Chapter 1

1

ABSTRACT

Future Traffic Solution (FTS) is itself a solution for the today’s corrupted traffic problems.

This FTS research is an embedded system technology. In this, we have used RFID security

system, a primary RFID security concern is the illicit tracking of RFID tags. Tags which are

world-readable pose a risk to both personal location privacy and corporate/military security.

And also the GSM Module, for the GSM based instantaneous vehicle registration details

extraction system. This paper represents the study, to control the traffic problems and reduce

the corruption and introduce a fine traffic system without any trouble. The purpose of the

project study is to get instantaneous vehicle registration information over wireless using GSM

system. This project is very helpful for traffic police to get the vehicle owners registration

details on the field itself. The system also displays the particular registered vehicle owner

details with its contact number and also, if owner breaks the red traffic light rule then he’ll b

caught and a message for fine will be sent to him. This helps in the increasing revenue of the

government. It also greatly helps the traffic authority to trace the lost vehicles and can control

the corruption.

2

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal lights, stop

lights and robots, and also known technically as traffic control signals are signalling devices

positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing

flows of traffic. Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in London and are now used all over

the world. Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to road users by displaying lights

of a standard colour (red, yellow, and green) following a universal colour code. In the typical

sequence of colour phases:

The green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, if it is safe to do so.

The yellow light denoting prepare to stop short of the intersection, if it is safe to do so.

The red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding.

1.1 HISTORY:

On 10 December 1868, the first traffic lights were installed outside the British Houses of

Parliament in London to control the traffic in Bridge Street, Great George Street and

Parliament Street. They were promoted by the railway engineer J. P. Knight and constructed

by the railway signal engineers of Saxby & Farmer. The design combined

three semaphore arms with red and green gas lamps for night-time use, on a pillar, operated

by a police constable. The gas lantern was turned with a lever at its base so that the

appropriate light faced traffic. Although it was said to be successful at controlling traffic, its

operational life was brief. It exploded on 2 January 1869, as a result of a leak in one of the

gas lines underneath the pavement, injuring or killing the policeman who was operating it.

With doubts about its safety, the concept was abandoned until electric signals became

available. The first electric traffic light was developed in 1912 by Lester Wire, an American

policeman of Salt Lake City, Utah, who also used red-green lights. On 5 August 1914,

the American Traffic Signal Company installed a traffic signal system on the corner of East

105th Street and Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. It had two colours, red and green, and

a buzzer, based on the design of James Hoge, to provide a warning for colour changes. The

3

design by James Hoge allowed police and fire stations to control the signals in case of

emergency. The first four-way, three-color traffic light was created by police officer William

Potts in Detroit, Michigan in 1920. Ashville, Ohio claims to be the home of the oldest

working traffic light in the United States, used at an intersection of public roads from 1932 to

1982 when it was moved to a local museum. The first interconnected traffic signal system

was installed in Salt Lake City in 1917, with six connected intersections controlled

simultaneously from a manual switch. Automatic control of interconnected traffic lights was

introduced March 1922 in Houston, Texas. The first traffic lights in England were deployed

in Piccadilly Circus in 1926. Toronto, Ontario was the first city to computerize its entire

traffic signal system, which it accomplished in 1963. Countdown timers on traffic lights were

introduced in the 1990s. Though uncommon in most American urban areas, timers are used in

some other Western Hemisphere countries. Timers are useful for drivers/pedestrians to plan if

there is enough time to attempt to cross the intersection before the light turns red and

conversely, the amount of time before the light turns green.

1.2 TRAFFIC LIGHT SEQUENCE:

i) In Britain, normal traffic lights follow this sequence:

Red (stop)

Red and amber (stop, indicating it will turn green)

Green (proceed with caution)

Amber (stop if possible to do so)

ii) In Australia, the light sequence is:

Green man: Cross the intersection

Flashing red man: Continue to cross if already in the intersection, but do not start to cross

Red man: Do not cross

iii) In Europe, the light sequence is:

4

Green: Cross.

Yellow/Orange: Continue to cross only if unable to stop safely.

Flashing Yellow/Orange: Cross with caution (usually used when lights are out of order or

shut down).

Red: Do not cross

iv) In Germany, the light sequence is:

Green: Cross.

Orange: Continue to cross only if unable to stop safely.

Flashing Orange: Cross with caution, obey to signage. (Used when lights are out of order

or shut down).

Red: Do not cross.

Red and Orange: Do not cross, prepare for Green.

v) In China, the light sequence is:

Blue/White: Cross.

Yellow: Do not cross.

Flashing Yellow: Do not cross.

Red/Orange: Do not cross.

1.3 FUTURE TRAFFIC CONTROL:

Future Traffic Control Module is itself a solution for the today’s corrupted traffic problems.

This FTS research is an embedded system technology. In this, we have used RFID security

system, a primary RFID security concern is the illicit tracking of RFID tags. Tags which are

world-readable pose a risk to both personal location privacy and corporate/military security.

And also the GSM Module, for the GSM based instantaneous vehicle registration details

extraction system. This paper represents the study, to control the traffic problems and reduce

the corruption and introduce a fine traffic system without any trouble. The purpose of the

5

project study is to get instantaneous vehicle registration information over wireless using GSM

system. This project is very helpful for traffic police to get the vehicle owners registration

details on the field itself. The system also displays the particular registered vehicle owner

details with its contact number and also, if owner breaks the red traffic light rule then he’ll b

caught and a message for fine will be sent to him. This helps in the increasing revenue of the

government. It also greatly helps the traffic authority to trace the lost vehicles and can control

the corruption.

1.4 ADVANTAGES OF FTC:

i) Less breaking of traffic signal rules.

ii) No corruption.

iii) Completely automatic system.

iv) No bribe consumption by the traffic police man.

