Chapter 08

Forcible Entry 233

INTRODUCTIONModern society is security conscious. Private

homes, commercial occupancies, and vehicles areall more heavily secured than in previous times(Figure 8.1). Firefighters must be able to get pastsecurity measures during fires, rescues, and some-times even during odor investigations or alarmmalfunctions. Forcible entry may be necessary toaccomplish this task.

Forcible entry is the technique used by firedepartment personnel to gain access to a structurewhose normal means of access is locked, blocked, ornonexistent. Forcible entry techniques, when prop-erly used, do a minimal amount of damage to thestructure or structural components and providequick access for firefighters. Forcible entry should

Chapter 8

Forcible Entry

Figure 8.1 Heavily secured occupancies make forcible entry difficult.

not be used when normal means of access arereadily available. Additionally, forcible entry tech-niques may be required to open means of egress(exit) from structures.

A knowledge of forcible entry techniques in-creases a firefighter’s effectiveness. Knowing theconstruction features of doors, windows, and otherbarriers, knowing proper tool selection, and know-ing forcible entry techniques greatly enhances afirefighter’s effort on the fireground. The ability touse forcible entry techniques quickly and effec-tively also demonstrates firefighters’ professional-ism to the community they serve.

Forcible entry is a learned skill. It requires up-to-date knowledge of the construction features ofthe types of barriers that will be encountered. Thisincludes doors, walls, floors, locks, padlocks, win-dows, and fences. Firefighters must rememberthat the purpose of these security devices is to keepout people. Forcible entry is not easy and must bepracticed often. Selection of the appropriate tool orset of tools is imperative in forcible entry. A com-plete and thorough understanding of the basictypes of tools used in forcible entry also ensuresthat the firefighter performing the task will beefficient and safe.

This chapter highlights the many tools that canbe used for forcible entry operations. Their properuse, care, and maintenance are crucial to the suc-cess of the forcible entry operation. Characteristicsof the various types of barriers that may have to beforced open, such as doors, floors, walls, fences, andwindows, are also covered. Skill sheets are in-cluded to demonstrate actual forcible entry tech-niques. The opening of roofs is covered in Chapter10, Ventilation.

234 ESSENTIALS

FORCIBLE ENTRY TOOLS[NFPA 1001: 3-3.3; 3-3.3(b); 3-3.7(a); 3-3.7(b); 3-3.10(b);3-3.11(b); 3-3.12(a); 3-5.3; 3-5.3(a); 3-5.3(b); 4-3.2(a);4-3.2(b); 4-4.1(b); 4-4.2(a); 4-4.2(b)]

Before any type of forcible entry technique canbe discussed, a firefighter must have a completeworking knowledge of the tools available to per-form the task. Selection of the proper tool maymake the difference in whether the barrier faced issuccessfully forced. This section begins by high-lighting the various categories of tools used forforcible entry operations. Also included in thissection is information on the proper use, care, andmaintenance of tools, all of which are crucial to thesuccess of the forcible entry operation.

Forcible entry tools can be divided into fourbasic categories:

• Cutting tools

• Prying tools

• Pushing/pulling tools

• Striking tools

Cutting ToolsThere are many different types of cutting tools.

These tools are often specific to the types of mate-rials they can cut and how fast they can cut them.There is no such thing as a single cutting tool thatwill efficiently cut all materials. Using a cuttingtool on materials for which it was not designed candestroy the tool and endanger the operator. Cut-ting tools may be either manual or powered. Thefollowing sections discuss the different types ofcutting tools.

AXES AND HATCHETSThe axe is the most common type of cutting tool

available in the fire service. There are two basictypes of axe configurations in use today: pick-headaxe and flat-head axe (Figure 8.2). Smaller axesand hatchets are also available to the firefighter,but often these tools are too lightweight for effec-tive use during forcible entry operations. Smallerversions of either the pick-head or flat-head axe arefine for use in overhaul and salvage, but they areinefficient for forcible entry.

Pick-head axe. The pick-head axe comes witheither a 6-pound head or an 8-pound head (3 kg or3.6 kg). Handle sizes vary according tospecifications, but they are made of either wood or

fiberglass. The tool is very effective for cuttingthrough wood, shingles, and other natural andlightweight materials. The pick end serves to givethe firefighter an opportunity to make a startingpoint to begin cutting or to pierce materials.

Flat-head axe. Like the pick-head axe, theflat-head axe comes in either 6- or 8-pound (3 kg or3.6 kg) head weights with either a wood or afiberglass handle. It also cuts through a variety ofnatural materials. When paired with a prying tool,the flat-head axe becomes a vital addition to theforcible entry team because the flat head can beused as a striking tool.

HANDSAWS

There are times when the handsaw is neces-sary because of a small work space. Handsaws thatare commonly used by firefighters include thecarpenter’s handsaw (both rip cut and crosscut),keyhole saws, hacksaws, and coping saws (Figure8.3). Handsaws are extremely slow. The knowl-

Figure 8.2 The pick-head axe and the flat-head axe are common cuttingtools.

Figure 8.3 Various types of handsaws

Forcible Entry 235

edge of which saw is required, good handsaw main-tenance, and practice in handsaw use will make afirefighter proficient when the handsaw is the toolof choice for the job.

POWER SAWS

Power saws are the “heavy hitters” of the fireservice. These machines make fast and efficientcuts in a variety of materials. However, like anyother tool in the toolbox, there are times whenthese saws should and should not be used. Powersaws can be divided into several categories includ-ing rotary (circular) saw, reciprocating saw, chainsaw, and ventilation saw.

CAUTION• Do not push a saw (or any tool) beyond the

limits of its design and purpose; two thingsmay occur: tool failure (including break-age) and/or injury to the operator.

• Never use a power saw in a flammableatmosphere. The saw’s motor or sparksfrom the cutting operation can ignite a fireor cause an explosion.

• Always use eye pro-tection when operat-ing any power saw.

Rotary (circular) saw.The fire service version of thisdevice is most often gasolinepowered and has changeableblades (Figure 8.4). Theblades often spin more than6,000 rpm. Blades range fromlarge-toothed blades for quickrough cuts to fine teeth for amore precise cut. Carbide-tipped teeth are available and

Figure 8.4 A rotary saw.

are far superior to standard blades because theyare less prone to dulling with heavy use. Bladesspecifically designed for cutting metal are alsoavailable, and these are the types of blades mostoften used in forcible entry. There are many manu-facturers of rotary-type saws. The firefighter shouldbe familiar with the type purchased by the depart-ment. Following both manufacturers’ recommen-dations and departmental operating proceduresare imperative to maintaining a firefighter’s per-sonal safety when operating saws.

Reciprocating saw. The reciprocating saw isa very powerful, versatile, and highly control-lable saw (Figure 8.5). It can use a variety ofblades for cutting different materials. This sawhas a short, straight blade that moves forwardand backward with an action similar to that of ahandsaw. Its major drawback, however, is thatmost all reciprocating saws require electricity,which may not be readily available on thefireground. Do not discard the idea of using thistype of saw for only that reason. A reciprocatingsaw can be very beneficial in a number of forcibleentry situations.

Chain saw. The chainsaw has been used for yearsby the logging industry (Fig-ure 8.6). This handy, wood-cutting saw has found a placein the fire service, especiallyduring natural disasters, suchas tornadoes and ice storms,when trees and limbs must becleared from streets and ac-cess routes.

Ventilation saw. Theventilation saw is a relative

Figure 8.6 Typical chain saws.

Figure 8.5 A reciprocating saw.Courtesy of Keith Flood.

236 ESSENTIALS

newcomer to the fire service as a forcible entry toolFigure 8.7). It is sometimes more efficient than therotary saw. It is important that the ventilation sawbe powerful enough to penetrate dense materialyet lightweight enough to be easily handled inawkward positions. When equipped with a car-bide-tipped chain, depth gauge, and kickback pro-tection, the saw makes fast cuts through naturalmaterials. It should not be used as a metal cuttingsaw. Lightweight and capable of being held atvarious angles, the ventilation saw should not beoverlooked when considering certain forcible entrysituations.

Figure 8.7 A ventilation saw with depth gauge. Courtesy of CuttersEdge.

METAL CUTTING DEVICES AND CUTTING TORCHES

Bolt cutters are metal cutting devices used inforcible entry to cut bolts, iron bars, pins, cables,hasps, chains, and some padlock shackles (Figure8.8). The continual advancement in security tech-nology is limiting the use of the bolt cutter as aviable entry tool. High-security chains, hasps, andpadlock shackles cannot be cut with bolt cutters.These materials shatter the cutting surface of thebolt cutter or cause the handles to fail due to thetremendous pressures that must be exerted by thefirefighter. Bolt cutters should not be used to cutcase-hardened materials found in locks and othersecurity devices.

Figure 8.8 Bolt cutters are excellent for cutting chains, iron bars, cables,and other materials that are not case-hardened.

In the instances where high-security devicesare found, it may be necessary to use a cutting torch(Figure 8.9). The cutting torch operates by burningaway the material being cut. Cutting torches use amixture of flammable gases and generate a flamewith a temperature of more than 5,700°F (3 149°C).The cutting torch cuts through almost all materi-als with ease; however, the use of a cutting torch isa very technical skill that requires training andmuch practice. Only firefighters well versed in itsuse and limitations should attempt to use a torchon the fireground. Specific manufacturers’ recom-mendations for the torch must be followed as wellas department operating procedures.

Figure 8.9 Cutting torches are effective for cutting metal that is too thickto be easily cut with saws.

Prying ToolsPrying tools provide an advantage to the

firefighter for opening doors, windows, locks, andmoving heavy objects. Hand (manual) prying toolsuse the basic principle of the lever to provide amechanical advantage. This means that when prop-erly using the prying tool, a firefighter is able togenerate more force on an object with the tool thanwithout it. Leverage applied incorrectly worksagainst the firefighter. The correct tool must beselected first. If an object cannot be forced with onetool, a different tool should be selected.

Hydraulic prying tools can be either poweredhydraulic or manual hydraulic. Powered hydraulictools receive their power from hydraulic fluidpumped through special high-pressure hoses. Al-though there are a few pumps that are operated bycompressed air, most are powered by either electricmotors or by two- or four-cycle gasoline engines.Manual hydraulic tools operate slower than pow-

Forcible Entry 237

ered hydraulic tools, and they are labor-intensive.The hydraulic door opener is operated by transmit-ting pressure from a manual hydraulic pumpthrough a hydraulic hose to a tool assembly.

