Chapter 1-3

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM: ITS RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND

Introduction

Water is the key to a person's survival because without

water survival is simply not an option. However, water has

to be purified otherwise bacteria in the water can be

harmful to your drink. This is highlighted especially in

the Third World countries such as Ethiopia and Gambia where

many people die due to contaminated water that contains lots

of bacteria that cause infection and illness. In all

countries water is considered valuable to maintain its

purity and it must go through several processes such as

reverse osmosis which is quite expensive.

However there are cheaper ways to purify water; it

wouldn’t even cost you money. One example is solar heat.

Solar radiation can kill bacteria in a period of time. It

has been tested and proven to purify water in many parts of

the world. On the other hand, the seed extract of Moringa

oleifera, commonly called Malunggay in the Philippines, has

been tested and also proven to purify and kill bacteria

living in water.

1

Both of these ways are proven and tested by

researchers but not using these two as a combination. The

researchers will conduct this study to determine if

Malunggay seed extracts and heat combined is effective in

purifying water. This study aims to determine whether

Moringa seed extracts and Solar Heat can be used in water

purification.

Background of the Study

The use of solar heat has been reported to be very

effective in purifying water. The use of raw malunggay seed

extract has also been reported to be a good water purifier.

Considering that both solar heat and malunggay seed extract

are not costly at all when used in water purification, and

both of these ways are proven and tested by researchers but

not using these two as a combination, the researchers found

it logical to try to verify and determine if the

combination of both solar heat and malunggay seed extract is

effective in purifying water.

2

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

This study is anchored on both foreign and local

claims, based on their studies, that solar radiation and

moringga seed extracts have been tested and proven to be

effective in purifying dirty waters.

Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat

water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an

antimicrobial agent. Drs. Geoff Folkard and John

Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have

worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove

solids in water for drinking (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).

According also to to the study that was made by

researchers on From Haninger(2009), he says that crushed

Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a

certain area and it can lower the bacterial concentration

in water so that it will be safe to drink. And it can also

be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty

water in rivers.

Waters are purified to improve its quality and make it

fit for human consumption. Water purification does not only

kill the harmful bacteria found in dirty waters but it also

3

aims to make the water looks clear and remove all its

impurities to make it more acceptable to user.

With the positive reports and encouraging results of

earlier studies made about water purification using solar

heat Moringga seeds, the researchers find it interesting to

find out how the combination of malunggay seed extracts and

solar heat exposure affects the quality of dirty waters in

terms of its pH, turbidity and the presence of harmful

micro-organism, Escherichia coli. An evaluation is to made

regarding the hypothesis that states that “ H0: There is

no significant difference in the water before and after it

is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of

turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.” And for

the “H1: There is a significant difference in the water

before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and

solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the

Coliform bacteria.”

The schema clearly illustrates the relationship between

the Independent Variables (IV) and the Dependent Variables

(DV). There are two (2) IVs in the left box, namely: The

first is the concentration or Number of Malunggay Seed added

to one (1) Liter water for purification ( 1 seed:1 Liter; 2

seeds: 1 Liter; and 3 seeds:1Liter, respectively) and the

4

second is Solar Heat and in the right box are the Dependent

Variables (DV). The arrow in between the two boxes is

pointing to the right box containing the DV. This arrow

signifies that the IVs have a direct influence on the DV

which is Water Quality measured in terms of the following

characteristics, namely: Color of Water; Water pH; and No.

of Escherichia coli. It means that changes made in the

concentration of the Independent Variables , a corresponding

reaction will be noted from the DV. In this study, should

there be significant effects on the Dependent Variables,

the positive Hypothesis may be accepted and it will prove

that malunggay and solar heat is effective as water

purifier.

5

Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study.

6

Malunggay Seed Extract

1 Kernel per Liter of Water

2 Kernels per Liter of Water

2 Kernels per Liter of Water

Solar heat

Water Quality

Color of water

Ph

No. of coliform bacteria

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine if Malunggay (Moringa

oleifera Lin.) seed extract and solar heat are effective in

water purification.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the

following sub-problems:

1. Is there a significant difference in the water

before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract

and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number

of the Coliform bacteria?

