This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 1 Page number 290 black
290
CHAPTER 7
Applications of the Definite Integral inGeometry, Science, and Engineering
EXERCISE SET 7.1
1. A =∫ 2
−1(x2 + 1− x)dx = (x3/3 + x− x2/2)
]2
−1= 9/2
2. A =∫ 4
0(√x+ x/4)dx = (2x3/2/3 + x2/8)
]4
0= 22/3
3. A =∫ 2
1(y − 1/y2)dy = (y2/2 + 1/y)
]2
1= 1
4. A =∫ 2
0(2− y2 + y)dy = (2y − y3/3 + y2/2)
]2
0= 10/3
5. (a) A =∫ 4
0(4x− x2)dx = 32/3 (b) A =
∫ 16
0(√y − y/4)dy = 32/3
5
1
(4, 16)
y = 4x
y = x2
x
y
(4, 4)
(1, –2)
x
y
y2 = 4x
y = 2x – 4
6. Eliminate x to get y2 = 4(y + 4)/2, y2 − 2y − 8 = 0,(y − 4)(y + 2) = 0; y = −2, 4 with correspondingvalues of x = 1, 4.
(a) A =∫ 1
0[2√x− (−2
√x)]dx+
∫ 4
1[2√x− (2x− 4)]dx
=∫ 1
04√xdx+
∫ 4
1(2√x− 2x+ 4)dx = 8/3 + 19/3 = 9
(b) A =∫ 4
−2[(y/2 + 2)− y2/4]dy = 9
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 2 Page number 291 black
Exercise Set 7.1 291
7. A =∫ 1
1/4(√x− x2)dx = 49/192
14
(1, 1)
x
y
y = x2
y = √x
8. A =∫ 2
0[0− (x3 − 4x)]dx
=∫ 2
0(4x− x3)dx = 4
2
x
y
y = 2x3 – 4x
9. A =∫ π/2
π/4(0− cos 2x)dx
= −∫ π/2
π/4cos 2x dx = 1/2
3 6
–1
1
x
y
y = cos 2x
10. Equate sec2 x and 2 to get sec2 x = 2,
1
2
x
y
y = sec2 x
(#, 2) (3, 2)
secx = ±√
2, x = ±π/4
A =∫ π/4
−π/4(2− sec2 x)dx = π − 2
11. A =∫ 3π/4
π/4sin y dy =
√2
3
9
x
y
x = sin y
12. A =∫ 2
−1[(x+ 2)− x2]dx = 9/2
(2, 4)
(–1, 1)x
y
y = x2
x = y – 2
13. A =∫ ln 2
0
(e2x − ex
)dx
=(
12e2x − ex
)]ln 2
0
= 1/2
2
4
x
y
ln 2
y = e2x
y = ex
14. A =∫ e
1
dy
y= ln y
]e1= 1
1/e 1
1
e
x
y
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 3 Page number 292 black
292 Chapter 7
15. A =∫ 1
−1
(2
1 + x2 − |x|)dx
= 2∫ 1
0
(2
1 + x2 − x
)dx
= 4 tan−1 x− x2]1
0= π − 1
–1 1
1
2
x
y
16.1√
1− x2= 2, x = ±
√3
2, so
A =∫ √3/2
−√
3/2
(2− 1√
1− x2
)dx
= 2− sin−1 x
]√3/2
−√
3/2= 2√
3− 23π
0.5
1
1.5
2
x
y
23– 2
3
1 – x21y =
y = 2
(–5, 8)
(5, 6)y = 3 – x
y = 1 + x
y = – x + 715
x
y17. y = 2 + |x− 1| ={
3− x, x ≤ 11 + x, x ≥ 1
,
A =∫ 1
−5
[(−1
5x+ 7
)− (3− x)
]dx
+∫ 5
1
[(−1
5x+ 7
)− (1 + x)
]dx
=∫ 1
−5
(45x+ 4
)dx+
∫ 5
1
(6− 6
5x
)dx
= 72/5 + 48/5 = 24
18. A =∫ 2/5
0(4x− x)dx
+∫ 1
2/5(−x+ 2− x)dx
=∫ 2/5
03x dx+
∫ 1
2/5(2− 2x)dx = 3/5
(1, 1)
25
85( , )
x
y
y = 4x
y = x
y = –x + 2
19. A =∫ 1
0(x3 − 4x2 + 3x)dx
+∫ 3
1[−(x3 − 4x2 + 3x)]dx
= 5/12 + 32/12 = 37/12
4
–8
–1 4
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 4 Page number 293 black
Exercise Set 7.1 293
9
–2
–1 3
20. Equate y = x3 − 2x2 and y = 2x2 − 3xto get x3 − 4x2 + 3x = 0,x(x− 1)(x− 3) = 0;x = 0, 1, 3with corresponding values of y = 0,−1.9.
