Chapter 1 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada

Chapter 2 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the

Autonomy of Canada Section 5: Second Phase of Industrialization & the Union Movement

Pages that correspond to this presentation

Second Phase of Industrialization: Pages 130-139

Union Movement: Pages 140-142

Recap: the First Phase of Industrialization

• Where did industrialization happen in Quebec?

• Who did all the hard work?

• Who owned the factories?

• What is a ‘working class neighborhood’?

• What was the life of a factory work like?

• How did workers start to stand up for themselves?

• Where did investment come from?

• What sectors of industrialization were the most popular?

• What was the main source of energy for factories?

• How were raw materials and good transported?

Classification of Economic Activities • In modern times, we can classify economic activity

into 3 different categories: PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY keep these 3 classifications in the back of your mind as we go through the PowerPoint

1. Primary: all activities related to exploitation of Natural resources agriculture, fisheries, forestry, mining, hydroelectricity, etc.

2. Secondary: all activities related to the processing of natural resources into goods (in factories usually) food products, textiles, leather products, tobacco products, etc.

3. Tertiary: all activities related to providing services for people teachers, lawyers, doctors, bankers, etc.

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s • We begin to see a new phase of industrialization at start

of the 20th century (1900s) until the 1930s • What factors helped push the 2nd phase of

industrialization? – Wilfred Laurier reinstated protectionist style tariffs on goods

coming from other countries (protect Canadian companies) – More immigrants coming to Canada = a workforce for

factories and natural resource extraction – Immigrants could also be seen as consumers (buying Canadian

products) – Increased wheat cultivation in Western Canada = Canada’s

largest export – Abundance of other types of natural resources: timber,

minerals and precious metals, water, etc. – Intensified trade with England and the USA – WW1 = war industry = Manufacturing goods for soldiers, etc.

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s

When did the 2nd phase happen?

• The 2nd phase of industrialization took place from 1896 until 1930

Where in Quebec was the 2nd phase happening?

• The 2nd phase of industrialization took place in: – Urban areas = cities = Montreal (continued from phase 1)

– Periphery regions = outside of large cities = Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Joliette, Levis & Thedford Mines

• Keep in mind: we are focusing mostly of Quebec’s situation during the 2nd phase of industrialization

• Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia benefitted the most from the 2nd phase of industrialization population, transportation networks & access to natural resources


Map of Industrial Activity in Quebec Around 1910

Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 133

***Notice that economic activities were not just focussed in urban areas***


What are some of the characteristics of the 2nd phase?

• Factory production in cities continued into the 2nd phase of industrialization

– Textiles, food canning, tobacco products, leather products, timber products, etc.

• Hydroelectricity production took place outside of cities in regions with waterways that could support hydro dams

• Hydroelectricity replaced coal as the main source of energy VERY IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER!!!


Rideau Shoe Factory- Montreal, Quebec- 1910

Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.< http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.830.3>


John W. Peck shirt & Clothing factory- Montreal, Quebec- 1910

Source: McCord Museum Collection Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.816.8>


Hydro Electric Dam. Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation, Quebec. 1917

Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.<http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-17248>

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s View of the Powerhouse- Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation. Shawinigan, Quebec. 1917

Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.< http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/fr/collection/artefacts/VIEW-17252>


Interior of the Powerhouse. Shawinigan Company. Shawinigan, Quebec. 1909

Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.< http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/fr/collection/artefacts/VIEW-4784>



• Electrometallurgy became an important part of the 2nd phase of industrialization in Quebec

– Electrometallurgy is using electric current to produce products made from metals

• Electrochemistry also became an important part of the 2nd phase of industrialization in Quebec

– Electrochemistry is using electric current to produce chemical products



• A MAJOR (and important) change during the 2nd phase of industrialization was the increase in the extraction and use of natural resources found in Quebec: – Water =hydroelectricity (mentioned earlier)

– Mining: copper, gold, silver, zinc, asbestos

– Timber = products made from wood AND PULP & Paper production

– Pulp & Paper = breaking down timber fibers to make paper products



Mining Production in Quebec 1898-1928

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s Amalgamated Asbestos Corporation mine named ‘King’s Pit’. Thetford

Mines, Quebec. 1910

Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-4621>

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s Asbestos Mining Industry. Asbestos Mines, Quebec. Around 1923

Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=MP-0000.158.22&idImage=150200>


Railway lines close to Thetford Mines. Thetford Mines, Quebec. 1930

Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?Lang=2&accessnumber=MP-0000.1085.1&isuserimage=0&section=mylist>