2. How many malunggay seeds are needed to purify a

liter of open well water?

3. Does malunggay alter water pH?

Hypotheses

On the bases of the research problems stated, two

hypothesis are hereby formulated:

H0: There is no significant difference in the water

before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract

and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number

of the Coliform bacteria.

7

H1: There is a significant difference in the water

before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract

and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number

of the Coliform bacteria.

Significance of the Study

This study hopes to create an impact on people’s health

and the economy.

People’s Health. People in the rural areas, or those

who are living in the hinterlands where there is no purified

water available, just drink water taken from open wells.

They are highly vulnerable to getting sick with diarrhea

from their dirty or contaminated drinking water. Using this

type of water purification can lessen the cause of diarrhea

and many other diseases caused by harmful bacteria in water.

The purification process is very easy to do because even

small children can do it right and it doesn’t use

sophisticated and costly gadgets.

The Poor. The poor living in either rural areas or in

the cities can do water purification by themselves using

malunggay and solar radiation which is cash-saving. Poverty

won’t be a hindrance for the poor to drink clean and safe

water.

8

Economy. This study can also be a big help in the

economy of our poor families and the nation, in general,

because it doesn’t use any expensive chemicals and

processes. It uses only a very common natural ingredient

taken from malunggay seeds. Malunggay is most commonly found

in many parts of the country and it could be easily grown in

everyone’s backyard and last for a number of years.

Environment. It can benefit the environment because

this process is purely organic. This process would encourage

Maluggay tree planting in order to have a readily available

source of kernels for water purification. Likewise, it would

eventually guarantee a year-round supply of a very

nutritious malunggay leaves for home consumption and for

sale. Furthermore, the waste from pounding malunggay seeds

is biodegradable; therefore, it won’t cause poisoning and

environmental pollution. It is very safe.

Student-Researchers. The results of this study would

be a good source of information for the students to use in

the pursuit of further verifications and experimentations

regarding the benefits that the malunggay plant could give

to us in water purification.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

9

The study will be conducted at the Lood’s Residence,

Turno, Dipolog City covering the period from last week of

September to the second week of October 2011. The

Researchers will use samples of an open-well water found

at the heart of the City of Dipolog owned by the Kyamko

family in Cental Barangay, a block away from the Dipolog

City Pilot Demonstration School. The water samples will be

examined by the Agape Laboratory, Dipolog City. The

researchers will collect 12 Malunggay kernels. The

production of Malunggay seed extract will be done using the

crushing method. This study is limited only to the use of

the Malunggay seed extract and solar heat for water

purification of an open-well water samples.

Definition of Key Terms

Moringa oleifera. Malunggáy in Filipino, refers to the

most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which

is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. It is an

exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety of

potential uses.

10

Kernel. This term refers to the grain or seed, as of a

cereal grass, enclosed in a husk grain or seed, as of a

cereal grass, enclosed in a husk.

Etract. This term refers to obtain something from a

source, usually by separating it out from other material

Water purification. This term refers to the process of

removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological

contaminants from contaminated water. The goal is to produce

water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified

for human consumption (drinking water) but water

purification may also be designed for a variety of other

purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical,

pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications.

Water quality. This term refers to the physical,

chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is a

measure of the condition of water relative to the

requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any

human need or purpose.

Solar heat. This term refers to the energy emitted by

the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction that creates

electromagnetic energy.

11

pH. This term refers to the measure of acidity or

alkalinity.

Turbidity. This term refers to the cloudiness

or haziness of a fluid caused by

individual particles (suspended solids) that are generally

invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The

measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.

Open well. This term refers to a well whose diameter is

great enough (1 meter or more) for a person to descend to

the water level. It is an artificial pond filling a large

excavation in the zone of saturation up to the water table.

Escherichia coli , commonly abbreviated E. coli This

term refers to the main species of bacteria that live in the

lower intestines of mammals. It is a Gram-negative, rod-

shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower

intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E.

coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause

serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally

responsible for product recalls.