MANUAL PRYING TOOLS

A large variety of hand (manual) prying tools isavailable to the fire service (Figure 8.10):

• Crowbar

• Halligan-type bar

• Pry (pinch) bar

• Hux bar

• Claw tool

• Kelly tool

• Pry axe

• Flat bar

Many departments have names for tools otherthan the names found in this manual. Firefightersshould become familiar with the types and namesof the tools carried on their apparatus. Firefightersneed to be familiar with other important aspects ofhand prying tools such as which surfaces may beused for striking, which are prying surfaces, etc.Efficiency in the use of a tool under emergencysituations is directly affected by the firefighter’sfamiliarity with the tool’s functions. Some pryingtools can also be used effectively as striking tools,although most cannot. For safe and efficient use ofa tool, it should be used for its intended purpose.

HYDRAULIC PRYING TOOLS

Hydraulic prying tools that one person canoperate have proven very effective in extricationrescues. They are also useful in forcible entry

Figure 8.10 Various types of manual prying tools.

situations. These tools are useful for a variety ofdifferent operations involving prying, pushing, orpulling. The rescue tools and hydraulic door openerare examples of hydraulic prying tools.

Rescue tools. The hydraulic rescue spreadertool, most often associated with vehicle extrication,has some uses in forcible entry. Depending on themanufacturer, the tips on these tools can spread asmuch as 32 inches (813 mm). Their capability toexert force in either spreading or pulling makesthem a valuable tool in some instances. The hy-draulic ram is another hydraulic rescue tool. Al-though designed primarily for vehicle extrication,hydraulic rams have spreading capabilities rang-ing from 36 inches (900 mm) to an extended lengthof nearly 63 inches (1 600 mm). In certain forcibleentry situations, these tools may be invaluable.One use is to place the ram in between either sideof a door frame to spread the frame apart farenough to allow the door to swing open (Figure8.11).

Figure 8.11 A hydraulic ram can be used to spring a door open.

238 ESSENTIALS

Hydraulic door opener. This hand-operatedspreader device is relatively lightweight. It con-sists of a hand pump and spreader device (Figure8.12). The spreader device has intermeshed teeththat can be easily slipped into a narrow openingsuch as between a door and door frame. A fewpumps of the handle causes the jaws of the spreaderdevice to open, exerting pressure on the object to bemoved. The pressure usually causes the lockingmechanism or door to fail. These are extremelyvaluable tools when more than one door must beforced such as in apartments or hotels. Althoughmobile and lightweight, these devices can place thefirefighter in a dangerous position during their useif they are not used according to the manufactur-ers’ recommendations.

Figure 8.12 A hydraulic door opener is used to open doors that swingaway from the firefighter.

Pushing/Pulling ToolsAnother category of tools available for forcible

entry use is the push/pull category (Figures 8.13 aand b). These tools have limited use in forcibleentry, but in certain instances, such as breakingglass and opening walls or ceilings, they are thetools of choice. This category of tools includes thefollowing:

• Standard pike pole

• Clemens hook

• Plaster hook

• Drywall hook

• San Francisco hook

• Multipurpose hook

• Roofman’s hook

Pike poles and hooks give the firefighter a reachadvantage when performing certain tasks. By us-

Figure 8.13a Various types of pushing/pulling tools.

Figure 8.13b The roofman’s hook (top) is an all-metal hook designed forheavy prying and pulling. The multipurpose hook (bottom) has a woodhandle that cannot withstand the same type of use.

ing a pike pole to break a window, the firefighter isable to stay out of the way of falling glass. The pikepole also allows the firefighter to remove shardsand the window framefrom a safer distance.The plaster hook has twoknifelike wings that de-press as the head isdriven through an ob-struction and reopen orspread outward underthe pressure of self-con-tained springs (Figure8.14). With the excep-tion of the roofman’shook, which is all metal,pike poles and hooksshould not be depended

Figure 8.14 This illustrates theoperation of a plaster hook.

Forcible Entry 239

on for leverage. Their strength is in pushing orpulling, not prying. If a lever is needed, select theappropriate prying tool. Handles of pike poles andhooks are easily broken by the application of inap-propriate force.

Striking ToolsA striking tool is a very basic hand tool consist-

ing of a weighted head attached to a handle (Fig-ures 8.15 a and b). Some examples are as follows:

• Sledgehammer (8, 10, and 16 pounds [3.6kg, 5 kg, and 7.3 kg])

• Maul

• Battering ram

• Pick

• Flat-head axe

• Mallet

• Hammer

• Punch

• Chisel

In certain instances, a striking tool is the onlytool required. However, in most forcible entry situ-

ations, the striking tool is used in conjunction withanother tool to effect entry. As common as they are,striking tools are dangerous when improperly used,carried, or maintained. Striking tools can crushfingers, toes, and other body parts. Improperlymaintained striking surfaces may cause chips orsplinters of metal to fly into the air. Proper eyeprotection must be used when using striking tools.

Tool CombinationsThere is no single forcible entry tool that pro-

vides the firefighter with the needed force or lever-age to handle all forcible entry situations. To effec-tively conduct forcible entry techniques, firefightersshould choose combinations of tools to make a toolset. The types of tool sets carried vary, dependingon building construction, security concerns, toolavailability, and other factors within a fire depart-ment and the area served. The most importantfactor to consider is selecting the proper tools to dothe job. Using tools for situations for which they arenot designed is an extremely dangerous practice.Pre-incident surveys will help the firefighter deter-mine what tools are required.Figure 8.15a Various types of striking tools.

Figure 8.15b Various hammers, mallets, punches, and chisels shouldbe included in the forcible entry tool kit.

240 ESSENTIALS

Tool SafetyHand and power tools used in the fire service

can be extremely dangerous if misused or usedcarelessly. Firefighters must become familiar withall the tools they will use, which includes readingand following all manufacturers’ guidelines as wellas individual department standard operating pro-cedures on tool safety. In atmospheres that couldbe explosive, extreme caution should be taken inthe use of power and hand tools that may cause arcsor sparks. When tools are not in use, they should bekept in properly designated places on the appara-tus (Figure 8.16). Check the location of tools car-ried on the apparatus and make sure they aresecured in their holders. The following sectionscontain information concerning prying tool safety,safety information particular to circular saws, andsafety when using power saws in general.

Figure 8.16 When not in use, all tools should be stored in their properplaces on the apparatus.

PRYING TOOL SAFETY

As with other tools, using prying tools incor-rectly creates a safety hazard. For example, it is notacceptable to use a “cheater bar” or to strike thehandle of a pry bar with other tools. A cheater baris a piece of pipe added to a prying tool to lengthenthe handle, thus providing additional leverage.Use of a cheater bar can put forces on the tool thatare greater than the tool was designed to handle.This can cause serious injury if the tool slips,breaks, or shatters, and it can destroy the tool. If ajob cannot be done with one tool, use another. Donot use a prying tool as a striking tool unless it hasbeen designed for that purpose.

CIRCULAR SAW SAFETY

The circular saw must be used with extremecare to prevent injury from the high-speed rotaryblade. Blades from different manufacturers maylook alike, but may not be interchangeable. Alwaysstore blades in a clean, dry environment free ofhydrocarbon fumes (such as gasoline). Bladesshould not be stored in any compartment wheregasoline fumes accumulate (such as where sparesaw fuel is kept) because the hydrocarbons willattack the bonding material in the blades andmake them subject to sudden disintegration dur-ing use.

SAFETY WHEN USING POWER SAWS

Following a few simple safety rules when usingany type of power saw will prevent most typicalaccidents.

• Match the saw to the task and the materialto be cut. Never push a saw beyond itsdesign limitations.

• Wear proper protective equipment always,including gloves and eye protection.

• Do not use any power saw when working ina flammable atmosphere or near flammableliquids.

• Keep unprotected and nonessential peopleout of the work area.

• Follow manufacturer’s guidelines for propersaw operation.

• Keep blades and chains well sharpened. Adull saw is more likely to cause an accidentthan a sharp one.

• Be aware of hidden hazards such as electri-cal wires, gas lines, and water lines.

Carrying ToolsFirefighters must carry tools and tool combina-

tions in the safest manner possible. Precautionsshould be taken to protect the carrier, otherfirefighters, and bystanders. Some recommendedsafety practices for carrying tools are as follows:

• Axes — Carry the axe with the blade awayfrom the body. With pick-head axes, graspthe pick with a hand to cover it. Axes shouldnever be carried on the shoulder (Figure8.17).

Forcible Entry 241

Figure 8.17 Two methods of carrying an axe.

• Prying tools — Carry these tools with anypointed or sharp edges away from the body.With multiple surfaces, this will be some-what difficult.

• Combinations of tools — Strap tool com-binations together (Figure 8.18). Halligan-type bars and flat-head axes can be marriedtogether and strapped. Short sections of oldhose can be slipped over the handles of sometools and smaller prying tools inserted intothe hose.

• Pike poles and hooks — Carry these toolswith the tool head down, close to the ground,and ahead of the body when outside a struc-ture. When entering a building, carefully

Figure 8.18 Some tools such as the Halligan bar and the flat-head axecan be tied together for ease of carrying.

Figure 8.19a Proper method for carryinga pike pole outdoors.

invert the tool and carry it with the headupright close to the body (Figures 8.19 a andb). These tools are especially dangerousbecause they can severely injure anyoneaccidentally poked with the working end ofthe tool.

• Striking tools — Keep the heads of thesetools close to the ground. Maintain a firmgrip. Mauls and sledgehammers are heavyand may slip.

• Power tools — Never carry a power toolthat is running. Transport the tool to thearea where the work will be performed andstart it there. Running power tools are le-thal weapons.

Figure 8.19b Propermethod for carrying a pikepole indoors.

Care and Maintenance of Forcible Entry ToolsProper care and maintenance of all forcible

entry tools are essential ingredients of any forcibleentry operation. Forcible entry tools will functionas designed if they are properly maintained andkept in the best of condition. Tool failure on thefireground may have harsh consequences, includ-ing severe injury or death. Always read manufac-turers’ recommended maintenance guidelines forall tools, especially power tools. The following sec-tions describe some basic maintenance proceduresfor various forcible entry tools.

242 ESSENTIALS

WOOD HANDLES

• Inspect the handle for cracks, blisters, orsplinters (Figure 8.20).

• Sand the handle to minimize hand injuries.