6

Chapter 2

COMPONENTS

There are different components in this project, and those components are shown below:

1) Microcontroller AT89S52

2) Power Supply Adapter (12v dc)

3) PCB Connector for Adapter

4) Regulator (7805)

5) Crystal oscillator (11.0592 MHz)

6) Capacitor (10µf, 1000µf, 33pf, 104)

7) Resistor (8k2, 330Ω)

8) LED (Red, Green, Yellow)

9) Push Button

10) Variable Resistor (20k)

11) Relement Connector (1 to 1), (8 to 8), (3 to 3)

12) LCD 16*2

13) RFID Reader

14) RFID Tags

15) Bug Strip (male & female)

16) Ribbon Wire (1 meter)

17) Soldering Iron, Flux, Soldering Wire

18) PCB (Zero PCB) OR PCB (Vega kit)

2.1 MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:

8051 is the name of a big family of microcontrollers. The device which we used in our

project was the 'AT89S52' which is a typical 8051 microcontroller manufactured by Atmel™.

The block diagram provided by Atmel™ in their datasheet that showed the architecture of

89S52 device seemed a bit complicated. A simpler architecture can be represented below.

The 89S52 has 4 different ports, each one having 8 Input/output lines providing a total of 32

I/O lines. Those ports can be used to output DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the

state of a sensor, or a switch. Most of the ports of the 89S52 have 'dual function' meaning that

7

they can be used for two different functions. The first one is to perform input/output

operations and the second one is used to implement special features of the microcontroller

like counting external pulses, interrupting the execution of the program according to external

events, performing serial data transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to update the

software. Each port has 8 pins, and will be treated from the software point of view as an 8-bit

variable called 'register', each bit being connected to a different Input/output pin. There are

two different memory types: RAM and EEPROM. Shortly, RAM is used to store variable

during program execution, while the EEPROM memory is used to store the program itself,

that's why it is often referred to as the 'program memory'. It is clear that the CPU (Central

Processing Unit) is the heart of the micro controllers. It is the CPU that will Read the

program from the FLASH memory and execute it by interacting with the different

peripherals. Diagram below shows the pin configuration of the 89S52, where the function of

each pin is written next to it, and, if it exists, the dual function is written between brackets.

Note that the pins that have dual functions can still be used normally as an input/output pin.

Unless the program uses their dual functions, all the 32 I/O pins of the microcontroller are

configured as input/output pins [1, 2, 3].

2.1.1 FEATURES:

i) Compatible with MCS-51® Products

ii) 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles

iii) 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

iv) Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

v) Three-level Program Memory Lock

vi) 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

vii) 32 Programmable I/O Lines

viii) Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

ix) Eight Interrupt Sources

x) Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

xi) Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

xii) Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

8

xiii) Watchdog Timer

xiv) Dual Data Pointer

xv) Power-off Flag

FIG. 2.1-PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52

9

2.2 LCD:

FIG. 2.2-LCD

Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display.

i) Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it enters.

ii) Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the

shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface

are smooth.

iii) Twisted nematic liquid crystal.

iv) Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line up with

the horizontal filter.

v) Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to block/pass light.

vi) Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is replaced

with a light source.)

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electronically-modulated optical device shaped into a

thin, flat panel made up of any number of colour or monochrome pixels filled with liquid

crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector. It is often used in

battery-powered electronic devices because it requires very small amounts of electric power.

A comprehensive classification of the various types and electro-optical modes of LCDs is

provided in the article LCD classification.

10

FIG2.3-LCD ALARM CLOCK

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two

transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in

most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid crystal between the

polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second

(crossed) polarizer. The surface of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal

material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This

treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectionally rubbed using, for

example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the direction

of rubbing. Electrodes are made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO).

Before applying an electric field, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is determined

by the alignment at the surfaces. In a twisted nematic device (still the most common liquid

crystal device), the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to

each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This

reduces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears grey. If

the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the centre of the layer are

almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it

passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular

to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the

voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass

through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray. The optical effect of a

twisted nematic device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device

11

thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, these devices are usually operated

between crossed polarisers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much

more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). These devices can also be

operated between parallel polarisers, in which case the bright and dark states are reversed.

The voltage-off dark state in this configuration appears blotchy, however, because of small

variations of thickness across the device. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment

layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is

applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades

the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by

reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid

crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

2.2.1 INTERFACING 16×2 LCD WITH 8051:

LCD display is an inevitable part in almost all embedded projects and this is about interfacing

16×2 LCD with 8051 microcontroller. Many guys find it hard to interface LCD module with

the 8051 but the fact is that if you learn it properly, it’s a very easy job and by knowing it you

can easily design embedded projects like digital voltmeter / ammeter, digital clock, home

automation displays, status indicator display, digital code locks, digital speedometer/

odometer, display for music players etc. Thoroughly going through this article will make you

able to display any text (including the extended characters) on any part of the 16×2 display

screen. In order to understand the interfacing first you have to know about the 16×2 LCD

module [1].

2.2.2 16×2 LCD MODULES:

16×2 LCD module is a very common type of LCD module that is used in 8051 based

embedded projects. It consists of 16 rows and 2 columns of 5×7 or 5×8 LCD dot matrices.

The module are talking about here is type number JHD162A which is a very popular one. It is

available in a 16 pin package with back light, contrast adjustment function and each dot

matrix has 5×8 dot resolution. The pin numbers, their name and corresponding functions are

shown in the table below.