Chapter 2

12

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the Legal Aspects, Related

Literature and Studies which has bearing to the present

studies

Legal Aspects

A. Foreign

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main

federal law that ensures the quality of Americans'

drinking water. Under SDWA, United States Environmental

Protection Agency (USEPA) sets standards for drinking

water quality and oversees the states, localities, and

water suppliers who implement those standards. SDWA was

originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public

health by regulating the nation's public drinking water

supply. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996 and

requires many actions to protect drinking water and its

sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground

water wells. This law contains requirements for

ensuring the safety of the nation's public drinking

water supplies. This is the principal federal law

concerning drinking water. The SDWA authorized the to

13

promulgate regulations regarding water supply. The

major regulations are in title 40 of the Code of

Federal Regulations (40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143).

Parts 141, 142, and 143 regulate primary contaminants,

implementation by states, and secondary contaminants.

Primary contaminants are those with health impacts.

State implementation allows states to be the primary

regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA)

provided they meet certain requirements. Secondary

contaminants generally cause aesthetic problems and are

not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com)

B. Local

Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993

(PNSDW 1993) under the provision of Chapter II Section

9 of PD 856, otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation

of the Philippines is designed to guide the Waterworks

Officials, Developers and Operators of Water Supply

Systems both Government and Private entities, health

and sanitation authorities and the general public and

all other concerned by standards cover requirements for

the acceptable values of the determined parameters in

measuring water quality. These parameters include

microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological

14

compositions of the water. The standard also delineates

values established in conforming with the medical and

health implication of the parameters as opposed to

values established purely to satisfy aesthetic

requirements (DENR Administrative Order No. 26-A,Series

1994)

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that

the State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a

manner consistent with the protection, preservation and

revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and

marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for

sustainable development shall be pursued. This

includes the use of water for domestic purposes like

drinking and potable water and also water treatment.

Literature

Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made

by researchers on

http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htmlh

ey say that crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used

widely around a certain area and it can lower the bacterial

concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And

it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for

cleaning dirty water in rivers. This simple method does not

15

only remove water pollution, but also removes harmful

bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins

with the solids in the water and then they both sink to the

bottom. This kind of treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in

water. They say that by using Moringa seeds, people will no

longer be depending on expensive means of purification.

Using this method of purification will replace the use of

chemicals such as aluminum sulphate, which they say are

dangerous to people and especially the environment, and

mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Every different

water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds,

because impurities on such waters will not be the same.

Using a jar for experimenting will be a bid help in working

out the correct amount needed.

Heat. Clean drinking water is lacking in many parts of

the world and many persons die because of this. It is

estimated that two million people die every year because of

water related diseases. By using solar radiation to kill

bacteria and microorganisms, it would reduce the amount of

people dead and prevent diseases in a very useful and cheap

way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of

clear plastic, then fill the plastic with water and fill

with clear water and place above roofs. The radiation will

16

kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The

method will be faster if the temperature is higher, it would

be recommended to paint half of the bottle black and the

black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof.

This method only works in clear water not pond or river

water. SODIS (Solar Disinfection),

Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA

radiation, provided by the Sun. Water is placed in a

transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated by shaking,

followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for

six hours in full sun, which raises the temperature and

gives an extended dose of solar radiation, killing any

microbes that may be present. The combination of the two

provides a simple method of disinfection for tropical

developing countries.

Water purification, or drinking water treatment, is the

process of removing contaminants from surface water or

groundwater to make it safe and palatable for human

consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used,

depending on the raw water source, contaminants present,

standards to be met, and available finances. Sources of

Drinking Water Water to be used in public or private water

supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different

17

sources of raw water demand different treatment methods to

render it ft for human consumption. (microbiologyreader.com)

It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,

materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated

water. It’s goal is to produce water fit for a specific

purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption

(drinking water) but water purification may also be designed

for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the

requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and

industrial applications. In general the methods used include

physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation,

biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated

sludge, chemical processes such as flocculation and

chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such

as ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com) [REFER TO APA STYLE

FOR IN TEXT FORMAT OF CITATION OF SOURCES]