• Wash the handle with mild detergent, rinse,and wipe dry. Do not soak the handle inwater because it will cause the wood toswell.

• Apply a coat of boiled linseed oil to thehandle to prevent roughness and warping.Do not paint or varnish the handle.

• Check the tightness of the tool head.

• Limit tool marking (such as companyidentification, department name). A smallstripe painted on the handle foridentification is used by some departments.

Figure 8.20 These areas should be inspected on wood handles.

FIBERGLASS HANDLES

• Wash the handle with mild detergent, rinse,and wipe dry.

• Check the tightness of the tool head.

CUTTING EDGES

• Inspect the cutting edge for nicks, tears, ormetal spurs.

• Replace cutting edges when required.

• File the cutting edges by hand; grindingweakens the tool (Figure 8.21).

PLATED SURFACES

• Inspect for damage.

• Wipe plated surfaces clean, or wash withmild detergent and water.

Figure 8.21 Cutting tools must be kept sharp.

UNPROTECTED METAL SURFACES

• Keep free of rust.

• Oil the metal surface lightly. Light machineoil works best. Avoid using any metalprotectant that contains 1-1-1-trichloroethane. This chemical may causethe material of the handle to decompose.

• Avoid painting. Paint hides defects.

• Inspect the metal for spurs, burrs, or sharpedges, and file them off when found.

AXE HEADS

The manner in which the axe head is main-tained directly affects how well it works. If theblade is extremely sharp and its body is ground toothin, pieces of the blade may break when cuttinggravel roofs or striking nails and other materials inflooring. If the body of the blade is too thick,regardless of its sharpness, it is difficult to drivethe axe head through ordinary objects.

Forcible Entry 243

NOTE: DO NOT PAINT AXE HEADS! Paint-ing hides faults in the metal. Paint also may causethe cutting surface to stick and bind.

POWER EQUIPMENT

• Read and follow manufacturers’ instruc-tions.

• Inspect and ensure power tools will startmanually.

• Check blades for completeness and readi-ness.

• Replace blades that are worn.

• Check all electrical components (cords, etc.)for cuts and frays.

• Ensure that all guards are functional and inplace.

• Ensure that fuel is fresh. A fuel mixturemay deteriorate over time.

DOOR SIZE-UP AND CONSTRUCTIONFEATURES[NFPA 1001: 3-3.3; 3-3.3(a); 3-3.3(b)]

The primary obstacle firefighters face in gain-ing access to a building is a locked or blocked door.Forcible entry is required in these situations. Size-up of the door is an essential part of the forcibleentry task. Recognizing how the door functions,how it is constructed, and how it is locked arecritical issues to successful forcible entry. From aforcible entry standpoint, doors function in one ofthe following ways:

• Swinging (either inward or outward)

• Sliding

• Revolving

• Overhead

Regardless of the type of door, firefighters shouldtry the door to make sure that it is locked beforeforce is used (Figure 8.22). Remember, “Try beforeyou pry!” If the door opens, there is no need forforcible entry. If it is locked, begin additional size-up. Look at the door. Which way does it swing? In?Out? Does it slide left or right? Does it roll up? Aneasy way to recognize which way a door swings isto look for the door hinges. If you can see the hingesof the door, it swings toward you. If you cannot see

Figure 8.22 Remember to always “Try before you pry.”

the hinges, the door swings away from you. Accessdoors to residences usually swing inward. Com-mercial, public assembly doors and industrial doors,according to building codes, swing outward. This isnot the case in all instances, however, and afirefighter must do a size-up to determine theswing of the door.

There will be times that even the best size-upand forcible entry effort will not be successful. It isimportant for the firefighter to remember not to getfocused on one effort and one technique. If the doordoes not force using the technique chosen, chooseanother. If the tool chosen is inadequate, chooseanother. Spending too much time forcing a door iscounterproductive. If the door proves to be too wellsecured, find another means of access.

After determining how a door functions, afirefighter must understand how the door is con-structed. Doors range in construction types frominterior hollow core to high-security steel. Locksare a problem, but the door is also an obstacle toquick and efficient forcible entry. Building supplystores carry various types of doors that are avail-able to the consumer. The most common doorfirefighters encounter is the wood swinging door,followed next by the steel swinging door. Otherslikely to be found are sliding doors, revolving doors,overhead doors, and fire doors.

244 ESSENTIALS

Wood Swinging DoorsThere are three general categories of wood

swinging doors: panel, slab, and ledge. Entry doorson structures are usually panel or slab.

The door is only one component of a door assem-bly. Doorjambs are the sides of the opening intowhich the door is fitted. Wood swinging doors mayhave either rabbeted or stopped jambs (Figure8.23). The rabbeted jamb is a shoulder milled intothe casing that the door closes against to form aseal. Whole door assemblies that are bought bycontractors or do-it-yourselfers usually have rab-beted jambs. The stopped jamb has a piece ofmolding added to the door frame for the door toclose on. Unlike the rabbeted jamb, a stopped jambcan be easily removed with prying tools, allowingfirefighters easier access to the door-lock assembly.

Figure 8.23 Typical rabbeted and stopped jambs.

PANEL DOORS

Wood panel doors are made of solid wood mem-bers inset with panels (Fig-ure 8.24). The panels may bewood, plastic, or other suchmaterials. Panel doors oftenhave glass, Lexan® (polycar-bonate) plastic, or Plexiglas®acrylic plastic panels fittedinto the door to allow in light.These panels may be held inplace by molding that can beremoved for quick access.

Figure 8.24 Wood panel doors are madeof solid wood members inset with glass,plastic, or wood panels.

SLAB DOORS

The slab door, a very common door, is con-structed in two ways: solid core and hollow core(Figure 8.25). Many interior doors in residencesare hollow core. The name is misleading because itwould lead you to believe that the entire core of thedoor is hollow, which is not true. The core or centerportion of the door is made up of a web or grid ofglued wood strips over which several layers ofplywood veneer panels have been glued. The pur-poses of a hollow core door are to decrease itsweight and lower its cost. Most exterior slab doorsfound on newly constructed residences are hollowcore, but the exterior slab doors on older homesmay be solid core. Slab doors are not pierced bywindows or other openings. Panels on a slab doorare purely decorative.

Solid core doors have a much more substantialconstruction than hollow core doors. The core of asolid core door is constructed of some type of solidmaterial. In very old homes, the doors may be madeof thick planks that have been tongue and groovedtogether. Modern solid core doors may be filled

Figure 8.25 Doors may be of the solid or hollow core types.

Forcible Entry 245

with a material used for insulation or soundproofing.Other doors may be filled with a compressed min-eral material for fire resistance. In either case, thesolid core door is solid with a plywood veneercovering. The solid core door is much heavier andmore expensive than the hollow core. In high crimeareas, panel doors have been replaced with heaviersolid core slab doors.

LEDGE DOORS

Ledge doors, also known as batten doors, arefound on warehouses, storerooms, barns, sheds,and other structures (Figure 8.26). Although manyare made commercially, firefighters will also findmany homemade versions of this type of door.These doors are made of built-up materials, includ-ing boards, plywood sheeting, particleboard, etc.This type of door is generally locked with some typeof surface lock, hasp, padlock, bolt, or bar. Hingeson this type of door are generally pin type, fastenedwith screws or bolts.

Figure 8.26 Types of ledge doors.

Metal Swinging DoorsMetal swinging doors are classified as hollow

metal, metal covered, and tubular. Metal swingingdoors are more difficult to force due to their con-struction and design. The metal door is most oftenset in a metal doorjamb (Figure 8.27). There is verylittle “spring” to the door. Add a few locks, and themetal door is a formidable enemy. It is generallyconsidered impractical to force a metal door in ametal frame in masonry.

Metal doors vary greatly in their construction.Their end use designates their construction crite-ria. Metal-covered doors may have a solid wooddoor underneath the metal, or it may be a hollowmetal door filled with fire-resistive materials. High-security metal doors are virtually impenetrable.

The structural design of tubular metal doors isof seamless rectangular tube sections (Figure 8.28).A groove is provided in the rectangular tube forglass or metal panels. The tube sections form a doorwith unbroken lines all in one piece. These doorsare found on exterior openings of modern build-ings. The tubular doors are hung with conventionalhardware except that the balance principle of hang-ing is sometimes used. The operating hardwareconsists of an upper and a lower arm, each con-nected by a concealed pivot. The arms and pivotsare visible from the exterior side only. From theinterior side, the balanced door resembles anyother door.

Figure 8.27 A typical metalswinging door.

Figure 8.28 A typical rectangular tubularmetal door.

Tubular aluminum doors with narrow stilesare also quite commonly used. The panels of thesedoors are generally glass but some metal panelsare used. Tubular aluminum doors are compara-tively light in weight, are strong, and are notsubject to much spring within the aluminum frame.

When faced with the need to force a metal door,firefighters should consider the use of power tools,especially rotary saws or hydraulic tools. Do notwaste too much time trying to force the door. If thedoor will not open after a few tries, move on to

246 ESSENTIALS

another site. In some cases, it may be easier tobreach the wall next to a steel door rather than tryto force the door itself.

Sliding DoorsSliding doors travel

either left or right of theiropening and in the sameplane as the opening.This type of door gener-ally is attached to ametal track by roller orguide wheels that makeit easy to slide. Thesedoors are often calledpocket doors when usedas an interior door. Thedoor will slide into a“pocket” in a wall or par-tition, sliding out of sight (Figure 8.29).

The more common type of sliding door is thedoor assembly used in patio areas of residences oras doors to porches or balconies in houses, hotels,apartments, etc. Patio sliding glass doors usuallyslide either left or right of a stationary glass panel.The slider door is hung from guide wheels in ametal track. Usually, there is a lockable light-weight screened sliding door on the very outside ofthe assembly (Figure 8.30). The glass panels andsliding door are heavy glass window panels set ina metal or wood frame. These glass panels arenormally double-thickness glass (Thermopane®),and newer doors may be triple-glass pane.

Some door assem-blies may havetempered (safety)glass (glass heattreated to increaseits strength andflexibility), whichmake these doorsvery heavy andexpensive.

Patio slidingdoors may some-times be barred orblocked by a metalrod or a special de-vice. These devices

are commonly called burglar blocks. This featurecan easily be seen from the outside, and it practi-cally eliminates any possibility of forcing withoutcausing excessive damage. If it is necessary toenter, the glass will have to be broken using thetechniques described for tempered plate glass doorslater in this chapter (see Tempered Plate GlassDoors section).