A =∫ 1
0[(x3 − 2x2)− (2x2 − 3x)]dx
+∫ 3
1[(2x3 − 3x)− (x3 − 2x2)]dx
=∫ 1
0(x3 − 4x2 + 3x)dx+
∫ 3
1(−x3 + 4x2 − 3x)dx
=512
+83
=3712
21. From the symmetry of the region
A = 2∫ 5π/4
π/4(sinx− cosx)dx = 4
√2
1
–1
0 o
22. The region is symmetric about the origin so
A = 2∫ 2
0|x3 − 4x|dx = 8
3.1
–3.1
–3 3
23. A =∫ 0
−1(y3 − y)dy +
∫ 1
0−(y3 − y)dy
= 1/2
1
–1
–1 1
24. A =∫ 1
0
[y3 − 4y2 + 3y − (y2 − y)
]dy
+∫ 4
1
[y2 − y − (y3 − 4y2 + 3y)
]dy
= 7/12 + 45/4 = 71/6
4.1
0–2.2 12.1
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 5 Page number 294 black
294 Chapter 7
25. The curves meet when x =√
ln 2, so
A =∫ √ln 2
0(2x− xex
2) dx =
(x2 − 1
2ex
2)]√ln 2
0= ln 2− 1
2
0.5 1
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x
y
26. The curves meet for x = e−2√
2/3, e2√
2/3 thus
A =∫ e2
√2/3
e−2√
2/3
(3x− 1x√
1− (lnx)2
)dx
=(3 lnx− sin−1(lnx)
) ]e2√2/3
e−2√
2/3
= 4√
2− 2 sin−1
(2√
23
)
1 2 3
5
10
15
20
x
y
27. The area is given by∫ k
0(1/√
1− x2 − x)dx = sin−1 k − k2/2 = 1; solve for k to get
k = 0.997301.
28. The curves intersect at x = a = 0 and x = b = 0.838422 so the area is∫ b
a
(sin 2x− sin−1 x)dx ≈ 0.174192.
29. Solve 3−2x = x6+2x5−3x4+x2 to find the real roots x = −3, 1; from a plot it is seen that the line
is above the polynomial when −3 < x < 1, so A =∫ 1
−3(3−2x−(x6+2x5−3x4+x2)) dx = 9152/105
30. Solve x5 − 2x3 − 3x = x3 to find the roots x = 0,±12
√6 + 2
√21. Thus, by symmetry,
A = 2∫ √(6+2
√21)/2
0(x3 − (x5 − 2x3 − 3x)) dx =
274
+74
√21
31.∫ k
02√ydy =
∫ 9
k
2√ydy
∫ k
0y1/2dy =
∫ 9
k
y1/2dy
23k3/2 =
23(27− k3/2)
k3/2 = 27/2
k = (27/2)2/3 = 9/ 3√
4
y = 9
y = k
x
y
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 6 Page number 295 black
Exercise Set 7.1 295
32.∫ k
0x2dx =
∫ 2
k
x2dx
13k3 =
13(8− k3)
k3 = 4
k = 3√
42
x
y
x = √y
x = k
33. (a) A =∫ 2
0(2x− x2)dx = 4/3
(b) y = mx intersects y = 2x− x2 where mx = 2x− x2, x2 + (m− 2)x = 0, x(x+m− 2) = 0 sox = 0 or x = 2−m. The area below the curve and above the line is∫ 2−m
34. The line through (0, 0) and (5π/6, 1/2) is y =35π
x;
A =∫ 5π/6
0
(sinx− 3
5πx
)dx =
√3
2− 5
24π + 1
c
1 12
c56( ),
x
yy = sin x
35. The curves intersect at x = 0 and, by Newton’s Method, at x ≈ 2.595739080 = b, so
A ≈∫ b
0(sinx− 0.2x)dx = −
[cosx+ 0.1x2
]b0≈ 1.180898334
36. By Newton’s Method, the points of intersection are at x ≈ ±0.824132312, so with
b = 0.824132312 we have A ≈ 2∫ b
0(cosx− x2)dx = 2(sinx− x3/3)
]b0≈ 1.094753609
37. By Newton’s Method the points of intersection are x = x1 ≈ 0.4814008713 and
x = x2 ≈ 2.363938870, and A ≈∫ x2
x1
(lnxx− (x− 2)
)dx ≈ 1.189708441.
