as memor! CPU transistorsComputer software consists of a collection of programs that contain instructions an" "ata for performing a speci$c task%a translator is necessar! to convert such a program into binar! an" this is achieve" using a translator program calle" a compiler.&Microprocessor is fabricate a CPU on a single chip'oth metal(oxi"e semicon"uctor (M)*) an" bipolar technologies are use" in the fabrication process%+long ,ith the microprocessor chip appropriate memor!an" -#) chips can be use" to "esign a microcomputer%Microcontrollers inclu"e a microcomputer timers an" +#. (analog(to( "igital) an" .#+ ("igital to analog) converters all on a single chip%/+n Address is a pattern of 01s an" 1 1s that represents a speci$c location in memor! or a particular -#) "evice% T!pical 2(bit microprocessors have 13 a""ress lines an"these 13 lines can pro"uce uni4ue 13(bit patterns from 0000000000000000 to11 11 1 1 11 1 11 11 11 1, representing !,!" di#erent address com$inations%5Addressing mode is the manner in ,hich the microprocessor "etermines the operan"("ata) an" "estination a""resses "uring execution of an instruction%An Arit&metic'logic unit (A)U* is a "igital circuit that performs arithmetic an" logicoperations on t,o n(bit "igital ,or"s%+it is an abbreviation for the term binar! "igit% + binar! "igit can have onl! t,o values ,hich are represente" b! the s!mbols 0 an" 13+it si,e refers to the number of bits that can be processe" simultaneousl! b! the basicarithmetic circuits of a microprocessor% A num$er o- $its ta.en as a group in t&ismanner is calle" a ,or"% 6or example a &2(bit microprocessor can process a &2(bit,or"% +n 2(bit ,or" is referre" to as a b!tean" a /(bit ,or" is kno,n as a nibble%7A $us consists of a number of con"uctors (,ires) organi8e" to provi"e a means of communication among "i9erent elements in a microprocessor s!stem%Cache Memory is a high-speed, directly accessible, relatively small, semiconductor rea"#,rite memor! block use" to store "ata#instructions that the microprocessor ma! nee" in the imme"iate future%2The instruction set of a microprocessor is a list of commands that the microprocessor is "esigne" to execute%Pipelining is a technique that overlaps instruction fetch (instruction read) with execution%:The -ntel Corporation is generall! ackno,le"ge" as the compan! that intro"uce" the $rst microprocessor successfull! into the marketplace%The /00/ is the $rst processor ,as intro"uce" in 1:7 1 an" evolve" from a "evelopment e9ort ,hile making a calculator chip set-n 1:7& secon"(generation microprocessors (2(bit microprocessors)such as the Motorola 3200 an" the -ntel 202010+ thir" generation microprocessor (13(bit microprocessors)intro"uce" in 1:72 is t!picall! represente" b! the -ntel 2023 an" the Motorola 32000 ,hich are 13(bit microprocessors%.uring the 1:201s fourth(generation(&2(bit microprocessor *ince 1:25 more &2(bit microprocessors have been intro"uce"% These inclu"e Motorola1s32020 320&0 320/0 32030 Po,erPC -ntel1s 20&23 20/23 the -ntel Pentium famil! Core .uo an" Core2 .uo microprocessors%%11The original Pentium processor ,as intro"uce" b! -ntel in 1::& an" the name ,as change" from 20523 to Pentium because of cop!right la,s%latest spee" of 2&& M;8%121&1/Pentium II -t basicall! takes attributes of the Pentium Pro processor plus the capabilities of MM/ tec&nolog0 to 0ield processor spee"s of &&& &00 233 an" 2&& M1,%MM/ (matri2 mat& e2tensions*is intended -or e3cient multimedia an" communications operations%The -ntel Celeron processor spee" up to&&& M1,15The Pentium --- operates at /50 M;8 an" !44 M1,%The Pentium ---- currentl! available at 1%&0 1%/0 1%50 an" 1%70