Revolving DoorsA revolving door is

made up of quadrants(glass door panels)that revolve around acenter shaft (Figure8.31). The number ofquadrants in the doorvaries with the manu-facturer and how thedoor is used. The re-volving door turnswithin a metal or glasshousing assembly that is open on each side to allowusers’ entry and egress. The ends of the doorpanels are usually fitted with some type of largerubber weather stripping to help prevent the trans-fer of cold air into the building in winter or the lossof air conditioning in the summer.

Revolving doors may be locked in various ways,and in general, they are considered difficult toforce when locked. Usually, there are swingingdoors on either side of the revolving door. It is moreeffective to force through the swinging door thantrying to force open a locked revolving door (Figure8.32).

Figure 8.29 A typical sliding pocketdoor.

Figure 8.30 Many residential occupancieshave sliding doors that exit to a patio.

Figure 8.32 It is more effective to force through a swinging door next tothe revolving door.

Figure 8.31 A typical revolving door.

Forcible Entry 247

All revolving doors are equipped with a mecha-nism that allows them to collapse during an emer-gency. A problem is that not all revolving doorscollapse in the same way. Fire department pre-incident surveys must be conducted to locate re-volving doors and to determine how their indi-vidual collapse mechanisms work. There are threebasic types of mechanisms involved in makingrevolving doors collapse: panic proof, drop arm,and metal braced.

PANIC-PROOF TYPE

This mechanism has a ¹⁄₄-inch (6 mm) cableholding the door quadrants apart. The collapsemechanism is triggered by forces pushing in oppo-site directions on the quadrants (Figure 8.33).

Figure 8.33 These firefighters are collapsing a panic-proof revolvingdoor.

DROP-ARM TYPEThe drop-arm mechanism has a solid arm pass-

ing through one of the quadrants. A pawl is locatedon the quadrant the arm passes through. To col-lapse the system, press the pawl to disengage thearm, then push the quadrant to one side.

METAL-BRACED TYPEThis type mechanism resembles a gate hook

and eye assembly. To collapse the mechanism, liftthe hook and fasten it back against the fixed quad-rant. Hooks are located on both sides of the quad-

rant. Generally, the pivots are cast iron and areeasily broken by applying force to the quadrant atthe pivot points.

Overhead DoorsOverhead doors have a wide variety of uses.

They are generally constructed of wood, metal, orfiberglass. Overhead doors pose quite a forcibleentry problem. These doors are heavily secured,sometimes motor driven, and are usually spring-loaded or balanced. Forcible entry may be difficult,but it is not impossible. Overhead doors areclassified as follows: sectional (folding), rollingsteel, and slab.

The sectional (folding) overhead door is not toodifficult to force entry through unless it is eithermotor driven or remotely controlled. The latchmechanism is generally located in the center of thedoor. It controls two locks, one located on each sideof the door. The lock and latch may also be locatedon only one side. These latches and locks areillustrated in Figure 8.34.

Figure 8.34 Types of overhead door latches.

248 ESSENTIALS

Sectional overhead doors may be forced byprying upward at the bottom of the door with a goodprying tool, but less damage will be done and timewill be saved if a panel is removed and the latch isturned from the inside (Figure 8.35). Some over-head doors may be locked with a padlock througha hole at either end of the bar, or the padlock mayeven be in the track. These systems of locking maymake it necessary to cut a hole in the door to gainaccess and remove the padlock.

Pivoting or overhead slab doors, sometimescalled awning doors, are more difficult to force dueto the nature of the door. Because the springmechanism must pivot the door out and up, tech-niques must be used and care taken to not jam thedoor in its tracks or it will not open (Figure 8.36).Wood pivoting doors are very heavy. Pivoting oroverhead slab doors are locked similarly to thesectional or folding door. Sometimes it is possible

Figure 8.35 After removing a panel or pane of glass, reach through to open the lock.

Figure 8.36 A slab-type garage door. Note that during forcible-entryoperations, this door might not be able to be opened all the way unlessthe automobile in front of it is moved.

Forcible Entry 249

Figure 8.39 Double swinging fire doors, common in the corridors ofcommercial buildings, automatically close when alarm systems areactivated.

to pry outward with a bar at each side near thebottom (Figure 8.37). This action tends to bend thelock bar enough to pass the keeper.

Rolling steel doors, used as high-security doors,are designed to keep people out. They are normallylocked with several padlocks and pins. The doorcan be manually operated, mechanically operated,or motor driven (Figure 8.38). If the door is motoror gear driven, it may be necessary to pull themanual-release chain or rope on the inside of thedoor. This release is generally hanging on eitherside of the door near the roller track. Rolling steel

Figure 8.37 Pry open a slab door by using a pry bar at each corner.

Figure 8.38 A rolling steel door.

doors are among the toughest forcible entry chal-lenges faced by firefighters. They are best accessedby cutting a triangle-shaped opening large enoughfor firefighters to crawl through. This can be donewith a rotary rescue saw or a cutting torch.

CAUTION:All overhead doors should beblocked open (up position) to prevent injury tofirefighters should the control device fail.

Fire DoorsFire-door assemblies protect door openings in

walls that are required to be rated as fire-barrierassemblies or fire walls. A fire-door assembly in-cludes the door, frame, and associated hardware(Figure 8.39).

Types of standard fire doors include horizontaland vertical sliding, single and double swinging,and overhead rolling (Figures 8.40 and 8.41). They

Figure 8.41 A horizontal slidingdoor in an elevator hoistway.

Figure 8.40 An overhead rolling steelfire door.

250 ESSENTIALS

may or may not be counterbalanced. Counterbal-anced doors are generally employed on openings tofreight elevators, and they are mounted on the faceof the wall inside the shaft (Figure 8.42). Fire doorsmay be mechanically, manually, or electricallyoperated.

There are two standard means by which firedoors operate: self-closing and automatic closing.When the self-closing type door is opened, it re-turns to the closed position on its own (Figure 8.43).Automatic-closing type doors, which normally re-main open, close when the hold-open device re-leases the door upon activation of either a localsmoke detector or a fire alarm system (Figure8.44).

Swinging fire doors are generally used on stairenclosures and in other areas where they must beopened and closed frequently in normal service(Figure 8.45). Vertical sliding fire doors are nor-mally open and arranged to close automatically.

Figure 8.42 A counterbalanced fire door.

Figure 8.43 Self-closing door mechanism.

They are employed where horizontal sliding orswinging fire doors cannot be used. Some verticalsliding models utilize telescoping sections thatslide into position vertically on side-mounted tracks;the sections are operated by counterweights. Over-head rolling fire doors may be installed wherespace limitations prevent the installation of othertypes. Like vertical sliding doors, overhead rollingdoors are arranged to close automatically.

Fire doors that slide horizontally are prefer-able to other types when floor space is limited. Theyoperate on overhead tracks that are mounted insuch a way that when a fusible link releases thedoor, a counterweight causes the door to moveacross the opening. Horizontal sliding fire doorsalso close automatically.

Overhead rolling doors have a barrel that isusually turned by a set of gears located near the topof the door on the inside of the building. Thisfeature makes the door exceptionally difficult toforce. Whenever possible, entrance to the buildingshould be gained at some other point and the dooroperated from the inside.

Most interior fire doors do not lock when theyclose; they can be opened without using forcibleentry techniques. Doors that are used on exterioropenings may be locked; therefore, the lock must beforced.

Figure 8.44 A magnetic hold-opendevice.

Figure 8.45 A typicalswinging fire door.

Forcible Entry 251

A precautionary measure that firefightersshould take when passing through an openingprotected by a fire door is to block the door open toprevent its closing and trapping them. Fire doorshave also been known to close behind firefightersand cut off the water supply in a hoseline.

LOCKS AND LOCKING DEVICES[NFPA 1001: 3-3.3; 3-3.3(a)]

Locking devices vary from a simple lock to aseries of very sophisticated locking devices. As acontinuing part of the size-up procedure, thefirefighter must have an understanding of thetypes of locks and locking devices that will beencountered during forcible entry. Although lockscome in a variety of brand names, they can bedivided into four basic types: mortise lock, bored(cylindrical) lock, rim lock, and padlock.

Mortise LockThis lock mechanism is designed to fit into a

cavity in the door (Figure 8.46). It usually consistsof a latch mechanism and an opening device (door-knob, lever, etc.). Older mortise locks have just thelatch to hold the door closed, while other mortiselocks have a bolt or bar (tang). When the lock is inthe locked position, the bolt protrudes from thelock into a keeper that is mortised into the jamb.

Figure 8.46 Mortise locks have not only latches but also dead bolts.

Newer mortise locks may also have larger andlonger dead-bolt features for added security. Mor-tise locks can be found on private residences, com-mercial buildings, and industrial buildings.

Bored (Cylindrical) LockBored locks are so named because their instal-

lation involves boring two holes at right angles toone another: one through the face of the door toaccommodate the main locking mechanism and theother in the edge of the door to receive the latch orbolt mechanism. One type of bored lock is the key-in-knob lock.

The key-in-knob lock has a keyway in the out-side knob; the inside knob may contain either akeyway or a button (Figure 8.47). The button maybe a push button or a push and turn button. Key-in-knob locks are equipped with a latch mechanismthat is locked and unlocked by both the key and, ifpresent, by the knob button. In the unlocked posi-tion, a turn of either knob retracts the spring-loaded beveled latch bolt, which is usually nolonger than ³⁄₄ inch (19 mm). Because of the rela-tively short length of the latch, key-in-knob locksare some of the most vulnerable to prying opera-tions. If the door and frame are pried far enoughapart, the latch clears the strike and allows thedoor to swing open.

Figure 8.47 A key-in-knob lock has a keyway in the outside knob; theinside knob may contain either a keyway or a button.

252 ESSENTIALS

Rim LockThe rim lock is one of the most common locks in

use today. It is best described as being surface-mounted and for this reason is used as an add-onlock for doors that already have other types of locks(Figure 8.48). This lock is found in all types ofoccupancies, in-cluding houses,apartments, andsome commer-cial buildings.The rim lock canbe identifiedfrom the outsideby a cylinderthat is recessed into the door in a bored latchingmechanism fastened to the inside of the door and astrike mounted on the edge of the door frame.