38. By Newton’s Method the points of intersection are x = ±x1 where x1 ≈ 0.6492556537, thus
A ≈ 2∫ x1
0
(2
1 + x2 − 3 + 2 cosx)dx ≈ 0.826247888
39. The x-coordinates of the points of intersection are a ≈ −0.423028 and b ≈ 1.725171; the area is∫ b
a
(2 sinx− x2 + 1)dx ≈ 2.542696.
40. Let (a, k), where π/2 < a < π, be the coordinates of the point of intersection of y = k withy = sinx. Thus k = sin a and if the shaded areas are equal,∫ a
0(k − sinx)dx =
∫ a
0(sin a− sinx) dx = a sin a+ cos a− 1 = 0
Solve for a to get a ≈ 2.331122, so k = sin a ≈ 0.724611.
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 7 Page number 296 black
296 Chapter 7
41.∫ 60
0(v2(t) − v1(t)) dt = s2(60) − s2(0) − (s1(60) − s1(0)), but they are even at time t = 60, so
s2(60) = s1(60). Consequently the integral gives the difference s1(0)−s2(0) of their starting pointsin meters.
42. Since a1(0) = a2(0) = 0, A =∫ T
0(a2(t)−a1(t)) dt = v2(T )−v1(T ) is the difference in the velocities
of the two cars at time T .
43. (a) It gives the area of the region that is between f and g when f(x) > g(x) minus the area ofthe region between f and g when f(x) < g(x), for a ≤ x ≤ b.
(b) It gives the area of the region that is between f and g for a ≤ x ≤ b.
44. (b) limn→+∞
∫ 1
0(x1/n − x) dx = lim
n→+∞
[n
n+ 1x(n+1)/n − x2
2
]1
0= limn→+∞
(n
n+ 1− 1
2
)= 1/2
a
ax
y45. Solve x1/2 + y1/2 = a1/2 for y to get
y = (a1/2 − x1/2)2 = a− 2a1/2x1/2 + x
A =∫ a
0(a− 2a1/2x1/2 + x)dx = a2/6
46. Solve for y to get y = (b/a)√a2 − x2 for the upper half of the ellipse; make use of symmetry to
get A = 4∫ a
0
b
a
√a2 − x2dx =
4ba
∫ a
0
√a2 − x2dx =
4ba· 14πa2 = πab.
47. Let A be the area between the curve and the x-axis and AR the area of the rectangle, then
A =∫ b
0kxmdx =
k
m+ 1xm+1
]b0=
kbm+1
m+ 1, AR = b(kbm) = kbm+1, so A/AR = 1/(m+ 1).