Related Studies

A. Foreign Studies

In large scale treatment plants Aluminium Sulphate

is used as a conventional chemical coagulant. As an

18

alternative to conventional coagulants, Moringa

oleifera seeds can be used as a natural coagulant in

household water treatment as well as in the community

water treatment systems. Natural coagulant properties

were found in 6 different Moringa species by laboratory

studies. The seed kernels of Moringa oleifera contain

significant quantities of low molecular-weight, (water-

soluble proteins) which carry a positive charge. When

the crushed seeds are added to raw water, the proteins

produce positive charges acting like magnets and

attracking the predominantly negatively charged

particles such as clay, silk, bacterias, and other

toxic particles in water). The flocculation process

occurs when the proteins bind the negatives charges

forming flocs through the aggregation of particles

which are present in water. These flocs are easly to

remove by settling or filtration. The material can

clarify not only highly turbid muddy water but also

water of medium and low turbidity. The level of

turbidity influences the required time for the

floculation. As with all coagulants, the effectiveness

of the seeds may vary from one raw water to another.

The practical application of dosing solutions is

exactly the same as for all other coagulants. Studies

19

have been carried out to determine the potential risks

associated with the use of Moringa seeds in water

treatment. To date, no evidence has found that the

seeds cause secondary effects in humans, especially at

the low doses.

Within the pods are possibly the best part of the

tree which are the seeds. Not only can they be pressed

for a high grade oil, comparable to olive oil, but the

press cake remaining after oil extraction has been

shown to retain the active ingredients for coagulation,

making it a marketable commodity (Folklard and

Sutherland, 1996)

According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai

Holes: Ideas for Growing Food Under Difficult

Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa oleifera has been

compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing

suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major

advantage.  Because it can be produced locally, "using

moringa rather than alum would save foreign exchange

and generate farm and employment income."  The

potential for moringa to create a new market for a

community is there, and studies and projects are taking

place examining this potential.

20

At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi,

Africa, two researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John

Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England,

have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to

remove solids in water for drinking.  Not only were the

tests successful in removing as much solid material as

alum, but the seeds used were "purchased from

enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje Region in Malawi"

(Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).

B. Local Studies

Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat

water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an

antimicrobial agent. Moringa is generally accepted as a

coagulant due to positively charged, water-soluble

proteins which bind with negatively charged particles

(silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the

resulting ‘flocs’ to settle to the bottom or be removed

by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of moringa

continue to be researched. The process of treating the

water with moringa seeds would take at least one to two

hours.

21

As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine

Star, Reports said moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried

presscake can be stored for long periods but moringa

solutions for treating water should be prepared fresh

each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one

liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water

treatment may be prepared from seed kernels or from the

solid residue left over after oil extraction.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

22

This chapter discusses the methods, procedures and the

materials, the Treatments and number of Replications to be

made in the event that this proposed experiment will be

carried out. This chapter also presents the data to be

collected.

Research Design

The present study used the single group design. In this

design, it involves treatment with two or more dosages.

Materials and Equipment

This experiment does not require the use of

sophisticated gadgets. The following are the materials and

equipments needed:

Plastic bottles (one liter capacity), with caps – 8

pcs.

Malunggay Seeds- 12 Kernels

Open Well water Samples, 8 Liters

Mortar and Pestle – 1 pair

Cheese Cloth or clean cotton handkerchief- 1 pc.

Marker

Cash for Laboratory Analysis Fee

Record Notebook

Ballpens

23

Plastic bags to hold/carry the 8 bottles

General Procedure

A. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract

The researchers will collect malunggay seeds in pods.

A total of twelve (12) malunggay kernels will be used in

this study. The shelling of the malunggay pods will be done

manually by the researchers. The extract will be obtained by

pounding the seeds on a Mortar and Pestle. Using a

cheesecloth, the pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to

extract its juice.

B. Collection and Preparation of Water

The researchers will collect water samples from an open

well found at Kyamko Residence in Central Barangay ,

Dipolog City.

The Researchers will get eight (8) Liters sample from

the well. Eight pieces of one- liter capacity plastic

bottles will be filled with the sample waters for

experimentation. Two (2) replicates (Replicate A and

Replicate B) will be made which will consist of a set of

four (4) bottles for each replication where each bottle

contains 1 Liter water.