PadlockPadlocks include portable or detachable lock-

ing devices (Figure 8.49). There are two basic typesof padlocks: regular and heavy-duty. Regular pad-locks have shackles of ¹⁄₄ inch (6 mm) or less indiameter and are not case-hardened. Heavy-dutypadlocks have shackles more than ¹⁄₄ inch (6 mm)in diameter and are case-hardened. Many heavy-duty padlocks have what is called toe and heellocking. Both ends of the shackle are locked whendepressed into the lock mechanism. These shack-les will not pivot if one side of the shackle is cut.Both sides of the shackle must be cut in order toremove the lock.

Figure 8.49 Various types of regular and heavy-duty padlocks.

NONDESTRUCTIVE RAPID-ENTRY METHODThe problem of gaining rapid entry without

destruction has confronted fire departments for aslong as locks have existed. In trying to find asolution, many departments have attempted tokeep an inventory of keys to all the buildings intheir areas. While this procedure does reduce dam-age from forcible entry, it also presents a problemof maintaining an inventory of keys and gainingquick access to theright key at theright time. Theproblems pre-sented by lockeddoors can be elimi-nated through theuse of a rapid-en-try key box system(Figure 8.50). Allnecessary keys tothe building, stor-age areas, gates,and elevators arekept in a key boxmounted at a high-visibility location on the building’s exterior. Onlythe fire department carries a master key thatopens all boxes in its jurisdiction.

Proper mounting is the responsibility of theproperty owner. The fire department should indi-cate the desired location for mounting, inspect thecompleted installation, place the building keysinside, and lock the box with the department’smaster key. Unauthorized duplication of the mas-ter key is prevented because key blanks are notavailable to locksmiths and cannot be duplicatedwith conventional equipment.

CONVENTIONAL FORCIBLE ENTRY THROUGHDOORS[NFPA 1001: 3-3.3; 3-3.3(a); 3-3.3(b); 3-3.10(b)]

Conventional forcible entry is the use of stan-dard fire department tools to open doors and win-dows to gain access. Once a firefighter has made asize-up of a door, forcible entry, if needed, can beperformed (Figure 8.51). In this section, variousmethods of opening doors are discussed. Forcibleentry through windows is discussed later in thechapter (see Forcing Windows section). If there are

Figure 8.50 Exterior key boxes provide ameans of nondestructive entry.

Figure 8.48 The interlocking dead bolt is themost pry-resistant type of rim lock.

Forcible Entry 253

Figure 8.51 Firefighters conducting conventional forcible entry througha door.

no glass panels in the door to break and a door isdefinitely locked, the firefighter must force thedoor open. In conventional forcible entry, the besttool combination to use for a large variety of forc-ible entry situations is the 8-pound (3.6 kg) flat-head axe and the Halligan-type bar.

Breaking GlassThe first technique of forcible entry is to break

the glass near the door or in the door. Once theglass is broken, the firefighter reaches inside andoperates the lock mechanism. During size-up of thedoor, take special note of the glass. It may be easierto break the glass, but will it cause more damage?Glass, especially tempered glass, is very expen-sive. Plexiglas® and Lexan® may also be found inand around doors for security and safety reasons.Many local building codes forbid the use of glass inareas where people may be injured by fallingthrough them or having similar accidents.

Because glass will shatter into fragments withsharp cutting edges, the act of breaking glass mustbe done in a manner to ensure the safety of thefirefighter (Figure 8.52). Wear full protective equip-ment, especially hand and eye protection. If break-ing the glass to gain access into a fire building,SCBA should be worn and a charged hoselineshould be in place, ready to attack the fire. Thetechniques used for breaking both door glass andwindow glass are similar. If breaking the glass isthe most appropriate method of entry, do it! Usethe techniques described in Skill Sheet 8-1 to makeentry through the glass as safe as possible.

Figure 8.52 Stand to the windward side when breaking glass.

Forcing Swinging DoorsA common type of door is one that swings to

open and close. Swinging doors have mountinghardware that permits them to pivot on one side ofthe opening. These doors can be either inward oroutward swinging doors. Forcing entry throughthese types of doors are basic skills, but theyrequire practice to master them.

INWARD SWINGING DOORS

Conventional forcible entry of inward swingingdoors requires either one or two skilled firefighters(Figure 8.53). Skill Sheet 8-2 describes the tech-nique for forcing locked inward swinging doors.

Figure 8.53 Fire-fighters forcingentry through aninward swingingdoor.

254 ESSENTIALS

OUTWARD SWINGING DOORS

Outward swinging doors present a different setof problems for firefighters (Figure 8.54). The keyissue in forcing an outward swinging door is to geta forcible entry tool into the space between the doorand the doorjamb, open that space, and allow thelock bolt to slip from its keeper. Outward swingingdoors, sometimes called flush fitting doors, can beforced using either the adze end or the fork end ofthe Halligan-type bar. Skill Sheet 8-3 describes theprocedure for making forcible entry through anoutward swinging door.

Figure 8.54 Firefighters forcing entry through an outward swinging door.

Special CircumstancesThe basic techniques described earlier will work

on most conventionally locked doors. There arecircumstances where additional measures may needto be taken to force a door due to building construc-tion features, door construction, or higher security.A few of the doors needing additional forcing mea-sures are double swinging doors, doors with dropbars, and tempered plate glass doors.

DOUBLE SWINGING DOORS

These doors can present a problem dependingon how they are secured (Figure 8.55). If they aresecured only by a mortise lock, the doors can bepried apart far enough to let the bolt slip past thekeeper. By inserting the adze end of a Halligan-type bar between the doors and pushing down andoutward, the bolt should clear the keeper. Somesets of double doors have a security molding overthe space between the two doors. This moldingmust be removed. On metal doors, this molding issteel and is very difficult to remove.

Figure 8.55 Typical double swinging doors.

DOORS WITH DROP BARS

Some double swinging and single entry doorsmay be secured by a drop-bar assembly (Figure8.56). A drop-bar assembly is a bar, either wood orsteel, that is dropped across the door and held inplace by wood or metal stirrups. If this type oflocked door must be entered, try one of the follow-ing methods:

• Insert a small narrow tool into the spacebetween the double doors (if there is enoughroom), and try to lift the bar up and out of itsstirrup.

• Cut a triangular hole into the door justbelow the bar. Reach in and push the bar upand out of the stirrup.

• Insert the blade of a rotary power saw intoeither the space between the jam and thedoor or between the doors in double doors,and cut the bar.

Figure 8.56 Sometimes doors are secured with metal or wood bars.

Forcible Entry 255

TEMPERED PLATE GLASS DOORS

In certain locations, especially in commercialstores, light industry, and institutional occupan-cies, firefighters may be faced with tempered plateglass doors (Figure 8.57). These doors are heavyand extremely expensive. The tempered glass thatis mounted in the door frame is difficult to break.Unlike regular plate glass, tempered glass resistsheat, and when broken, shatters into thousands ofsmall cubelike pieces.

When it becomes necessary to break through atempered plate glass door, the glass should beshattered at a bottom corner. To break the glass,use the pick end of a pick-head axe. The firefightershould wear a suitable faceshield to protect againsteye injury, or turn away from the door as the glassis being broken. Some departments place a shieldmade from a salvage cover as close to the glass aspossible, and the blow is struck through the cover(Figure 8.58). The remaining glass should then beremoved from the frame.

Tempered plate glass doors should be brokenonly as a last resort for access. Another techniquethat firefighters can use to open tempered plateglass doors as well as other doors is the through-the-lock method (discussed in the next section).

Figure 8.57 Tempered plateglass doors typically are setin metal frames.

Figure 8.58 Before breaking the glass, cover the door with a salvagecover to protect the firefighters.

Through-the-Lock Forcible EntryThe through-the-lock method is the preferred

method of entry for many commercial doors, resi-dential security locks, padlocks, and high-securitydoors. This technique is very effective and does aminimal amount of damage to the door when per-formed correctly.

Through-the-lock forcible entry requires a goodsize-up of both the door and the lock mechanism. Ifthe door and lock are suitable for conventionalforcible entry, then it should be used. If thefirefighter is unable to open the door through con-ventional forcible entry, the through-the-lock en-try method should be used.

On many types of commercial doors, the lockcylinder can actually be unscrewed from the door.This is common on storefront doors because thistechnique is used by locksmiths to rekey locks afteroccupancy changes. If the lock is not protected by acollar or shield, use the procedure described inSkill Sheet 8-4.

Removing the lock cylinder is only half thebattle. Through-the-lock forcible entry is reallyabout operating the lock as though firefighters hadthe key to the lock. Once the lock cylinder isremoved, firefighters use a key tool to operate thelock mechanism. The key tool is usually flat steelwith a bent end on the cam end and a flat screw-driver shaped blade on the other end.

256 ESSENTIALS

The through-the-lock method, like conven-tional forcible entry, requires patience and prac-tice. Along with standard forcible entry strikingand prying tools, special tools are also needed forthis forcible entry technique. Some examples ofthese special tools are K-tool, A-tool, J-tool, andshove knife.

K-TOOL

The K-tool is useful in pulling all types oflock cylinders (rim, mortise, or tubular) (Fig-ure 8.59). Used with a Halligan-type bar orother prying tool, the K-tool is forced behindthe ring and face of the cylinder until thewedging blades take a bite into the cylinder(Figure 8.60). The front metal loop of the toolacts as a fulcrum for leverage and holds thefork end of the prying tool.

When a cylinder is found close to the thresh-old or jamb, the narrow blade side of the tool willusually fit behind the ring. A close-clearancesituation will often be found on a sliding glassdoor, but only a ¹⁄₂-inch (13 mm) clearance isneeded. Once the cylinder is removed, a key toolcan be used in the hole to move the locking boltto the open position. If the lock must be pulled byprying and the K-tool is capable of being slippedover the lock, use the technique described inSkill Sheet 8-5.

Figure 8.59 A key tool is designed to manipulate the interior lockingmechanism after a lock cylinder is removed using the K-tool.

Figure 8.60 The K-tool jaws are designed to bite into a cylinder.

A-TOOL

The A-tool is a different tool that accomplishesthe same job as the K-tool (Figure 8.61). The A-toolcauses slightly more damage to the door than a K-tool, but it will rapidly pull the cylinder. Manylocks are manufactured with collars or protectivecone-shaped covers over them to prevent anyonefrom using a lock-pulling device. The A-tool wasdeveloped as a direct result of those lock design

Figure 8.61 The A-tool is designed for removing lock cylinders.

Forcible Entry 257

changes. The A-tool is a sharp notch with cuttingedges machined into a prying tool. The notch re-sembles the letter A. This tool is designed to cutbehind the protective collar of a lock cylinder andmaintain a hold so the lock can be pried out.