EXERCISE SET 7.2
1. V = π
∫ 3
−1(3− x)dx = 8π 2. V = π
∫ 1
0[(2− x2)2 − x2]dx
= π
∫ 1
0(4− 5x2 + x4)dx
= 38π/15
3. V = π
∫ 2
0
14(3− y)2dy = 13π/6 4. V = π
∫ 2
1/2(4− 1/y2)dy = 9π/2
5. V =∫ 2
0x4dx = 32/5
2x
y
y = x2
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 8 Page number 297 black
Exercise Set 7.2 297
6. V =∫ π/3
π/4sec2 x dx =
√3− 1
3 4
-2
-1
1
2
x
y
y = sec x
7. V = π
∫ π/2
π/4cosx dx = (1−
√2/2)π
3 6
–1
1
x
yy = √cos x
8. V = π
∫ 1
0[(x2)2 − (x3)2]dx
= π
∫ 1
0(x4 − x6)dx = 2π/35
1
1 (1, 1)
y = x2
y = x3
x
y
9. V = π
∫ 4
−4[(25− x2)− 9]dx
= 2π∫ 4
0(16− x2)dx = 256π/3
5
x
yy = √25 – x2
y = 3
10. V = π
∫ 3
−3(9− x2)2dx
= π
∫ 3
−3(81− 18x2 + x4)dx = 1296π/5
–3 3
9
x
y
y = 9 – x2
11. V = π
∫ 4
0[(4x)2 − (x2)2]dx
= π
∫ 4
0(16x2 − x4)dx = 2048π/15
4
16 (4, 16)
x
y
y = x2y = 4x
12. V = π
∫ π/4
0(cos2 x− sin2 x)dx
= π
∫ π/4
0cos 2x dx = π/2
3
–1
1
x
yy = cos x
y = sin x
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 9 Page number 298 black
298 Chapter 7
13. V = π
∫ ln 3
0e2xdx =
π
2e2x]ln 3
0= 4π 14. V = π
∫ 1
0e−4x dx =
π
4(1− e−4)
1
–1
1
x
y
15. V =∫ 2
−2π
14 + x2 dx =
π
2tan−1(x/2)
]2
−2= π2/4
16. V =∫ 1
0π
e6x
1 + e6x dx =π
6ln(1 + e6x)
]1
0=
π
6(ln(1 + e6)− ln 2)
17. V =∫ 1
0
(y1/3
)2dy =
35
0.25
0.75
0.25
0.75x
y
18. V =∫ 1
0(1− y2)2 dy = 1− 2
3+
15
=815
0.25
0.75
0.25
0.75x
y
19. V = π
∫ 3
−1(1 + y)dy = 8π
3
2x
y
x = √1 + y
20. V = π
∫ 3
0[22 − (y + 1)]dy
= π
∫ 3
0(3− y)dy = 9π/2
3 (2, 3)
x
y y = x2 – 1x = √y + 1
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 10 Page number 299 black
Exercise Set 7.2 299
21. V = π
∫ 3π/4
π/4csc2 y dy = 2π
–2 –1 1 2
3
6
9
x
y
x = csc y
22. V = π
∫ 1
0(y − y4)dy = 3π/10
–1 1
–1
1 (1, 1)
x
y
x = √y
x = y2
23. V = π
∫ 2
−1[(y + 2)2 − y4]dy = 72π/5
(4, 2)
x
y
x = y2
x = y + 2
(1, –1)
24. V = π
∫ 1
−1
[(2 + y2)2 − (1− y2)2]dy
= π
∫ 1
−1(3 + 6y2)dy = 10π
1 2
–1
1
x
y x = 2 + y2
x = 1 – y2
25. V =∫ 1
0πe2y dy =
π
2(e2 − 1
)26. V =
∫ 2
0
π
1 + y2 dy = π tan−1 2
27. V = π
∫ a
−a
b2
a2 (a2 − x2)dx = 4πab2/3
–a a
b
x
y
bay = √a2 – x2
28. V = π
∫ 2
b
1x2 dx = π(1/b− 1/2);
π(1/b− 1/2) = 3, b = 2π/(π + 6)
29. V = π
∫ 0
−1(x+ 1)dx
+ π
∫ 1
0[(x+ 1)− 2x]dx
= π/2 + π/2 = π
–1 1
1
x
y
y = √2x
(1, √2)
y = √x + 1
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 11 Page number 300 black
300 Chapter 7
30. V = π
∫ 4
0x dx+ π
∫ 6
4(6− x)2dx
= 8π + 8π/3 = 32π/3
4 6
x
y
y = √x y = 6 – x
31. Partition the interval [a, b] with a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b. Let x∗k be an arbitrarypoint of [xk−1, xk]. The disk in question is obtained by revolving about the line y = k the rectan-gle for which xk−1 < x < xk, and y lies between y = k and y = f(x); the volume of this disk is
∆Vk = π(f(x∗k)− k)2∆xk, and the total volume is given by V = π
∫ b
a
(f(x)− k)2 dx.