24

C. Preparations of Treatments

During the extraction process, the specified number of

malunggay kernels to be used for each treatment will be

pounded separately, such that, for T1 which is 1

Kernel:1Liter water, only one (1) kernel will be pounded and

its juice will be extracted and immediately added to one

(1) liter bottled water sample, and so on for the other

Treatments.

The different concentrations of malunggay seed extracts

added to the water samples will be expressed based on its

quantity or number of seeds (kernels) used per liter of

water. The treatments, in two (2) replications A and B,

will use the following proportions or number of malunggay

seed (kernel) extracts added to a liter of water, viz:

Replicate A

25

Replicate B

There will be two (2) replicates ( Replicate A and

Replicate B) of the treatments in this study.

Treatments (Tx)

No. of Malunggay Kernels(pcs.)

Volume of water(Liter)

Control(0 Kernel:1Li.)

0 1

T1(1 kernel:1Li.)

1 1

T2(2 Kernels:1Li.)

2 1

T3(3 Kernels:1Li.)

3 1

Treatments (Tx)

No. of Malunggay Kernels(pcs.)

Volume of water(Liter)

Control(0 Kernel:1Li.)

0 1

T1(1 kernel:1Li.)

1 1

T2(2 Kernels:1Li.)

2 1

T3(3 Kernels:1Li.)

3 1

26

The set-ups with malunggay extracts will be equally

exposed under the heat of the sun for six (6) hours. The

Control, in two (2) bottles, will be left unexposed to the

heat of the sun.

Marking all the eight bottles with its assigned

Treatment will be done prior to malunggay juice extractions

to make sure that there will be no error done in pouring in

the (Treatments) extracts to the right marked bottles.

The prevailing weather condition should be given due

consideration in the conduct of this study. Extractions of

malunggay kernel juice and setting-up of this study will be

carried out only when there is an apparent sunny day to

ensure that there will be enough and continuous

uninterrupted solar radiation that would last for at least

six (6) hours to meet the six-hour solar exposure

requirement of this study.

Data-Gathering Procedure

The Researchers will subject the eight (8) bottles to

laboratory analysis. After six (6) hours of sun exposure

of the six (6) bottles containing malunggay seed extracts,

all the eight (8) bottles: 2 bottles containing the Control

27

group, and the 6 bottles with Treatments containing the

water samples, will be brought to Agape Laboratory in

Dipolog City for Laboratory Analysis to find out their pH,

turbidity, and E.Coli presence, respectively.

The laboratory analysis results will give the data

on both the Control group and those with the different

Treatments. Table 4.1 below will contain all the data

that the Researchers need to gather.

Statistical Treatment of the Study

Table 4.1 Laboratory Results of Water Analysis

TRIAL

TxControl T1 T2 T3

0 Kernel: 1 Liter 1Kernel: 1Liter 2 Kernel: 1Liter 3 Kernel:1 Liter

pHTurbid-ity

E.Coli pH

Turbid-ity

E.Coli pH

Turbid-ity

E.Coli pH

Turbid-ity

E.Coli

Replicate AReplicate B

TOTAL

MEANS

Table 4.1 above will contain the primary data taken by

the Researchers from the results of the laboratory

analysis. F-test or ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) will be

used to compare the means of the different Treatments with

the Control group and find out if there is a significant

28

difference between the Treatments and the Control.

Itsresults will lead to finding out the validity or nullity

of the hypothesis of this study relative to the

effectiveness of the combinationof Solar Heat and Malunggay

Seed extract as water purification agents

29

Preparation of twelve (12) sterilized plastic

bottles.

Collection of Eight (8) one Liter water sam

ples from an open well

Manual shelling of the malunggay

Bibliography

Madsen M, J Schlundt, and EF Omer (1987) Effect of water

coagulation by seeds of Moringa oleifera on bacterial

30

Collection of 12 kernels of fresh malunggay

seeds in pods

All eight (8) bottles containing the water samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their pH, Turbidity, and E.Coli presence

Pounding the seeds using a Mortar and

Pestle

The water sample will have four (4) set-ups each containing 100mL of its respective water. The Control group is going to be brought to Agape Lab for analysis.