12

Pin No: Name Function

1 VSS This pin must be connected to the ground

2 VCC Positive supply voltage pin (5V DC)

3 VEE Contrast adjustment

4 RS Register selection

5 R/W Read or write

6 E Enable

7 DB0 Data

8 DB1 Data

9 DB2 Data

10 DB3 Data

11 DB4 Data

12 DB5 Data

13 DB6 Data

14 DB7 Data

15 LED+ Back light LED+

16 LED- Back light LED-

TABLE 1- LCD MODULE

VEE pin is meant for adjusting the contrast of the LCD display and the contrast can be

adjusted by varying the voltage at this pin. This is done by connecting one end of a POT to

the Vcc (5V), other end to the Ground and connecting the centre terminal (wiper) of the POT

to the VEE pin. See the circuit diagram for better understanding. The JHD162A has two built

in registers namely data register and command register. Data register is for placing the data

to be displayed, and the command register is to place the commands. The 16×2 LCD module

has a set of commands each meant for doing a particular job with the display. We will discuss

in detail about the commands later. High logic at the RS pin will select the data register

and Low logic at the RS pin will select the command register. If we make the RS pin high

and the put a data in the 8 bit data line (DB0 to DB7) , the LCD module will recognize it as a

data to be displayed . If we make RS pin low and put a data on the data line, the module will

13

recognize it as a command. R/W pin is meant for selecting between read and write modes.

High level at this pin enables read mode and low level at this pin enables write mode. E pin is

for enabling the module. A high to low transition at this pin will enable the module. DB0 to

DB7 are the data pins. The data to be displayed and the command instructions are placed on

these pins. LED+ is the anode of the back light LED and this pin must be connected to Vcc

through a suitable series current limiting resistor. LED- is the cathode of the back light LED

and this pin must be connected to ground.

2.2.3 16×2 LCD MODULE COMMANDS:

16×2 LCD module has a set of preset command instructions. Each command will make the

module to do a particular task. The commonly used commands and their function are given in

the table below.

Command Function

0F LCD ON, Cursor ON, Cursor blinking

ON

01 Clear screen

2 Return home

4 Decrement cursor

06 Increment cursor

E Display ON ,Cursor ON

80 Force cursor to the beginning of 1st line

C0 Force cursor to the beginning of 2nd

line

38 Use 2 lines and 5×7 matrix

83 Cursor line 1 position 3

3C Activate second line

0C3 Jump to second line, position3

OC1 Jump to second line, position1

TABLE 2-LCD COMMANDS

14

2.2.4 LCD INITIALIZATION:

The steps that have to be done for initializing the LCD display is given below and these steps

are common for almost all applications.

i) Send 38H to the 8 bit data line for initialization

ii) Send 0FH for making LCD ON, cursor ON and cursor blinking ON.

iii) Send 06H for incrementing cursor position.

iv) Send 01H for clearing the display and return the cursor.

2.2.5 SENDING DATA TO THE LCD:

The steps for sending data to the LCD module are given below. It have been already

discussed that the LCD module has pins namely RS, R/W and E. It is the logic state of these

pins that make the module to determine whether a given data input is a command or data to

be displayed.

i) Make R/W low.

ii) Make RS=0 if data byte is a command and make RS=1 if the data byte is a data to be

displayed.

iii) Place data byte on the data register.

iv) Pulse E from high to low.

v) Repeat above steps for sending another data.

2.3 RFID:

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object (typically referred to as an

RFID tag) applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of

identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters

away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. Most RFID tags contain at least two parts.

One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and

demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The second is

15

an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. There are generally three types of RFID

tags: active RFID tags, which contain a battery and can transmit signals autonomously.

Passive RFID tags, which have no battery and require an external source to provoke signal

transmission. Battery assisted passive (BAP) which require an external source to wake up but

have significant higher forward link capability providing great read range. Today, RFID is

used in enterprise supply chain management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking

and management.

2.3.1 HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND:

In 1946 Léon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted

incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which

slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency.

FIG 2.4-AN RFID TAG

Even though this device was a covert listening device, not an identification tag, it is

considered to be a predecessor of RFID technology, because it was likewise passive, being

energized and activated by electromagnetic waves from an outside source. Similar

technology, such as the IFF transponder invented in the United Kingdom in 1939, was

routinely used by the allies in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders

are still used by most powered aircraft to this day. Another early work exploring RFID is the

landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman, titled "Communication by Means of Reflected

Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196–1204, October 1948). Stockman predicted that "...

considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic

16

problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful

applications is explored. "Mario Cardullo's U.S. Patent 3,713,148 in 1973 was the first true

ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was

passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York

Port Authority and other potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory

for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as

transmission media. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in

transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license

plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking

(electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic

gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history). A very early demonstration

of reflected power (modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive and semi-passive, was

performed by Steven Deep, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Freyman at the Los Alamos National

Laboratory in 1973. The portable system operated at 915 MHz and used 12-bit tags. This

technique is used by the majority of today's UHFID and microwave RFID tags. The first

patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton in 1983

U.S. Patent 4,384,288. The largest deployment of active RFID is the US Department of

Defence use of Savi active tags on every one of its more than a million shipping containers

that travel outside of the continental United States (CONUS). The largest passive RFID

deployment is the Defence Logistics Agency (DLA) deployment across 72 facilities

implemented by ODIN who also performed the global roll-out for Airbus consisting of 13

projects across the globe.

2.3.2 MINIATURIZATION:

RFID is the technology which makes it easy to conceal or incorporate them in other items.

For example, in 2009 researchers at Bristol University successfully glued RFID micro

transponders to live ants in order to study their behaviour. This trend towards increasingly

miniaturized RFID is likely to continue as technology advances. However, the ability to read

at distance is limited by the inverse-square law. Hitachi holds the record for the smallest

RFID chip, at 0.05mm x 0.05mm. The Mu chip tags are 64 times smaller than the new RFID

tags. Manufacture is enabled by using the Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) process. These "dust"

17

sized chips can store 38-digit numbers using 128-bit Read Only Memory (ROM). A major

challenge is the attachment of the antennas, thus limiting read range to only millimetres.

Potential alternatives to the radio frequencies (0.125–0.1342, 0.140–0.1485, 13.56, and 840–

960 MHz) used are seen in optical RFID (or OPID) at 333 THz (900 nm), 380 THz (788 nm),

750 THz (400 nm). The awkward antennas of RFID can be replaced with photovoltaic

components and IR-LEDs on the ICs [4].