32. Assume for c < y < d that k ≤ v(y) ≤ w(y) (A similar proof holds for k ≥ v(y) ≥ w(y)). Partitionthe interval [c, d] withc = y0 < y1 < y2 < . . . < yn−1 < yn = d. Let y∗k be an arbitrary point of [yk−1, yk]. The washerin question is the region obtained by revolving the strip v(y∗k) < x < w(y∗k), yk−1 < y < yk aboutthe line x = k. The volume of this washer is ∆V = π[(v(y∗k) − k)2 − (w(y∗k) − k)2]∆yk, and thevolume of the solid obtained by rotating R is
V = π
∫ d
c
[(v(y)− k)2 − (w(y)− k)2] dy
33. (a) Intuitively, it seems that a line segment revolved about a line which is perpendicular to theline segment will generate a larger area, the farther it is from the line. This is because theaverage point on the line segment will be revolved through a circle with a greater radius, andthus sweeps out a larger circle.Consider the line segment which connects a point (x, y) on the curve y =
√3− x to the point
(x, 0) beneath it. If this line segment is revolved around the x-axis we generate an area πy2.If on the other hand the segment is revolved around the line y = 2 then the area of theresulting (infinitely thin) washer is π[22− (2−y)2]. So the question can be reduced to askingwhether y2 ≥ [22− (2−y)2], y2 ≥ 4y−y2, or y ≥ 2. In the present case the curve y =
√3− x
always satisfies y ≤ 2, so V2 has the larger volume.
(b) The volume of the solid generated by revolving the area around the x-axis is
V1 = π
∫ 3
−1(3− x) dx = 8π, and the volume generated by revolving the area around the line
y = 2 is V2 = π
∫ 3
−1[22 − (2−
√3− x)2] dx =
403π
34. (a) In general, points in the region R are farther from the y-axis than they are from the linex = 2.5, so by the reasoning in Exercise 33(a) the former should generate a larger volumethan the latter, i.e. the volume mentioned in Exercise 4 will be greater than that gotten byrevolving about the line x = 2.5.
(b) The original volume V1 of Exercise 4 is given by
V1 = π
∫ 2
1/2(4− 1/y2) dy = 9π/2, and the other volume
V2 = π
∫ 2
1/2
[(1y− 2.5
)2
− (2− 2.5)2
]dy =
(212− 10 ln 2
)π ≈ 3.568528194π,
and thus V1 is the larger volume.
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 12 Page number 301 black
Exercise Set 7.2 301
35. V = π
∫ 3
0(9− y2)2dy
= π
∫ 3
0(81− 18y2 + y4)dy
= 648π/5
9
3
x
yx = y2
36. V = π
∫ 9
0[32 − (3−
√x)2]dx
= π
∫ 9
0(6√x− x)dx
= 135π/2
9x
y
y = √xy = 3
1
1x
y
x = y2
x = y
y = –1
37. V = π
∫ 1
0[(√x+ 1)2 − (x+ 1)2]dx
= π
∫ 1
0(2√x− x− x2)dx = π/2
38. V = π
∫ 1
0[(y + 1)2 − (y2 + 1)2]dy
= π
∫ 1
0(2y − y2 − y4)dy = 7π/15
1
1
x
y
x = y2
x = y
x = –1
39. A(x) = π(x2/4)2 = πx4/16,
V =∫ 20
0(πx4/16)dx = 40, 000π ft3
40. V = π
∫ 1
0(x− x4)dx = 3π/10
41. V =∫ 1
0(x− x2)2dx
=∫ 1
0(x2 − 2x3 + x4)dx = 1/30
Square
(1, 1)
1
y = x
y = x2
x
y
42. A(x) =12π
(12√x
)2=
18πx,
V =∫ 4
0
18πx dx = π
4x
y
y = √x
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 13 Page number 302 black
302 Chapter 7
43. On the upper half of the circle, y =√
1− x2, so:
(a) A(x) is the area of a semicircle of radius y, so
A(x) = πy2/2 = π(1− x2)/2; V =π
2
∫ 1
−1(1− x2) dx = π
∫ 1
0(1− x2) dx = 2π/3
1
–1
y = √1 – x2 x
yy
(b) A(x) is the area of a square of side 2y, so
A(x) = 4y2 = 4(1− x2); V = 4∫ 1
−1(1− x2) dx = 8
∫ 1
0(1− x2) dx = 16/3
1
–1
y = √1 – x2 x
y2y
(c) A(x) is the area of an equilateral triangle with sides 2y, so
A(x) =√
34
(2y)2 =√
3y2 =√
3(1− x2);
V =∫ 1
−1
√3(1− x2) dx = 2
√3∫ 1
0(1− x2) dx = 4
√3/3
x
y
1
–1
y = √1 – x2
2y
2y2y
44. The base of the dome is a hexagon of side r. An equation of the circle of radius r that lies in avertical x-y plane and passes through two opposite vertices of the base hexagon is x2 + y2 = r2.A horizontal, hexagonal cross section at height y above the base has area
A(y) =3√
32
x2 =3√
32
(r2 − y2), hence the volume is V =∫ r
0
3√
32
(r2 − y2) dy =√
3r3.