Three (3) of the set ups will have treatments T1, T2, and T3 and a Control with different malunggay extract concentration: T1= 1 kernel:1 Liter, T2= 2 kernels:1 Liter T3=, 3 kernels: 1 Liter and Control=3 kernels: 1 Liter

Six (6) hours of sun exposure

Pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice using cheesecloth.

concentrations. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

90: 101-109. Retrieved August 13, 2011.

Solar water disinfection. Retreived September 3, 2011 from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SODIS

Olsen A (1987) Low technology water purification by

bentonite clay and Moringa oleifera seed flocculation as

performed in Sudanese villages. Effects on Schistosoma

mansoni cercariae. Water Research 21(5): 517-522.

Retrieved August 25, 2011

Duke JA (1987) Moringaceae: Horseradish-tree, benzolive-

tree, drumstick-tree, sohnja, moringa, murunga-kai,

malunggay, p. 19-28. In: M. Benge (ed.) Moringa: A

multipurpose vegetable and tree that purifies water.

Sci. & Technol./ For., Environ., & Natural Resources

Agro-Forestation Tech. Ser. 27. US AID, Washington, D.C.

Retrieved August 28, 2011

Yongbai KA (2005) Studies on the potential use of

medicinal plants and macrofungi (lower plants) in water

31

and waste water purification. Retreived September 8,

2011 from www.biotech.kth.se/iobb/news/kenneth04.doc.

Berger MR, M Habs, SA Jahn, S Schmahl (1984)

Toxicological assessment of seeds from Moringa oleifera

and Moringa stenopetala, two highly efficient primary

coagulants for domestic water treatment of tropical raw

waters. East African Medical Journal 61: 712-716.

Retrieved September 15, 2011

Jahn SA, HA Musnad and H Burgstaller (1986) Tree that

purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in

the Sudan. Unasylva 38(152): 23-28. Retreived September

18, 2011 from http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?

url_file=/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm

Haninger, M (2009) Moringa: a supermarket on a tree! Retreived

September 18, 2011 from

http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htm

l

32

APPENDIX- A

(Letter-head of ZNNHS)

August 5, 2011

NOEL G. SOLIS. R.N.Research Adviser

33

ZNNHS Science DepartmentDipolog City

Re: Submission of Research Titles for Research Proposal Writing

Sir:

In view of my desire to start writing my research proposal for the first semester, school year 2011-2012, may I have honor to submit these research titles for your consideration:

(1) (1st title of research)

(2) (2nd title of research)

(3) (3rd title of research)

(4) (4th title of research)

(5) (5th title of research)

(6) (6th title of research)

(7)

(8)

Very truly,

Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa and Alexa C. TiuAPPENDIX-B

Proposed Budget

Materials Quantity Price/Unit Cost

Plastic bottles (one liter

capacity) with

8 pcs.

34

caps

Malunggay Seeds 12 Kernels

Open Well water Samples

8 Liters

Mortar and Pestle 1 pair

Cheese Cloth or clean cotton handkerchief

1 pc.

Laboratory Analysis Fee

APPENDIX- C

Schedule of Activities

DAY ACTIVITIES

35

1Collection of Eight (8) one Liter water samples from an open well and collection of 12 kernels of fresh malunggay seeds in pods.

2

3

4

5

CURRICULUM VITAE I

Name: Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa

Gender: Female

Address: 141, Zamora St. Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City

36

141, Zamora St. Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City. Email add: [email protected] Contact No.: 212-6566

Age: 14

Birthday: February 7, 1997

Place of Birth: Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte

Email Address: [email protected]

Father: Antonio C. Gayapa

Occupation: Retired

Mother: Ma. Lenita J. Gayapa

Occupation: Government Employee

CURRICULUM VITAE II

Name: Alexa C. Tiu

Gender: Female

Address:

37

535 Ranillo St., Central Barangay, Dipolog City. Email add: [email protected] Contact No.: 212-7180

Age: 13

Birthday: August 3, 1997

Place of Birth: Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte

Email Address: @yahoo.com

Father:

Occupation:

Mother:

Occupation:

38