2.4 GSM:

GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-

GPRS system. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for

mobile communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an

extension of GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of

a GSM/GPRS modem assembled together with power supply circuit and communication

interfaces (like RS-232, USB, etc) for computer. The MODEM is the soul of such modules.

Wireless MODEMs are the MODEM devices that generate, transmit or decode data from a

cellular network, for establishing communication between the cellular network and the

computer. These are manufactured for specific cellular network (GSM/UMTS/CDMA) or

specific cellular data standard (GSM/UMTS/GPRS/EDGE/HSDPA) or technology

(GPS/SIM). Wireless MODEMs like other MODEM devices use serial communication to

interface with and need Hayes compatible AT commands for communication with the

computer (any microprocessor or microcontroller system). GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of

wireless MODEM devices that are designed for communication of a computer with the GSM

and GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile

phones to activate communication with the network. Also they have IMEI (International

Mobile Equipment Identity) number similar to mobile phones for their identification. A

GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations:

i) Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

ii) Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.

iii) Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

18

The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller, which are

communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the

controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different

AT commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer

to interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular network. A GSM/GPRS module assembles a

GSM/GPRS modem with standard communication interfaces like RS-232 (Serial Port), USB

etc., so that it can be easily interfaced with a computer or a microprocessor / microcontroller

based system. The power supply circuit is also built in the module that can be activated by

using a suitable adaptor. Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various

systems have been developed without the benefit of standardized specifications. This

presented many problems directly related to compatibility, especially with the development

of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to address these problems. From

1982 to 1985 discussions were held to decide between building an analog or digital system.

After multiple field tests, a digital system was adopted for GSM. The next task was to decide

between a narrow or broadband solution. In May 1987, the narrowband time division multiple

access (TDMA) solution was chosen.

2.4.1 THE GSM NETWORK:

GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the

functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware. The reason for

this is to limit the designers as little as possible but still to make it possible for the operators

to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into three major

systems: the switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation and

support system (OSS). The basic GSM network elements are shown in Figure.

2.4.1.1 THE SWITCHING SYSTEM

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber-

related functions. The switching system includes the following functional units:

19

i) HOME LOCATION REGISTERS (HLR)—The HLR is a database used for storage

and management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database,

as it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile,

location information, and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription from

one of the PCS operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of that operator.

ii) MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTRE (MSC)—The MSC performs the

telephony switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone

and data systems. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing,

common channel signalling, and others.

iii) VISITOR LOCATION REGISTERS (VLR)—The VLR is a database that contains

temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service

visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station

roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the

mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have

the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.

iv) AUTHENTICATION CENTRE (AUC)—A unit called the AUC provides

authentication and encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the

confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of

fraud found in today's cellular world.

v) EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER (EIR)—The EIR is a database that contains

information about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen,

unauthorized, or defective mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-

alone nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR node.

2.4.1.2 THE BASE STATION SYSTEM (BSS):

All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station

controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).

20

i) BSC- The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC

and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell

configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver

stations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC.

ii) BTS- The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio

equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A

group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC [5].

FIG. 2.5-GSM

21

2.5 REGULATOR 7805:

The series of fixed-voltage integrated-circuit voltage regulators is designed for a wide range

of applications. These applications include on-card regulation for elimination of noise and

distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. Each of these regulators can

deliver up to 1.5 A of output current. The internal current-limiting and thermal-shutdown

features of these regulators essentially make them immune to overload. In addition to use as

fixed-voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain

adjustable output voltages and currents, and also can be used as the power-pass element in

precision regulators. 7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx

series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have

fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains

the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is

designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable

values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage

levels.

FIG. 2.6-PIN DIAGRAM

2.5.1 PIN DESCRIPTION:

Pin No Function Name

1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input

2 Ground (0V) Ground

3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output

22

2.6 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise

frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, to provide a stable clock

signal for digital integrated circuit and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitter and

receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used in the quartz crystal, so

oscillator circuit incorporating them became known as crystal oscillator, but other

piezoelectric material including polycrystalline ceramic is used in similar circuit.

FIG. 2.7-CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

23

2.7 RESISTOR:

A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and at the same time, act to lower

voltage level within circuits. Resistors may have fixed resistances or variable resistances. The

current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor’s terminals.

This relationship is represented by ohm’s law:

“I=V/R”

Where I is the current through conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference

measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in

units of ohms. There are two kinds of resistors i.e. fixed resistors and variable resistors [1].

FIG. 2.8-RESISTOR

24

COLOR

1ST

BAND

2ND

BAND

3RD

BAND

4TH

BAND

Black 0 0 100

Brown 1 1 101

Red 2 2 102

2%

Orange 3 3 103

Yellow 4 4 104

Green 5 5 105

Blue 6 6 106

Violet 7 7 107

Gray 8 8 108

White 9 9 109

Gold 10-1

5%

Silver 10-2

10%

TABLE 3-COLOUR CODE

2.8 CAPACITOR:

A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-

conductive region is called the dielectric. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an electrical

insulator. Examples of dielectric media are glass, air, paper, vacuum, and even

a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is

assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from

any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their

facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of

one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of

one volt across the device. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a

constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the

voltage V between them:

Because the conductors (or plates) are close together, the opposite charges on the conductors

attract one another due to their electric fields, allowing the capacitor to store more charge for

a given voltage than if the conductors were separated, giving the capacitor a large

25

capacitance. Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its

capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes,[1]

FIG. 2.9-DIFFERENT CAPACITORS

TABLE 4-TYPES OF CAPACITORS

26

2.9 LEDs:

FIG. 2.10-LED SYMBOL

2.9.1 THEORY:

A Light emitting diode (LED) is essentially a pn junction diode. When carriers are injected

across a forward-biased junction, it emits incoherent light. Most of the commercial LEDs are

realized using a highly doped n and a p Junction.