Asbestos Mine. Thetford Mines, Quebec. 1918

Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.25.587>


Left: Inside ‘Mine King’, Thetford Mines, QC, 1933 Right: Conveyor for selecting raw ore, Thetford Mines about 1919

Source: McCord Museum Online Collection

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930s Stockpile of timber. Laurentide Pulp Company. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1918

Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930s Machine room-drying paper. Laurentide Pulp

Mills. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1908

Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-4517


Worker transporting large roll of paper used for newspaper production. Sault-Ste-Marie, Ontario around 1925

Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?Lang=2&accessnumber=MP-0000.25.872&isuserimage=0&section=mylist>


Canadian Electro Products Company (Chemical plant). Shawinigan, Quebec. 1930

Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/fr/collection/artefacts/MP-0000.25.597>


What/who were the people involved?

• Industrialization attracted more people to the cities (continuation from phase 1) from agricultural/rural areas

• Immigrants chose to stay in cities because of the availability of work in factories

• Working class neighborhoods continued to grow and become overcrowded disease, epidemics, unsanitary conditions, ‘makeshift homes’


What/who were the people involved?

• Industrialization continued to cause a ‘class divide’ between the working class and the upper/business class (same as before 1896)

• This can be seen in the living conditions of both classes: – Working class: horrible working conditions in

neighborhoods such as St. Henri, Griffintown, Pointe St. Charles

– Upper/Business class: much better working conditions in neighborhoods such as Golden Square Mile, Outremont, Westmount

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Photograph of a ‘working class home’ in Montreal

(neighborhood unknown)- 1903

Source: McCord Museum Online. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/II-146359>

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Photograph of a ‘working class home’ in Montreal, corner of

Barré and Aqueduct Streets - 1903

Source: McCord Museum Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/II-146722>

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Photograph of a ‘Garden party’ at Mr. Meighen's

residence, Golden Square Mile-Montreal-1908

Source: McCord Museum Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-8764>

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Mr. Meighen's house, Drummond Street, Montreal- 1900


2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Mr. Meighen's house/ Mount Stephen Club-

Drummond Street, Montreal- 2016

Source: Montreal Gazette Online. < http://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/culture-officials-opposed-hotel-tower-for-mount-stephen-club-documents>

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 W.R. Miller's house and garden, Stanley Street,

Montreal-1896


2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930

Who were the other ‘players’ involved n the 2nd phase? • The QUEBEC provincial government • The Quebec provincial government was run by the

Liberal Party from 1897-1936 • They were focused on job creation, industrialization

and the extraction of natural resources • The provincial government in the early 20th century

also favored economic liberalism willingness to do business with other countries if the price was right

• As part of the responsibilities of the provinces after confederation Quebec owned natural resources found within it’s own territory they could use them however they wanted


Quebec Liberal Party in 1897 lead by Felix Marchand



Who were the other ‘players’ involved in the 2nd phase?

• The Quebec provincial government

• The Quebec Liberal Party took advantage of having full control over natural resources

• They allowed private companies to either lease land and exploit the natural resources OR pay the government royalties based on the resources exploited

• The government made lots of ‘dolla dolla bills’ by receiving money from leases or royalties from private companies

• Royalties = money given based on certain actions = private companies will give more money in royalties if they exploit more resources



• The Quebec provincial government

• By allowing private companies to exploit natural resources within Quebec, the government would profit… – Through leases and royalties

– The attraction of immigrant to live and work within Quebec

– To increase it’s consumer and eventually its taxpayer base when new people work and live in Quebec

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Who were the other ‘players’ involved in the 2nd phase? • Investors • Investors are people who have a lot of ‘bling’

(money) • They choose to lend money to companies to help

expand the business (bigger factory, more workers, etc.)

• The goal is to see the companies they invest in do well make profit for the investors

• During the first phase of industrialization up until 1920 most of the capital in the industrial sectors of Canada came from British investors

• Capital = money invested in a company



• Investors

• After 1920 American investors begin to give more capital to the industrialization sectors in Quebec

• Industries such as pulp & paper and hydroelectricity were sectors that Americans invested in heavily

• Pulp & paper newspapers in the USA were a VERY BIG business (bigger than before 1896) there was a need for paper to produce all of the newspapers and magazines being printed in the USA



2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930 • How did investment change during the 2nd phase?

– Investment was still coming from British investors at the start of the 2nd phase of industrialization

–However into the 1920s/1930s American investment takes over

–American companies are ‘setting up shop’ in Quebec


How did Quebec/Canada profit during the 2nd phase?