45. The two curves cross at x = b ≈ 1.403288534, so
V = π
∫ b
0((2x/π)2 − sin16 x) dx+ π
∫ π/2
b
(sin16 x− (2x/π)2) dx ≈ 0.710172176.
46. Note that π2 sinx cos3 x = 4x2 for x = π/4. From the graph it is apparent that this is the firstpositive solution, thus the curves don’t cross on (0, π/4) and
V = π
∫ π/4
0[(π2 sinx cos3 x)2 − (4x2)2] dx =
148π5 +
172560
π6
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 14 Page number 303 black
Exercise Set 7.2 303
47. V = π
∫ e
1(1− (ln y)2) dy = π
48. V =∫ tan 1
0π[x2 − x2 tan−1 x] dx =
π
6[tan2 1− ln(1 + tan2 1)]
49. (a) V = π
∫ r
r−h(r2 − y2) dy = π(rh2 − h3/3) =
13πh2(3r − h)
r
h
r x
y
x2 + y2 = r2
(b) By the Pythagorean Theorem,
r2 = (r − h)2 + ρ2, 2hr = h2 + ρ2; from Part (a),
V =πh
3(3hr − h2) =
πh
3
(32(h2 + ρ2)− h2)
)
=16πh(h2 + 3ρ2)
50. Find the volume generated by revolvingthe shaded region about the y-axis.
52. If x = r/2 then from y2 = r2 − x2 we get y = ±√
3r/2
as limits of integration; for −√
3 ≤ y ≤√
3,
A(y) = π[(r2 − y2)− r2/4] = π(3r2/4− y2), thus
V = π
∫ √3r/2
−√
3r/2(3r2/4− y2)dy
= 2π∫ √3r/2
0(3r2/4− y2)dy =
√3πr3/2
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 15 Page number 304 black
304 Chapter 7
53. (a)
h
–4
x
y
0 ≤ h < 2
h – 4
(b)
–4
–2h
2 ≤ h ≤ 4
h – 4x
y
If the cherry is partially submerged then 0 ≤ h < 2 as shown in Figure (a); if it is totally sub-merged then 2 ≤ h ≤ 4 as shown in Figure (b). The radius of the glass is 4 cm and that of thecherry is 1 cm so points on the sections shown in the figures satisfy the equations x2 + y2 = 16and x2 + (y + 3)2 = 1. We will find the volumes of the solids that are generated when the shadedregions are revolved about the y-axis.
For 0 ≤ h < 2,
V = π
∫ h−4
−4[(16− y2)− (1− (y + 3)2)]dy = 6π
∫ h−4
−4(y + 4)dy = 3πh2;
for 2 ≤ h ≤ 4,
V = π
∫ −2
−4[(16− y2)− (1− (y + 3)2)]dy + π
∫ h−4
−2(16− y2)dy
= 6π∫ −2
−4(y + 4)dy + π
∫ h−4
−2(16− y2)dy = 12π +
13π(12h2 − h3 − 40)
=13π(12h2 − h3 − 4)
so
V =
3πh2 if 0 ≤ h < 2
13π(12h2 − h3 − 4) if 2 ≤ h ≤ 4
54. x = h±√r2 − y2,
V = π
∫ r
−r
[(h+
√r2 − y2)2 − (h−
√r2 − y2)2
]dy
= 4πh∫ r
−r
√r2 − y2dy
= 4πh(
12πr2)
= 2π2r2h
x
y
(x – h2) + y2 = r2
x
h
u
55. tan θ = h/x so h = x tan θ,
A(y) =12hx =
12x2 tan θ =
12(r2 − y2) tan θ
because x2 = r2 − y2,
V =12
tan θ∫ r
−r(r2 − y2)dy
= tan θ∫ r
0(r2 − y2)dy =
23r3 tan θ
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 16 Page number 305 black
Exercise Set 7.3 305
56. A(x) = (x tan θ)(2√r2 − x2)
= 2(tan θ)x√r2 − x2,
V = 2 tan θ∫ r
0x√r2 − x2dx
=23r3 tan θ
yx
√r2 – x2
x tan u
57. Each cross section perpendicular to they-axis is a square so
A(y) = x2 = r2 − y2,
18V =
∫ r
0(r2 − y2)dy
V = 8(2r3/3) = 16r3/3
r
x = √r2 – y2
x
y
58. The regular cylinder of radius r and height h has the same circular cross sections as do those ofthe oblique clinder, so by Cavalieri’s Principle, they have the same volume: πr2h.