FIG.2.11-P-N+ JUNCTION UNDER UNBIASED AND BIASED CONDITIONS. (PN JUNCTION

DEVICES AND LIGHT EMITTING DIODES BY SAFA KASAP).

To understand the principle, let’s consider an unbiased pn+ junction (Figure1 shows the pn+

energy band diagram). The depletion region extends mainly into the p-side. There is a

potential barrier from Ec on the n-side to the Ec on the p-side, called the built-in voltage, V0.

27

This potential barrier prevents the excess free electrons on the n+ side from diffusing into the

p side. When a Voltage V is applied across the junction, the built-in potential is reduced from

V0 to V0 – V. This allows the electrons from the n+ side to get injected into the p-side. Since

Electrons are the minority carriers in the p-side, this process is called minority carrier

injection. But the hole injection from the p side to n+ side is very less and so the current is

primarily due to the flow of electrons into the p-side. These electrons injected into the p-side

recombine with the holes. This recombination results in spontaneous emission of photons

(light). This effect is called injection Electro luminescence. These photons should be allowed

to escape from the device without being reabsorbed. The recombination can be classified into

the following two kinds:

i) Direct recombination

ii) Indirect recombination

i) DIRECT RECOMBINATION:

In direct band gap materials, the minimum energy of the conduction band lies directly above

the maximum energy of the valence band in momentum space energy (Figure 2 shows the E-

k plot (see Appendix 2) of a direct band gap material). In this material, free electrons at the

bottom of the conduction band can recombine directly with free holes at the top of the

valence band, as the momentum of the two particles is the same. This transition from

conduction band to valence band involves photon emission (takes care of the principle of

energy conservation). This is known as direct recombination. Direct recombination occurs

spontaneously. GaAs is an example of a direct band-gap material.

FIG.2.12-DIRECT BANDGAP AND DIRECT RECOMBINATION

28

ii) INDIRECT RECOMBINATION:

In the indirect band gap materials, the minimum energy in the conduction band is shifted by a

k-vector relative to the valence band. The k-vector difference represents a difference in

momentum. Due to this difference in momentum, the probability of direct electronhole

recombination is less. In these materials, additional dopants(impurities) are added which form

very shallow donor states. These donor states capture the free electrons locally; provides the

necessary momentum shift for recombination. These donor states serve as the recombination

centers. This is called Indirect (non-radiative) Recombination. Figure3 shows the E-k plot of

an indirect band gap material and an example of how Nitrogen serves as a recombination

center in GaAsP. In this case it creates a donor state, when SiC is doped with Al, it

recombination takes place through an acceptor level. The indirect recombination should

satisfy both conservation energy, and momentum. Thus besides a photon emission, phonon

emission or absorption has to take place. GaP is an example of an indirect band-gap material.

FIG.2.13-INDIRECT BANDGAP AND NONRADIATIVE RECOMBINATION

The wavelength of the light emitted, and hence the color, depends on the band gap energy

of the materials forming the p-n junction. The emitted photon energy is approximately equal

to the band gap energy of the semiconductor. The following equation relates the wavelength

and the energy band gap.

29

hν = Eg

hc/λ = Eg

λ = hc/ Eg

Where h is Plank’s constant, c is the speed of the light and Eg is the energy band gap Thus, a

semiconductor with a 2 eV band-gap emits light at about 620 nm, in the red. A 3 eV band-gap

material would emit at 414 nm, in the violet. Appendix 4 shows a list of semiconductor

materials and the corresponding colors.

2.9.2 LED MATERIALS:

An important class of commercial LEDs that cover the visible spectrum are the III-V. ternary

alloys based on alloying GaAs and GaP which are denoted by GaAs1-yPy. In GaAlP is an

example of a quarternary (four element) III-V alloy with a direct bandgap. The LEDs realized

using two differently doped semiconductors that are the same material is called a

homojunction. When they are realized using different bandgap materials they are called a

heterostructure device. A heterostructure LED is brighter than a Homo Junction LED.

2.9.3 LED STRUCTURE:

The LED structure plays a crucial role in emitting light from the LED surface. The LEDs are

structured to ensure most of the recombination takes place on the surface by the following

two ways.

i) By increasing the doping concentration of the substrate, so that additional free minority

charge carriers electrons move to the top, recombine and emit light at the surface.

ii) By increasing the diffusion length L = √ Dτ, where D is the diffusion coefficient and τ is

the carrier life time. But when increased beyond a critical length there is a chance of re-

absorption of the photons into the device.

The LED has to be structured so that the photons generated from the device are emitted

without being reabsorbed. One solution is to make the p layer on the top thin, enough to

create a depletion layer. Following picture shows the layered structure. There are different

ways to structure the dome for efficient emitting.

30

FIG.2.14- LED STRUCTURE

(PN JUNCTION DEVICES AND LIGHT EMITTING DIODES BY SAFA KASAP)

LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer

deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well. Many

commercial LEDs, especially GaN/InGaN, also use sapphire substrate [6].

31

Chapter 3

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG. 3.1-CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF FTC

In this circuit diagram, we have a Microcontroller AT89S52. It is interfaced with the RFID

reader, RFID tag, LEDs, LCD, Power Supply and GSM Module. The AT89S52 is a 40 pin

microcontroller it has P0, P1, P2 and P3 ports. The LCD is connected at the P2 port of the

microcontroller. Reset, receiver and transmitter are at pin no. 9, 10 and 11 of the

microcontroller respectively. LEDs are connected at the pin no. 1, 2 and 3. The power supply

is given through RFID reader module, the transmitter of RFID reader module is connected to

the receiver of the microcontroller. The GSM is further connected with the microcontroller;

the transmitter of microcontroller is connected with the receiver of the GSM module. And by

all this connection system works.