• Foreign trade

• Canada saw a lot of industrial diversification during the 2nd phase of industrialization

• Industrial diversification = focusing on many types of industries instead of only a few

• Canada was able to do this because of the abundance of natural resources

• Many foreign countries needed these resources in addition to the products made in Canada

• This need resulted in lots of trade with foreign countries

• Examples include pulp & paper from Quebec AND wheat from Western Canada


• In the early 1900s Canada usually exported more goods and resources than it took in from other countries

• However, there were some years that Canada took in more than it exported

• This is called ‘trade balance’ the difference between the amount exported compared to imported

Example of Canada’s Foreign Trade in 1921


2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 How did government help businesses during the 2nd phase? • Development of INFRASTRUCTURE • Infrastructure = things developed/built by governments

to help businesses and the general public • Examples in 2018: roads, highways, sewage systems,

telephone poles, cell phone towers, etc. • The federal government understood with increased

trade there needed to be an increase in the development of infrastructure

• In the Federal and provincial governments worked together to continue to develop transportation infrastructure:

• An increase in railway lines, expanding ports for ships, the enlargement of railway bridges and the development of roadways for cars and trucks


Source: McCord Museum online collections. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.587.29>

‘Gotfredson’ trucks- Canadian National, Montreal-about 1930

N.B.: • The 1920s into the

1930s – The development of motor vehicles allowed companies to transport raw materials and goods in smaller quantities

• There wasn’t as much of a reliance on railways and water transportation


Source: BANQ Numérique Patrimoine québécois. <http://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2470403?docsearchtext=port%20de%20montreal>

Photograph of the Port of Montreal – between 1915-1925

N.B.: • Railway lines were

important during industrialization as they has the potential to connect regions that COULD NOT be connected by waterways

• For example: Western Canada could connect to Montreal by railways to transport grain


Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.25.1003>

Inside 1 of the manufacturing buildings of the Angus shops/yards in Montreal- 1930

• The Angus shops/Yards consisted of a large area of Montreal dedicated to the manufacturing and maintenance of trains used by CP Railway

• The Angus shops served as a ‘home base’ for CP Railway trains


Source: Rolly Martin Country. <http://members.kos.net/sdgagnon/ang.html>

Depiction of the Angus Shops/Yards in Montreal

Notice the connection to the port of Montreal

Map of Montreal – ‘Zoom in’ of the angus Shops/Yards


Source: : BANQ Numérique Patrimoine québécois. < http://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/1956533?docsearchtext=canadian%20pacific%20railway%20bridge >

LEFT: Artistic depiction of the Canadian Pacific Railway Bridge- 1892-1893 Right: St. Lawrence Railway Bridge (Same bridge) expansion-1913

Source: Wikipedia. <https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_ferroviaire_Saint-Laurent#/media/File:St._Lawrence_Bridge,_C.P.R._Lachine_P.Q.jpg>


How did government help businesses during the 2nd phase?

• Montreal and the expansion of the Port of Montreal

• Montreal was/is an important port city

• Montreal was connected to many cities within North American either through water ways OR railway lines

• Montreal also saw many ships leave to Europe or arrive from Europe for trade purposes

• Natural resources would pass through Montreal on it’s way out or way in timber, grain, minerals, etc.

• As foreign trade grew, Montreal needed to keep up with an increasing number of ships Montreal had to expand the port


How did government help businesses during the 2nd phase?

• The expansion of the Port of Montreal in the late 1800s – 1930s

• The port of Montreal grew in size and some projects included:

– 1898: stone walls were built along the port along the river/more piers were added

– 1902: Modern grain elevators under construction in the port

– 1910: a project to deepen the river near the port so larger boats could access the port


Construction of additional quays in the Port of Montreal - 1910

Source: Port of Montreal: Montreal Throughout Time. <http://lehublot.port-montreal.com/en/montreal-throughout-time-an-exclusive-peek-into-the-history-of-montreal-and-its-port/>


Construction of ‘Grain Elevator No. 1’- Port of Montreal- around 1915

Source: Port of Montreal: Montreal Throughout Time Facebook Page. <https://www.facebook.com/PortMontreal/photos/a.1368266796566918.1073741858.561973407196265/1401678379892426/?type=3&theater>


‘Grain Elevator No. 5’- Port of Montreal- around 1920

Source: Old Montreal. <http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/plaque/horizon/port/eng/port_3a.htm>


How could companies increase profits drastically?