The curved head and long handle are then usedto provide the leverage for pulling the cylinder. Thechisel head on the other end of the tool is used whennecessary to gouge out the wood around the cylin-der for a better bite of the working head. Whenpulling protected dead bolt lock cylinders and col-lared or tubular locks, use the A-tool and theprocedure described in Skill Sheet 8-6.

J-TOOL

The J-tool is a wire-type device designed to fitthrough the space between double swinging doorsequipped with panic hardware (Figure 8.62). Byinserting the J-tool through the weather strippingbetween the doors, a firefighter can manipulate thepanic bar. Panic bars operate with minimal pres-sure exerted on them.

Figure 8.62 The J-tool is used to manipulate the panic bar on doubleswinging doors with panic hardware.

SHOVE KNIFE

This flat steel tool is one of the oldest burglartools, and it provides firefighters rapid access tooutward swinging latch-type doors (Figure 8.63).This tool, when used properly, can slide a latchback past its keeper, allowing the door to open. Itis an invaluable tool in locations where doors leadinto smoke tower exit stairways that lock from thestairway side.

Forcible Entry Involving PadlocksPadlocks are portable locking devices that are

used to secure a door, window, or other access.Padlocks range from the very simple, easily broken

Figure 8.63 The shove knife is an excellent tool for use on outwardswinging latch-type doors.

Figure 8.64 Various tools used for forcing entry through padlocks.

type to the high-security, virtually impenetrabletype. Firefighters must be capable of defeatingeither the padlock itself or the device to which it isfastened. Conventional forcible entry tools can beused to break padlocks and gain access. Additionaltools are available to make forcible entry throughpadlocks easier. Some of these tools include thefollowing (Figure 8.64):

258 ESSENTIALS

• Duck-billed lock breaker

• Hammerheaded pick

• Locking pliers and chain

• Hockey puck lock breaker

• Bam-bam tool

Size-up of the lock is important. If the lock issmall with shackles of ¹⁄₄ inch (6 mm) or less andnot case-hardened, forcible entry can be madeusing the techniques described in Skill Sheets 8-7through 8-9.

SPECIAL TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR PADLOCKS

If the shackles of the padlock exceed ¹⁄₄ inch (6mm) and the lock, including body, is case-hard-ened, the firefighter faces a difficult forcible entrytask. Conventional methods of forcing padlockswill not work effectively. Firefighters may need toselect either the duck-billed lock breaker or thebam-bam tool (Figure 8.65).

Figure 8.65 The duck-billed lock breaker and the bam-bam tool can beused to force entry through padlocks.

Duck-billed lock breaker. The duck-billedlock breaker is a wedge-shaped tool that will widenand break the shackles of padlocks, much likeusing the hook of a Halligan-type bar. This tool isinserted into the lock shackle and driven by a maulor flat-head axe until the padlock shackles break(Figure 8.66).

Bam-bam tool. This tool uses case-hardenedscrews that are driven into the actual keyway lockmechanism of the padlock. Once the screw is firmlyset, a few hits with the sliding hammer will pull thelock tumbler out of the padlock body. The flat endof a key tool or a screwdriver can then be insertedto trip the lock mechanism (Figure 8.67).

Figure 8.66 Drive the duck-billed lock breaker into the shackle openingwith a sledgehammer or flat-head axe.

Figure 8.67 Screw the case-hardened sheet metal screw of the bam-bam tool at least ³⁄₄ inch (19 mm) into the keyway, and maintainalignment to prevent the screw from breaking.

NOTE: This method will NOT work on MasterLocks, American Locks, and other high-qualitylocks. These locks have a case-hardened retainingring in the lock body that prevents the lock cylinderfrom being pulled out.

CUTTING PADLOCKS WITH SAWS OR CUTTING

TORCHES

Using either a power rotary saw with a compos-ite metal cutting blade or a cutting torch may bethe quickest method of removing some padlocks.High-security padlocks are designed with heel andtoe shackles. Heel and toe shackles will not pivot ifonly one side of the shackle is cut. Cutting padlockswith a power saw or torch is very dangerous work.Do not try to cut a loose padlock. Work with apartner. One firefighter should fasten a set of

Forcible Entry 259

locking pliers and chain to the lock body. Pull thelock straight out from the staple. The secondfirefighter cuts both sides of the padlock shacklewith the power saw or torch (Figure 8.68).

Figure 8.68 When cutting the shackle with a circular saw, a secondperson should hold tension on the padlock with locking pliers and chain.

FENCESProperty owners and occupants faced with a

high risk of break-in often take measures beyondprotecting their buildings with well-built andheavily locked doors and windows. One of thesemeasures is to install fences, which present specialproblems to firefighters.

Fences can be made of wood, masonry, wovenwire, or metal. They may be topped with barbedwire or razor wire. Fences may also be used to keepguard animals on the premises, so extreme careshould be taken when entering into a fenced area.

Cutting metal fences with bolt cutters or re-moving wood boards are ways to gain access. Wirefences should be cut near posts to provide adequatespace for fire apparatus and to lessen the danger ofinjury from the whip coil of loosened wires (Figure8.69). Fence gates are often secured with padlocksor chains, so many of the techniques previouslydiscussed will allow firefighters to gain access.

Using ladders to bridge fences, especially ma-sonry fences, is another quick way of gaining accessover a fence (Figure 8.70). Size-up is important inaccessing areas through fences as well as in allaspects of forcible entry.

Figure 8.69 Wire fences should be cut near the posts.

Figure 8.70 An A-frame ladder can be used to bridge a fence.

260 ESSENTIALS

FORCING WINDOWS

[NFPA 1001: 3-3.3; 3-3.3(a); 3-3.3(b); 3-3.10(b)]

Forcible entry can take place through windows,though they are not the preferred entry point intoa fire building. Windows are sometimes easier toforce than doors, and entry can be made to open alocked door from inside the structure. As withdoors, size-up of windows is critical to a successfulforced entry. Breaking the glass is the generaltechnique, but often this slows entry into the struc-ture while the glass and frame are being cleared.Breaking the glass of the wrong window may alsointensify fire growth and draw fire to uninvolvedsections of the building.

Breaking window glass on the fireground pre-sents a multitude of hazards to both firefightersand civilians. Flying glass shards may travel greatdistances from windows on upper floors. Glassshards on floors, porches, etc., make movement foradvancing hose teams or rescue crews difficult.Glass may shower victims inside the structure,causing additional harm. Wire glass requires greateffort to break and remove because the wire pre-vents the glass from falling out of the frame. Asharp tool, such as the pick of an axe, hook of aHalligan-type bar, pike pole, or hook, is required tobreak this type of glass. Thermopane® windows ortriple-glaze windows can cost the owner of theoccupancy a large sum of money. Firefighters mustdetermine if the benefits of breaking the windowoutweigh the damage that will be caused or willbreaking the window cause more damage thannecessary. Thermopane® windows will also slowfirefighters because normally this glass is moredifficult to break and is held into its sash by a butylrubber glue, making shard removal difficult andtime-consuming.

Windows come in a variety of types and sizes.The basic windows include double-hung (checkrail)windows, hinged (casement) windows, projected(factory) windows, and awning or jalousie win-dows. There are also various high-security win-dows and openings (Lexan®, barred, and screened).

Double-Hung (Checkrail) WindowsThe checkrail, or more commonly double-hung

window, has been an extremely popular window inbuilding construction (Figure 8.71). Structures

Figure 8.71 A typical double-hung (checkrail) window.

hundreds of years old are fitted with double-hungwindows. Manufactured in either wood, metal, orvinyl clad, the window is made up of two sashes.The top and bottom sashes are fitted into thewindow frame and operate by sliding up or down.Often they are counterweighted for ease of move-ment. Newer double-hung windows, oftenreferred to as replacement windows, not only moveup and down, but tip inward for cleaning.Double-hung windows may contain ordinary glass(single-, double-, or triple-pane), Thermopane®glass, wire glass, or in cer-tain circumstances, Plexi-glas® acrylic plastic orLexan® plastic.

Ordinarily, the double-hung window is securedby one or two thumb-operated locking deviceslocated where the bottomof the top sash meets thetop of the bottom sash(Figure 8.72). They may

Figure 8.72 Locking devices fora double-hung window.

Forcible Entry 261

also be more securely fastened by window bolts.Replacement windows have two side-bolt-typemechanisms located on each side of the sash that,when operated, allow the window sash to tip in-ward.

Forcing techniques for double-hung windowsdepend on how the window is locked and the sashframe material. The general technique for forcinga double-hung wood window is described in SkillSheet 8-10.

NOTE: Metal windows are more difficult to pry.The lock mechanism will not pull out of the sashand may jam, creating further problems. Use thesame technique given for a wood window, but if thelock does not give with a minimal amount of pres-sure, it may be quicker to break the window glassand open the lock manually.

In emergency situations where a window is thebest means of access to a structure, valuable timecan be saved and firefighter safety increased if thewindow glass is broken, the entire window area iscleared of all glass, and both top and bottom sashesare completely removed. This is especially true ofmetal double-hung windows. Glass and sash re-moval can be accomplished with an 8- or 10-foot(2.4 m or 3 m) pike pole or hook, allowing thefirefighter to remain a safe distance from the win-dow and falling glass (Figure 8.73). Removal of thesashes prevents any obstacles from snagging afirefighter’s equipment or breathing apparatus.

Figure 8.73 The firefighter’s hands should be higher than the point ofimpact to prevent shards of glass from falling onto them.

Hinged (Casement) WindowsCasement windows are hinged windows con-

structed of wood or metal. This type of window isoften called a crank out window, but it should notbe confused with an awning or jalousie window (seeAwning and Jalousie Windows section). The case-ment window consists of two sashes mounted onside hinges that swing outward, away from thestructure, when the window crank assembly isoperated (Figure 8.74).

Figure 8.74 Casement windows may be found on all types of structures.

Locking devices vary for the casement windowfrom simple thumb-operated devices to latch-typemechanisms. In addition to the locking devices, thecasement window can only be opened by operatingthe crank mechanism. Casement windows are ex-tremely difficult to force. Usually, they have atleast four locking devices as well as two crankdevices. This type of window is also very narrowand presents a more difficult entry for firefighters.If possible another means of entry should be sought.If it becomes necessary to force entry through acasement window, the most practical way is to usethe following steps:

Step 1: Break the lowest pane of glass, and cleanout the sharp edges.