32

3.2 WORKING:

In this project, there is depiction of Traffic Signal Lights. Here in this, a RFID reader is

placed over the traffic light stamp, and this the reader is deactivated in the green and yellow

signal and when the signal is red i.e. the prohibition of vehicles to move forward. If vehicle

crosses the red signal, means he breaks the rules then RFID reader reads the high security

number plate of the vehicle there is encrypted unique id in that number plate. Now, that

unique id is transmitted to the microcontroller and its received by the receiver of

microcontroller and then transmitted to GSM module and from there, using SIM card the

unique id is sent to the control room where the database of unique id is saved. From there the

further enquiry takes place according to the norms and rules.

33

Chapter 4

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO MICRO VISION KEIL:

It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such as Notepad, run the Compiler on

each C source file, specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on each Assembler source

file, specifying another list of controls, run either the Library Manager or Linker (again

specifying a list of controls) and finally running the Object-HEX Converter to convert the

Linker output file to an Intel Hex File. Once that has been completed the Hex File can be

downloaded to the target hardware and debugged. Alternatively KEIL can be used to create

source files; automatically compile, link and covert using options set with an easy to use user

interface and finally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware with access to C

variables and memory. Unless you have to use the tolls on the command line, the choice is

clear. KEIL Greatly simplifies the process of creating and testing an embedded application.

4.1.1 PROJECTS:

The user of KEIL centres on “projects”. A project is a list of all the source files required to

build a single application, all the tool options which specify exactly how to build the

application, and – if required – how the application should be simulated. A project contains

enough information to take a set of source files and generate exactly the binary code required

for the application. Because of the high degree of flexibility required from the tools, there are

many options that can be set to configure the tools to operate in a specific manner. It would

be tedious to have to set these options up every time the application is being built; therefore

they are stored in a project file. Loading the project file into KEIL informs KEIL which

source files are required, where they are, and how to configure the tools in the correct way.

KEIL can then execute each tool with the correct options. It is also possible to create new

projects in KEIL. Source files are added to the project and the tool options are set as required.

The project can then be saved to preserve the settings.

34

The project also stores such things as which windows were left open in the

simulator/debugger, so when a project is reloaded and the simulator or debugger started, all

the desired windows are opened. KEIL project files have the extension.

4.1.2 SIMULATOR/DEBUGGER :

The simulator/ debugger in KEIL can perform a very detailed simulation of a micro controller

along with external signals. It is possible to view the precise execution time of a single

assembly instruction, or a single line of C code, all the way up to the entire application,

simply by entering the crystal frequency. A window can be opened for each peripheral on the

device, showing the state of the peripheral. This enables quick trouble shooting of mis-

configured peripherals. Breakpoints may be set on either assembly instructions or lines of C

code, and execution may be stepped through one instruction or C line at a time. The contents

of all the memory areas may be viewed along with ability to find specific variables. In

addition the registers may be viewed allowing a detailed view of what the microcontroller is

doing at any point in time.

The Keil Software 8051 development tools listed below are the programs you use to compile

your C code, assemble your assembler source files, link your program together, create HEX

files, and debug your target program. µVision2 for Windows™ Integrated Development

Environment: combines Project Management, Source Code Editing, and Program Debugging

in one powerful environment.

i) C51 ANSI Optimizing C Cross Compiler: creates relocatable object modules from your

C source code,

ii) A51 Macro Assembler: creates relocatable object modules from your 8051

assembler source code,

iii) BL51 Linker/Locator: combines relocatable object modules created by the compiler and

assembler into the final absolute object module,

iv) LIB51 Library Manager: combines object modules into a library, which may be used by

the linker,

v) OH51 Object-HEX Converter: creates Intel HEX files from absolute object modules.

35

4.1.3 CONCEPT OF COMPILER:

Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop

compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other

microprocessors. I.E the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to

run on the system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the

computer). For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix

platform. So if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that

translates source code into object code. The compiler derives its name from the way it works,

looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instruction. See

there is a bit little difference between compiler and an interpreter. Interpreter just interprets

whole program at a time while compiler analyzes and execute each line of source code in

succession, without looking at the entire program. The advantage of interpreters is that they

can execute a program immediately. Secondly programs produced by compilers run much

faster than the same programs executed by an interpreter. However compilers require some

time before an executable program emerges. Now as compilers translate source code into

object code, which is unique for each type of computer, many compilers are available for the

same language.

4.1.4 CONCEPT OF CROSS COMPILER:

A cross compiler is similar to the compilers but we write a program for the target processor

(like 8051 and its derivatives) on the host processors (like computer of x86). It means being

in one environment you are writing a code for another environment is called cross

development. And the compiler used for cross development is called cross compiler. So the

definition of cross compiler is a compiler that runs on one computer but produces object

code for a different type of computer. Cross compilers are used to generate software that can

run on computers with a new architecture or on special-purpose devices that cannot host their

own compilers. Cross compilers are very popular for embedded development, where the

target probably couldn't run a compiler. Typically an embedded platform has restricted RAM,

no hard disk, and limited I/O capability. Code can be edited and compiled on a fast host

machine (such as a PC or Unix workstation) and the resulting executable code can then be

36

downloaded to the target to be tested. Cross compilers are beneficial whenever the host

machine has more resources (memory, disk, I/O etc) than the target. Keil C Compiler is one

such compiler that supports a huge number of host and target combinations. It supports as a

target to 8 bit microcontrollers like Atmel and Motorola etc.

4.1.4.1 ADVANTAGES OF CROSS COMPILER:

There are several advantages of using cross compiler. Some of them are described as follows

i) By using this compilers not only can development of complex embedded systems be

completed in a fraction of the time, but reliability is improved, and maintenance is easy.

ii) Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required.

iii) A rudimentary knowledge of the 8051’s memory architecture is desirable but not

necessary.

iv) Register allocation and addressing mode details are managed by the compiler.

v) The ability to combine variable selection with specific operations improves program

readability.

vi) Keywords and operational functions that more nearly resemble the human thought

process can be used.

vii) Program development and debugging times are dramatically reduced when compared to

assembly language programming.

viii) The library files that are supplied provide many standard routines (such as formatted

output, data conversions, and floating-point arithmetic) that may be incorporated into

your application.

ix) Existing routine can be reused in new programs by utilizing the modular programming

techniques available with C.

x) The C language is very portable and very popular. C compilers are available for almost

all target systems. Existing software investments can be quickly and easily converted

from or adapted to other processors or environments.