EXERCISE SET 7.3
1. V =∫ 2
12πx(x2)dx = 2π
∫ 2
1x3dx = 15π/2
2. V =∫ √2
02πx(
√4− x2 − x)dx = 2π
∫ √2
0(x√
4− x2 − x2)dx =8π3
(2−√
2)
3. V =∫ 1
02πy(2y − 2y2)dy = 4π
∫ 1
0(y2 − y3)dy = π/3
4. V =∫ 2
02πy[y − (y2 − 2)]dy = 2π
∫ 2
0(y2 − y3 + 2y)dy = 16π/3
5. V =∫ 1
02π(x)(x3)dx
= 2π∫ 1
0x4dx = 2π/5
–1 1
–1
1
x
y
y = x3
6. V =∫ 9
42πx(
√x)dx
= 2π∫ 9
4x3/2dx = 844π/5
–9 –4 4 9
1
2
3
x
y
y = √x
7. V =∫ 3
12πx(1/x)dx = 2π
∫ 3
1dx = 4π
–3 –1 1 3
y = x1
x
y
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 17 Page number 306 black
306 Chapter 7
8. V =∫ √π/2
02πx cos(x2)dx = π/
√2
√p2
x
y
y = cos (x2)
9. V =∫ 2
12πx[(2x− 1)− (−2x+ 3)]dx
= 8π∫ 2
1(x2 − x)dx = 20π/3
(2, 3)
(2, –1)
(1, 1)
x
y
10. V =∫ 2
02πx(2x− x2)dx
= 2π∫ 2
0(2x2 − x3)dx =
83π
2
x
yy = 2x – x2
11. V = 2π∫ 1
0
x
x2 + 1dx
= π ln(x2 + 1)]1
0= π ln 2
–1 1
1
x
y
y = 1x2 + 1
12. V =∫ √3
12πxex
2dx = πex
2]√3
1= π(e3 − e)
-√3 -1 1 √3
10
20
x
y
y = ex 2
13. V =∫ 1
02πy3dy = π/2
1
x
y
x = y2
14. V =∫ 3
22πy(2y)dy = 4π
∫ 3
2y2dy = 76π/3
23
x
y
x = 2y
15. V =∫ 1
02πy(1−√y)dy
= 2π∫ 1
0(y − y3/2)dy = π/5 1
x
y
y = √x
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 18 Page number 307 black
Exercise Set 7.3 307
16. V =∫ 4
12πy(5− y − 4/y)dy
= 2π∫ 4
1(5y − y2 − 4)dy = 9π
(1, 4)
(4, 1)x
y
x = 5 – y
x = 4/y
17. V = 2π∫ 2
1xex dx = 2π(x− 1)ex
]2
1= 2πe2 18. V = 2π
∫ π/2
0x cosxdx = π2 − 2π
19. The volume is given by 2π∫ k
0x sinx dx = 2π(sin k − k cos k) = 8; solve for k to get
k = 1.736796.
20. (a)∫ b
a
2πx[f(x)− g(x)]dx (b)∫ d
c
2πy[f(y)− g(y)]dy
21. (a) V =∫ 1
02πx(x3 − 3x2 + 2x)dx = 7π/30
(b) much easier; the method of slicing would require that x be expressed in terms of y.