Step 2: Force or cut the screen in the same area.

Step 3: Reach in and upward to unlock the latch.

Step 4: Operate the cranks or levers at the bottom.

Step 5: Completely remove the screen, and enter.

Projected (Factory) WindowsProjected windows are most often associated

with factories, warehouses, and other commercial

262 ESSENTIALS

PROJECTED-IN

The bottom rail of the window swings into theoccupancy toward the person who is opening it. Thetop rail of the window slides in a metal channel asthe window is opened.

PROJECTED-OUT

The bottom rail of the window swings awayfrom the building. The top rail slides into a metalchannel as the window is opened.

and industrial locations (Figure 8.75). These win-dows are most often metal sashes with wire glass.The most practical method of forcing factory-typewindows is the same as that described for case-ment windows. Firefighters should not enterthrough projected windows unless it cannot beavoided. The metal frames and wire glass make itdifficult to effectively accomplish rapid forcibleentry. Often, these windows may have bars overthe outside and inside to prevent entry. The bestmethod of forcible entry for a projected window isto seek another entry point!

Factory windows often cover a large area, butthe window openings themselves are very small.Factory windows are usually located several feet(meters) off the floor and present a very high risk tothe firefighter. If entry must be made, consider-ation should be given to using a power saw orcutting torch to cut the frame of the window andenlarge the opening. These windows function bypivoting at either the top or bottom. They areclassified by the way that they swing when opened:projected-in, projected-out, or pivoted-projected. Ifforcible entry must be made through a factorywindow, use the same procedures previously de-scribed for casement windows.

Figure 8.75 A projected (factory) window.

PIVOTED-PROJECTED

Pivoted-projected windows are usually oper-ated by a push bar that is notched to hold thewindow in place. Screens are seldom used with thistype of window, but when present, they are on theside opposite the direction of the projection.

Awning and Jalousie WindowsAwning windows consist of large sections of

glass about 1 foot (305 mm) wide and as long as thewindow width. They are constructed with a metalor wood frame around the glass panels, which areusually double-strength glass (Figure 8.76).

Figure 8.76 An awningwindow.

Jalousie windows consist of small sections about4 inches (100 mm) wide and as long as the windowwidth. They are usually constructed without frames,and the glass is heavy plate that has been groundto overlap when closed (Figure 8.77).

The glass sections of both awning and jalousiewindows are supported on each end by a metaloperating mechanism. This mechanical device maybe exposed or concealed along the sides of thewindow. Each glass panel opens the same distanceoutward when the crank is turned. The operatingcrank and gear housing are located at the bottom ofthe window.

Awning or jalousie windows are the mostdifficult of all types to force. Even with the louversopen, it is obvious that there is not enough roombetween the louvers to permit a person to enter.Entrance through these windows requires the re-

Forcible Entry 263

Figure 8.77 A jalousiewindow.

moval of several panels. Because of the cost ofjalousie windows and the danger to firefighters,these openings should be avoided unless abso-lutely necessary.

High-Security WindowsThe world is becoming more and more security

conscious, and the manufacturers of building sup-plies are striving to meet those consumer demands.Firefighters must be prepared when they encoun-ter windows that are heavily secured. Some ex-amples of high-security situations that are becom-ing common forcible entry problems are discussedin the following sections.

LEXAN® WINDOWS

In areas where window breakage is a recurringproblem, firefighters may encounter window as-semblies that have Plexiglas® or other acrylicthermoplastics in place of glass. Lexan® is oneexample of this replacement thermoplastic. Lexan®is 250 times stronger than safety glass, 30 timesstronger than acrylic, and classified as self-extin-guishing. Lexan® is virtually impossible to breakwith conventional forcible entry tools. The follow-ing are two recommended techniques for forcingentry through Lexan®.

• Cut the Lexan® using a rotary power sawwith a carbide-tipped, medium-toothedblade (approximately 40 teeth). Large-

Figure 8.78 Somestandard windows arefitted with heavy meshscreening for additionalsecurity.

toothed blades will skid off the surface, andsmaller toothed blades will melt the Lexan®and cause the blade to bind.

• Discharge a carbon dioxide fire extinguisheron the Lexan® window, then immediatelystrike the Lexan® with the pick of a fire axeor other suitable sharp tool. The intensecold combined with the sharp blow willshatter the Lexan®.

BARRED OR SCREENED WINDOWS AND OPENINGS

Often, building owners will add metal bars ormetal mesh screens over windows and sometimesdoor openings. Mesh guards may be permanentlyinstalled, hinged at the top or side, or fitted intobrackets and locked securely (Figure 8.78). Re-gardless of how they are installed, forcing wiremesh guards involves considerable time and shouldbe avoided.

A more permanent security measure is to in-stall heavy metal bars in the masonry above andbelow the window. These “burglar” bars vary intheir types and construction, but their main fea-ture is that they are difficult to force open (Figure8.79). Some bars are attached directly to the build-ing, while some are attached to the window frame.Forcible entry through burglar bars is a difficultand time-consuming task. Forcible entry consider-ations for burglar bar installations are as follows:

• Shear off the bolt heads for the mesh screenor bar assembly if they are visible andaccessible using the flat-head axe and the

264 ESSENTIALS

Halligan-type bar. Place the axe blade be-hind the bolt head and strike it with theHalligan-type bar. Shear all the bolt headsoff and remove the screen or bars.

• Cut the bar assembly or its attachments tothe structure using a rotary power sawfitted with a metal cutting blade.

Figure 8.79 Several types of barred windows. Courtesy of EdwardPrendergast.

• Cut the bar assembly or screen from thebuilding using an oxyacetylene torch.

Burglar bars and screen assemblies present ahazard to firefighters and occupants alike. Size-upof the bar or screen assembly is critical. Someassemblies are hinged and swing away from thewindow for cleaning or egress. Firefighters shouldlook for locking devices that indicate that theburglar bars swing outward.

BREACHING WALLS[NFPA 1001: 3-3.3; 3-3.3(a); 3-3.3(b); 3-3.12(b)]

During fire fighting operations, forcible entrysituations may arise where it would be faster andmore efficient to gain access through the wall of astructure rather than through a conventional open-ing, especially in buildings or other occupancieswith high-security devices in place. Opening a holein a wall to gain access is known as breaching. Thisaction should be taken by experienced firefighterswith a thorough knowledge of building construc-tion and good size-up techniques.

A size-up of the situation must be conductedbefore any opening is made. Breaching load-bear-ing walls in a structure already weakened by firecan be a very dangerous task. The improper loca-

tion of the breach orthe removal of toomany structural com-ponents could be disas-trous. Walls concealelectrical wiring,plumbing, gas lines,and other componentsof the building utili-ties (Figure 8.80). Thearea selected for thebreach must be clearof all these obstruc-tions. The varioustechniques for breach-ing different types ofwalls are covered in thefollowing sections.

Plaster or Gypsum Partition WallsInterior walls may or may not be load bearing,

depending on the need of the wall to support the

Figure 8.80 Avoid breaching wallscontaining obstructions such asplumbing, electrical wiring, and gaslines.

Forcible Entry 265

weight of overhead ceiling and roof spans. Fireresistance is another factor considered in partitionwalls. Fire-resistive partitions can be constructedfrom a wide variety of materials, including plasterand gypsum wallboard. Gypsum wallboard andplaster are relatively easy to penetrate with forc-ible entry tools. If an opening needs to be made ina partition, the following procedures can be fol-lowed:

Step 1: Select the location of the opening.

Step 2: Check the wall for electric wall plugs andswitches.

Step 3: Have a wide variety of forcible entry toolsavailable, including hand and power tools.

Step 4: Sound the wall to locate studs.

Step 5: Cut along the studs to make a large open-ing (at least three bays wide) (Figure 8.81).

Step 6: Remove one stud, if possible, from thecenter of the breach to enlarge the openingfor firefighters to pass. NOTE: Use a handor power saw to cut the stud level with thetop of the opening.

Step 7: Use the breach to gain access to the area,and search to find the normal means ofentry.

Figure 8.81 When making an opening in a partition, cut the wall coveringalong the studs.

rounded and smooth for battering walls and doors(Figure 8.82). The ram requires two to fourfirefighters to use. The firefighters work togetherto swing the ram back and forth into the wall(Figure 8.83). Each time the ram strikes the wall,a little more masonry material is knocked away.

Figure 8.82 This battering ram can be used to force holes in masonrywalls.

Figure 8.83 At least two firefighters are required to breach a masonrywall.

Power tools such as air chisels, hydraulic spread-ers, and rotary rescue saws with masonry bladesprove to be the best methods for breaching ma-sonry and concrete walls. They are faster andusually require only one person to operate. Use apower tool until a diamond- or triangular-shapedhole of desired size is formed. Open the breachlarge enough for firefighters to pass through. Usethe breach to gain access to the area, and search tofind the normal means of entry.

Brick or Concrete Block WallsMasonry walls can be the toughest type to

breach. One appliance that may be used is thebattering ram. The battering ram is made of ironwith handles and hand guards. One end is jaggedfor breaking brick and stone, and the other end is

266 ESSENTIALS

Metal WallsMetal walls are found in many buildings (Fig-

ure 8.84). Prefabricated metal walls are common inboth rural and urban settings, and they presentdifficult obstacles to firefighters when they must bebreached.

concrete. Either of the two may be finished with avariety of floor-covering materials. Concrete slabfloors over tested and rustproof plumbing are quitecommon. Generally speaking, the floors of upperstories of family dwellings are still wood joist withsubfloor and finish construction.

It is not uncommon for a floor to be classifiedaccording to its covering instead of the materialfrom which it is constructed. The feasibility ofopening a floor during a fire fighting operationobviously depends upon how it was constructedand from what material. A wood floor does not initself ensure that it can be penetrated easily. Manywood floors are laid over a concrete slab. The typeof floor construction can be determined by pre-incident surveys of business and industrial struc-tures, but similar information for residentialstructures is not easily obtained. Some acceptedand recommended techniques for opening woodand concrete floors are offered in the followingsections.

Wood FloorsThe wood joists of wood floor construction are

usually spaced a maximum of 16 inches (400 mm)apart. A subfloor consisting of either 1-inch boardsor 4-foot by 8-foot sheets of plywood is first laid overthe joists. The finish flooring, which may be lino-leum, tile, hardwood, or carpeting, is laid last. Thesubfloor made of boards may be diagonal to thejoists, and the finished floor may be at right anglesto the joists. Plywood subflooring is generally laidat right angles to the joists; however, this practicevaries widely. The procedure for opening a woodfloor is shown in Skill Sheet 8-11.