Now after going through the concept of compiler and cross compilers lets we start with Keil

C cross compiler.

37

4.1.5 KEIL C CROSS COMPILER:

Keil is a German based Software development company. It provides several development

tools like

i) IDE (Integrated Development environment)

ii) Project Manager

iii) Simulator

iv) Debugger

v) C Cross Compiler , Cross Assembler, Locator/Linker

Keil Software provides you with software development tools for the 8051 family of

microcontrollers. With these tools, you can generate embedded applications for the multitude

of 8051 derivatives. Keil provides following tools for 8051 development.

i) C51 Optimizing C Cross Compiler,

ii) A51 Macro Assembler,

iii) 8051 Utilities (linker, object file converter, library manager),

iv) Source-Level Debugger/Simulator,

v) µVision for Windows Integrated Development Environment.

The keil 8051 tool kit includes three main tools, assembler, compiler and linker. An

assembler is used to assemble your 8051 assembly program. A compiler is used to compile

your C source code into an object file. A linker is used to create an absolute object module

suitable for your in-circuit emulator.

8052 project development cycle; these are the steps to develop 8051 project using keil

i) Create source files in C or assembly.

ii) Compile or assemble source files.

iii) Correct errors in source files.

iv) Link object files from compiler and assembler.

v) Test linked application.

38

Now, let us start how to work with keil.

Keil is a cross compiler. So first we have to understand the concept of compilers and cross

compilers. After then we shall learn how to work with keil.

4.1.6 WORKING WITH KEIL:

To open keil software click on start menu then program and then select keil2 (or any other

version keil3 etc. here the discussion is on keil2 only). Following window will appear on your

screen

FIG. 4.1-KEIL WINDOW

39

You can see three different windows in this screen.

i) Project work space window, It is for showing all the related files connected with your

project.

ii) Editing window, It is the place where you will edit the code.

iii) Output window, It will show the output when you compile or build or run your project.

Now to start with new project follow the steps:

1) Click on project menu and select new project

2) You will be asked to create new project in specific directory

3) Just move to your desired directory and there create a new folder for your project named

"first". Here I am creating new project in d:\keil2\myprojects\first as shown in figure

FIG. 4.2-PROJECT MENU

4) Give the name of project as "test". By default it will be saved as *.v2 extension.

40

5) Now you will be asked to chose your target device for which you want to write the

program.

6) Scroll down the cursor and select generic from list. expand the list and select 8051 (all

variants)

FIG. 4.3-TARGET WINDOW

when you click OK, you will be asked to add startup code and file to your project folder.

click yes. Now on your screen expand target1 list fully. You will see following window

41

FIG. 4.4-TARGET LIST

7) Now click on file menu and select new file. editor window will open. Now you can start

writing your code.

8) As you start writing program in C, same way here also you have to first include the

header file. Because our target is 8051 our header file will be "reg51.h"

42

9) After including this file. just right click on the file and select open document <reg51.h>.

The following window will appear.

FIG. 4.5-REG51.H DOCUMENT

43

10) If you scroll down cursor you will see that all the SFRs like P0-P3, TCON, TMOD,

ACC, bit registers and byte registers are already defined in this header file. so one can

directly use these register names in coding

11) Now you can write your program same as c language starting with void main()

12) After completing the code save the file in project folder with ".c" extension.

13) Now right click on "source group 1" in project workspace window. select "add files to

source group 1"

14) Select the C file you have created and click add button

FIG. 4.6-SOURCE GROUP

15) You will see that the c file has been added in source group.

16) Now to compile the program from project menu select "build target". In the output

window you will see the progress.

17) If there is any compilation error then target will not be created. Remove all the errors and

again build the target till you find "0 Error(s)".

44

18) Now you are ready to run your program. from debug menu select "start/stop debug

session".

19) You will see your project workspace window now shows most of the SFRs as well as

GPRs r0-r7. also one more window is now opened named "watches". in this window you

can see different variable values.

FIG. 4.7-WORKSPACE

45

20) To add variable in watch window goto "watch#1" tab. then type F2 to edit and type the

name of your variable.

21) If you want to see the output on ports go to peripheral menu and select I/O ports. select

the desire port. you can give input to port pins by checking or unchecking any check box.

here the check mark means digit 1 and no check mark means 0. the output on the pin will

be shown in same manner.

22) To run the program you can use any of the option provided "go", "step by step", "step

forward", "step ove" etc.

23) Now after testing your program you need to down load this program on your target board

that is 8051. for this you have to create hax file.

24) To create hex file first stop debug session. Again you will be diverted to project

workspace window.

25) Right click on "target 1" and select "option for target 1". Following window will appear.

FIG. 4.8-TARGET 1

46

26) Select output tag and check "create hex file" box.

27) Now when you again build your program you will see the message in output window

"hex file is created".

28) In your project folder you can see the hex file with same name of your project as

"test.hex".

29) This file you can directly load in 8051 target board and run the application on actual

environment.

30) So here I have described the procedure to create a project in keil for 8051 micro

controller. To see some sample programs for 8051 in keil just go through the link "sample

programs in keil" so that you can get the idea how to write a program for 8051 in keil

C[7].