• Monopoly Capitalism

• Monopoly = being the only business to offer a good or service

• Capitalism = an economic system/idea where profit is the most important

• Certain companies would ‘overtake’ or buyout competitors until only 1 company was left in the market

• In addition, certain companies would buy all the ‘sub companies’ associated with a product or service


• Monopoly Capitalism • Examples of monopoly

capitalism in the early 20th century: – Banks certain banks would

‘acquire’ competitors – Power, light and heating: The

‘Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company’ acquired competitors, giving them a monopoly on heating and lighting in Montreal they could charge higher rates because there were no competitors

– Hydroelectric companies – Other industries such as textile

firms

Canadian Banks 1875-1925



Construction of the Dominion Textile Mill building – around 1927

Source: McCord Museum Online. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.2091.5>


Construction of the Dominion Textile Mill building – around 1927

Source: McCord Museum Online. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.2091.6>

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Dominion Textile Mill, Sainte-Gregoire-de-Montmorency, Quebec- around 1927


A textile Monopoly • Dominion Textile

owned all textile mills in Quebec by 1905, except 1 mill

• They employed 7000 at one point one of the most ‘single employers’ in the province


• Who did all the work?

–Factories still require cheap labour • Low wages & horrible working conditions

• French Canadiens/immigrants

–Heavy industries required more specialized workers • Technical training

• Higher wages

• Possessed specific skills mining technologies, machinery for pulp and paper, etc.

Industrialization & Working Conditions • During the 2nd phase of industrialization working conditions

remained horrible very little changed from 1st phase despite some laws established by government(s)

– 6 day work weeks of 60 to 70 hours

– Dangerous / unsanitary work spaces in factories

• Too cold, too hot, machinery could cut off limbs or worse, minimal to no ventilation

– Dangerous working conditions in the natural resource exploitation sectors (breathing in dust in mines, etc.)

– Physical/verbal abuse from supervisors

– No sick days

– Minimal compensation if laid-off

– Child labour continued

– Women & children paid less than men for the same work

The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century

• Unions in the first half of the 20th century in Quebec continued to grow

• 10% of workers were unionized in 1931-1932

• This grew to about 21% in 1941-1942

• Unions continued to have influence with the provincial and federal governments

• Starting in 1910 the Catholic Church started to organize unions mainly in Quebec response to American unions in Quebec


• American Unions:

– By the start of the 20th century Most unions in Quebec were American run

– ‘Knights of Labour’ ran 40 unions in Quebec in 1900

– ‘The American Federation of Labour’ was another strong union organization from the USA surpassed the ‘Knights of Labour’ in terms of size because of their involvement with craft/trade workers

‘Knights of Labour’ emblem

Source: Canadian Encyclopedia Online. < http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/knights-of-labor/>


• Unions became larger more members as the 20th century progressed

• However employers did not always take union demands seriously

• Unions asked the government to help them consider the needs of workers when they establish labour laws

• The Quebec government did implement laws to help workers however laws were not always followed


Some Labour Regulations in Quebec 1909-1926


• Laws implemented to help workers

– By 1929 most provinces made it illegal for children under 14 to work in factories

– Laws establishing minimum wages for women

– Compensation for workers who suffered injuries on the job and an official commission to investigate such incidents


Source: MELS


• How did unions get the message across to employers that workers’ rights needed to be respected?

• Pressure tactics such as strikes and walkouts • Strikes were meant to put pressure on employers

no workers = no production = less profit • Governments did not always favour workers when

they went on strike police sent in to ‘keep an eye’ on the striking workers violence

• Employers used STRIKEBREAKERS/’scabs’ workers that filled in for strikers


Horn Mine workers strike (aka ‘the Foreigner's Strike’) – Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec - 1934

Source: Vitual Museum-Community Stories. <http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/community-stories_histoires-de-chez-nous/rouyn-noranda-une-histoire-de-mines_a-mining-story/gallery/several-police-officers-near-the-fences-of-the-horne/>


• Discontent among workers was not just an issue in Quebec…

• Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 (Winnipeg, Manitoba) • May 15th-June 25th, 1919 • Metal workers and builders union entered into negotiations

with management • Negotiations broke down • A ‘general strike was called’ • 30, 000 workers went on strike labourers, polices, train

operators, postal workers, department store workers, etc. • Riots! • Many ‘sympathy strikes across the country • Unionization across the country grew after the Winnipeg

General strike


Striking workers overturn a streetcar during the Winnipeg General Strike- Winnipeg, Manitoba – June 21st, 1919

Source: Canadian Museum of History Online. <http://www.historymuseum.ca/blog/winnipeg-general-strike//>


RCMP officers charge in on horseback into a crowd of strikers/rioters – Winnipeg, Manitoba – June 21st,

1919

Source: Canadian Encyclopedia Online. < http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winnipeg-general-strike-feature/>

Chapter 1 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada

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