Neat cuts in wood floors can be made withpower saws. A wood-cutting blade can be providedfor a circular saw, or a saber or chain saw may beused. It is better to supply power to electric sawsfrom a portable generator carried on the fire appa-ratus than to depend upon domestic power duringa fire. Carpets and rugs should also be removed orrolled to one side before a floor is cut.

Concrete/Reinforced Concrete FloorsThe general construction of reinforced concrete

floors makes them extremely difficult to force, andopening them should be bypassed if possible. Ifconcrete floors must be opened, the most feasible

Figure 8.84 Many new buildings have metal exterior walls.

Breaching a metal wall, like all other walls,should be a last resort. Size-up of the metal wall iscritical. The walls are usually fastened to studs(which may be metal) by nails, rivets, bolts, screws,or other fasteners. Normal forcible entry handtools are almost useless in this situation. If openinga metal wall cannot be avoided, a metal-cuttingpower saw is normally the best tool to use. Makesure no building utilities are located in the areaselected for cutting. The metal should then be cutalong the studding to provide stability for the sawand for ease of repair. After the metal is cut, itshould be folded back out of the way where it willnot endanger the firefighter.

If no studs can be located, it may be assumedthat the metal wall bears the entire load of thestructure. If that is so and the wall must be breached,cut a hole in the wall in the shape of a triangle.Make two cuts to form the triangle, and bend themetal outwards and fold it along the bottom orthird side of the cut. Cutting a triangle in the walldistributes the wall’s load more evenly and reducesthe risk of collapse.

BREACHING FLOORS

[NFPA 1001: 3-3.9(b); 3-3.12(b)]

There are almost as many kinds of floors asthere are buildings. The type of floor constructionis, however, limited to the two basics: wood and

Forcible Entry 267

Figure 8.86 A piercing nozzle. Courtesy of Superior Flamefighter Inc.

means is to use a compressed-air or electric jack-hammer (Figure 8.85). Unless a jackhammer isreadily available, this process is extremely slowand may not prove beneficial for fire extinguish-ment; however, it might be the best means forrescue operations.

Concrete cutting blades are available for mostportable power saws. There are also special-pur-pose nozzles that are designed to penetrate ma-

sonry and some concrete. Although these devicesare primarily nozzles, they also qualify as forcibleentry tools. They are sometimes called puncture orpenetrating nozzles because of their ability to bedriven into hard objects (Figure 8.86). It is best tofirst strike the masonry or concrete with a sledge-hammer to shatter the concrete topping and pro-vide a center for the tool. When wood or othermaterials are used as a finish over concrete, it oftengives the appearance of a floor other than concrete.

Figure 8.85 The jackhammer is a heavy-duty tool for breaking throughmasonry walls.

268 ESSENTIALS

SKILL SHEET 8-1 BREAKING DOOR GLASS

Step 1: Choose the most appropriate tool.

Step 2: Stand to the windward side of the glass panel orpane to be broken.

NOTE: Windward means to stand with the wind at thefirefighter’s back. Broken glass shards will move away fromthe body.

Step 3: Strike the glass as close to the top of the pane aspossible.

NOTE: To avoid losing control of the tool, do not useexcessive force.

Step 4: Keep hands above the point of impact or at an angleto the impact.

Step 5: Use the tool to clean all the broken glass out of theframe once the glass has been broken.

Step 6: Reach inside and find the door-lock mechanism.

NOTE: Be sure to use a gloved hand!

Step 7: Operate the lock.

Step 8: Open the door.

Forcible Entry 269

Step 1: Firefighter #1: Place the fork of a Halligan-type barjust above or below the lock with the bevel side of the forkagainst the door.

Step 2: Firefighter #1: Angle the tool slightly up or down.

SKILL SHEET 8-2 CONVENTIONAL FORCIBLE ENTRY

Inward Swinging Door — Two Firefighters

Step 3: Firefighter #2: Strike the tool with the back side ofa flat-head axe.

NOTE: Strike the tool only when Firefighter #1 calls for thestrike.

Step 4: Firefighter #2: Drive the forked end of the tool pastthe interior doorjamb.

270 ESSENTIALS

Step 5: Firefighter #1: Move the bar slowly perpendicularto the door being forced to prevent the fork from penetratingthe interior doorjamb.

NOTE: If unusual resistance is met, remove the bar, andturn it over. Begin again with the concave side of the forknow against the door.

Step 6: Firefighter #1: Make sure that the fork haspenetrated between the door and the doorjamb.

Step 7: Firefighter #1: Exert pressure on the tool towardthe door, forcing it open.

NOTE: If additional leverage is needed, Firefighter #2 canslide the head of the axe between the fork and the door.

CAUTION: The door may swing open uncontrollablywhen pressure is exerted on the Halligan-type bar.Maintain control of the door at all times. Placing lockingpliers and chain or a utility rope on the doorknob willallow the forcible entry team to maintain control of thedoor.

Forcible Entry 271

Step 1: Firefighter #1: Place the adze of the Halligan-typebar just above or below the lock.

NOTE: If there are two locks, place the adze between thelocks.

SKILL SHEET 8-3 CONVENTIONAL FORCIBLE ENTRY

Outward Swinging Door — Adze End MethodTwo Firefighters

Step 2: Firefighter #2: Strike the tool using a flat-head axeon the surface behind the adze, driving the adze into thespace between the door and the jamb.

NOTE: Strike the tool only when Firefighter #1 calls for it.

Step 3: Firefighter #1: Make sure the adze is sufficientlydriven into the space.

Step 4: Firefighter #1: Pry down and out with the fork endof the tool.

272 ESSENTIALS

SKILL SHEET 8-4 THROUGH-THE-LOCK FORCIBLE ENTRY

Unscrewing the Lock Cylinder

Step 1: Size-up the door and lock.

Step 2: Check the position of the keyway.

NOTE: The keyway is always in the 6 o’clock position.

Step 3: Place a set of locking pliers firmly on the lockcylinder.

NOTE: Make sure that the tool bites hard into the cylinder.

Step 4: Unscrew the lock cylinder from the door andremove it.

Step 5: Look inside the lock and identify the type ofmechanism.

Step 6: Insert the appropriate key tool into the lock throughthe cylinder hole.

Step 7: Manipulate the locking mechanism.

Step 8: Open the door.

Forcible Entry 273

SKILL SHEET 8-5 THROUGH-THE-LOCK FORCIBLE ENTRY

Using the K-Tool

Step 1: Size-up the door and lock.

Step 2: Make sure the lock is not protected by a collar orshield.

Step 3: Check the position of the keyway.

NOTE: The keyway is always at the 6 o’clock position.

Step 4: Slide the K-tool over the lock cylinder face.

Step 5: Tap the K-tool down with a Halligan-type bar or theback of a flat-head axe.

Step 6: Insert the adze end of the pry tool into the strap onthe top of the K-tool.

Step 7: Drive the K-tool further onto the cylinder.

NOTE: Make sure the K-tool has an adequate bite into thelock cylinder.

Step 8: Pry UP on the tool.

Step 9: Insert the key tool through the cylinder hole tomanipulate the locking mechanism.

Step 10: Open the door.

274 ESSENTIALS

Step 1: Size-up the door and lock.

Step 2: Check the position of the keyway.

NOTE: The keyway is always at the 6 o’clock position.

Step 3: Insert the opening of the A-tool between the lockcylinder and the door frame.

NOTE: The A-tool should be at an approximate 45-degreeangle to the lock.

SKILL SHEET 8-6 THROUGH-THE-LOCK FORCIBLE ENTRY

Using the A-Tool

Step 6: Insert the key tool into the lock through the cylinderhole.

Step 7: Manipulate the locking mechanism.

Step 8: Open the door.

Step 4: Tap the A-tool firmly in place behind the lockcylinder.

NOTE: The firefighter may have to drive the A-tool into theframe of the door in order to get behind a tight lock.

Step 5: Pry up on the tool.

Forcible Entry 275

Step 1: Firefighter #1: Insert the hook of a Halligan-typebar into the shackle of the lock.

Step 2: Firefighter #1: Pull the lock out away from thestaple.

Step 3: Firefighter #2: Strike the Halligan-type bar sharplywith a flat-head axe.

Step 4: Firefighter #2: Drive the hook of the bar throughthe lock shackle, breaking it.

SKILL SHEET 8-7 CONVENTIONAL FORCIBLE ENTRYTHROUGH PADLOCKS

Method One — Two Firefighters

Step 1: Place the fork of the Halligan-type bar over thepadlock shackles.

Step 2: Twist the lock until the shackles break.

NOTE: This will NOT work if the staple that the lock isattached to is weak. Twisting the padlock will result ina twisted hasp device that will require additional workto open. Use this technique only where the padlock isfastened to a high-security staple (one that will nottwist or break easily).

SKILL SHEET 8-8 CONVENTIONAL FORCIBLE ENTRYTHROUGH PADLOCKS

Method Two — Fork End

276 ESSENTIALS

SKILL SHEET 8-9 CONVENTIONAL FORCIBLE ENTRYTHROUGH PADLOCKS

Method Three — Bolt Cutters

Step 1: Insert the blade of an axe or a prying tool under thecenter of the bottom sash as much in line with the lockmechanism as possible.

Step 2: Pry upward to force the screws out of the lock.

Step 3: Open the window.

Step 1: Cut the shackles of the padlock, the chain, or thestaple with bolt cutters.

NOTE: Do NOT cut case-hardened metal with bolt cutters.

SKILL SHEET 8-10 FORCIBLE ENTRY THROUGH A DOUBLE-HUNGWOOD WINDOW

Forcible Entry 277

Step 1: Determine the approximate location for the holebased on need.

Step 2: Sound for floor joists to determine the exactlocation.

SKILL SHEET 8-11 BREACHING A WOOD FLOOR

Step 3: Cut one side of the finished floor by using anglecuts.

Step 4: Cut the other side of the finished floor in likemanner.

Step 5: Remove the flooring or floor coverings (includingtile, linoleum, and carpet) with the pick of the axe.

Step 6: Cut the subfloor using the same technique andangle cuts.

NOTE: It is usually advisable to cut all sides of the subfloorbefore removing the boards. If just a few boards areremoved before the others are cut, the heat and smokeconditions may prohibit completion of the job.