4.2 SOURCE CODE:

#include <at89c51xd2.h>

#include <string.h>

#include "lcd.h"

#include "usart.h"

#include "gsm.h"

xdata unsigned char smsMessage[100];

#define irSensor P1_2

void main( void )

const unsigned char *myString1 = "*** WELCOME ***";

const unsigned char *myString2 = " TO ";

const unsigned char *myString3 = "GSM & RFID BASED";

const unsigned char *myString4 = "VEHICLE DETAILS ";

47

const unsigned char *myString5 = " EXTRACTION ";

const unsigned char *myString6 = "FLASH THE CARD ";

const unsigned char *myString7 = " NOW ";

xdata unsigned char rfIdNumber[13];

unsigned char swNo = 0;

USART_Init_9600();

Lcd_Init();

SenStringToLcd ( 1, myString1 );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, myString2 );

DelayMs(500);

SenStringToLcd ( 1, myString3 );

DelayMs(300);

SenStringToLcd ( 1, myString4 );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, myString5 );

DelayMs(500);

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "Sending SMS " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "****************" );

SendSms("+919030725846", "GSM Modem Test");

DelayMs( 500 );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "SMS Sent ......." );

DelayMs( 300 );

while(1)

48

SenStringToLcd ( 1, myString6 );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, myString7 );

DelayMs(5);

strcpy( rfIdNumber, "\0");

USART_Ready_To_Receive();

for( swNo = 0; swNo < 12; swNo++ )

rfIdNumber[swNo] = USART_Read_A_Char();

rfIdNumber[12] = '\0';

SenStringToLcd ( 2, " " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, rfIdNumber );

DelayMs( 200 );

if( !strcmp( rfIdNumber, "260092D34D2A" ) )

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "U R Authorised " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "****************" );

DelayMs( 300 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "Please Wait " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "While Processing" );

DelayMs( 300 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, " Owner Name " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, " Spurthi " );

DelayMs( 300 );

49

SenStringToLcd ( 1, " Vehicle No " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, " AP 29 AD 9623 " );

DelayMs( 300 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "Colour: Black " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "Model : Pleasure" );

DelayMs( 300 );

while( irSensor == 0 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "Detected Signal " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "Breaking..... " );

DelayMs( 300 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "Sending SMS " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "****************" );

strcpy( smsMessage, "Name: Spurthi, Reg No: AP29 AD 9623, Colour: Black, Model:

Pleasure" );

SendSms( "+919030725846", smsMessage );

DelayMs( 500 );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "SMS Sent ......." );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "****************”);

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "****************" );

else if( !strcmp( rfIdNumber, "26009354C524" ) )

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "U R Authorised " );

50

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "****************" );

DelayMs( 300 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "Please Wait " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "While Processing" );

DelayMs( 300 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, " Owner Name " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, " Bhavani " );

DelayMs( 300 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, " Vehicle No " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, " AP 31 BE 5684 " );

DelayMs( 300 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "Colour: Red " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "Model : Scooty " );

DelayMs( 300 );

while( irSensor == 0 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "Detected Signal " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "Breaking..... " );

DelayMs( 300 );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "Sending SMS " );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "****************" );

strcpy( smsMessage, "Name: Bhavani, Reg No: AP31 BE 5684, Colour: Red, Model:

Scooty" );

51

SendSms( "+919030725846", smsMessage );

DelayMs( 500 );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "SMS Sent ......." );

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "****************" );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, "****************" );

Else

SenStringToLcd ( 1, "U R NOT Athorisd" );

SenStringToLcd ( 2, " " );

DelayMs( 300 );

52

CONCLUSION

The purpose of the project to get instantaneous vehicle registration information over wireless

using GSM is successfully done. This project is very helpful for traffic police to get the

vehicle owners registration details on the field itself. The system also displays the number of

vehicle which breaks the traffic rules and traffic signal can be traced easily and on informing

the recent fines are paid by that particular registered vehicle owner. This helps in the

increasing revenue of the government. It also greatly helps the traffic authority to trace the

lost vehicles. If this system is applicable then the traffic rules system are strictly followed

then the traffic of Indian system will be uniform and completely managed without corruption.

Even though there will be no bribe system to the traffic police man, to the officers.and we can

have non corrupted traffic system.

53

REFERENCES

[1] 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, by Muhammad Ali Mazidi.

[2] http://elprojects.blogspot.in/2010/06/microcontroller-at89s52-description.html.

[3] http://www.atmel.in/Images/doc1919.pdf.

[4] Elisabeth Ilie-Zudor1, Zsolt Kemény2, Péter Egri3, László Monostori4, The RFID

technology and its current applications, computer and automation research institute,

hungarian academy of sciences, kende u. 13–17, 1111, budapest, department of

production informatics, management and control, bme, hungary.

[5] http://web.itu.edu.tr/~pazarci/WandelGoltermann_gsm.pdf (GSM).

[6] http://www.ele.uri.edu/courses/ele432/spring08/LEDs.pdf.

[7] http://www.keil.com/product/brochures/uv4.pdf.(keil software).

54

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO.

NAME

PAGE NO.

2.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52 8

2.2 LCD 9

2.3 LCD ALARM CLOCK 10

2.4 AN RFID TAG 15

2.5 GSM 20

2.6 PIN DIAGRAM 21

2.7 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR 22

2.8 RESISTORS 23

2.9 DIFFERENT CAPACITORS 25

2.10 LED SYMBOL 27

2.11 JUNCTION UNDER BIASED AND UNBIASED CONDITION 27

2.12 DIRECT BANDGAP AND DIRECT RECOMBINATION 28

2.13 DIRECT BANDGAP AND NON RADIATIVE

RECOMBINATION

29

2.14 LED STRUCTURE 31

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF FTC 32

4.1 KEIL WINDOW 39

4.2 PROJECT MENU 40

4.3 TARGET WINDOW 41

4.4 TARGET LIST 42

4.5 REG. 51.H DOCUMENT 43

4,6 SOURCE GROUP 44

4.7 WORKSPACE 45

4.8 TARGET 1 46

55

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.

NAME

PAGE NO.

1 LCD MODULE 12

2 LCD COMMANDS 13

3 COLOUR CODE 24

4 TYPES OF CAPACITOR 26