–1 1
x
y
y = x3 – 3x2 + 2x
22. Let a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b be a partition of [a, b]. Let x∗k be the midpoint of[xk−1, xk].Revolve the strip xk−1 < x < xk, 0 < y < f(x∗k) about the line x = k. The result is acylindrical shell, a large coin with a very large hole through the center. The volume of the shell is∆Vk = 2π(x−k)f(x∗k)∆xk, just as the volume of a ring of average radius r, height y and thicknessh is 2πryh. Summing these volumes of cylindrical shells and taking the limit as max∆xk goes to
zero, we obtain V = 2π∫ b
a
(x− k)f(x) dx
23. V =∫ 2
12π(x+ 1)(1/x3)dx
= 2π∫ 2
1(x−2 + x−3)dx = 7π/4
–1 x 21x
y
y = 1/x3
x + 1
24. V =∫ 1
02π(1− y)y1/3dy
= 2π∫ 1
0(y1/3 − y4/3)dy = 9π/14
1
x
y
1 – y x = y1/3
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 19 Page number 308 black
308 Chapter 7
25. x =h
r(r − y) is an equation of the line
through (0, r) and (h, 0) so
V =∫ r
02πy
[h
r(r − y)
]dy
=2πhr
∫ r
0(ry − y2)dy = πr2h/3
x
y(0, r)
(h, 0)
26. V =∫ k/4
02π(k/2− x)2
√kxdx
= 2π√k
∫ k/4
0(kx1/2 − 2x3/2)dx = 7πk3/60
x
y
x = k/2
k/2 – x
x = k/4
y = √kx
y = –√kx
27. Let the sphere have radius R, the hole radius r. By the Pythagorean Theorem, r2 + (L/2)2 = R2.Use cylindrical shells to calculate the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axisthe region r < x < R, −
√R2 − x2 < y <
√R2 − x2:
V =∫ R
r
(2πx)2√R2 − x2 dx = −4
3π(R2 − x2)3/2
]Rr
=43π(L/2)3,
so the volume is independent of R.
28. V =∫ a
−a2π(b− x)(2
√a2 − x2)dx
= 4πb∫ a
−a
√a2 − x2dx− 4π
∫ a
−ax√a2 − x2dx
= 4πb · (area of a semicircle of radius a)− 4π(0)
= 2π2a2b
a–ax
y
√a2 – x2
–√a2 – x2
b – x
x = b
29. Vx = π
∫ b
1/2
1x2 dx = π(2− 1/b), Vy = 2π
∫ b
1/2dx = π(2b− 1);
Vx = Vy if 2− 1/b = 2b− 1, 2b2 − 3b+ 1 = 0, solve to get b = 1/2 (reject) or b = 1.
30. (a) V = 2π∫ b
1
x
1 + x4 dx = π tan−1(x2)]b
1= π
[tan−1(b2)− π
4
]
(b) limb→+∞
V = π(π2− π
4
)=
14π2
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 20 Page number 309 black
11. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (−2 sin 2t)2 + (2 cos 2t)2 = 4, L =∫ π/2
02 dt = π
12. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (− sin t+ sin t+ t cos t)2 + (cos t− cos t+ t sin t)2 = t2,
L =∫ π
0t dt = π2/2
13. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = [et(cos t− sin t)]2 + [et(cos t+ sin t)]2 = 2e2t,
L =∫ π/2
0
√2etdt =
√2(eπ/2 − 1)
14. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (2et cos t)2 + (−2et sin t)2 = 4e2t, L =∫ 4
12etdt = 2(e4 − e)
15. dy/dx =secx tanx
secx= tanx,
√1 + (y′)2 =
√1 + tan2 x = secx when 0 < x < π/4, so
L =∫ π/4
0secx dx = ln(1 +
√2)
16. dy/dx =cosxsinx
= cotx,√
1 + (y′)2 =√
1 + cot2 x = cscx when π/4 < x < π/2, so
L =∫ π/2
π/4cscx dx = − ln(
√2− 1) = − ln
(√2− 1√2 + 1
(√
2 + 1)
)= ln(1 +
√2)
17. (a)
(–1, 1)
(8, 4)
x
y (b) dy/dx does not exist at x = 0.
(c) x = g(y) = y3/2, g′(y) =32y1/2,
L =∫ 1
0
√1 + 9y/4 dy (portion for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0)
+∫ 4
0
√1 + 9y/4 dy (portion for 0 ≤ x ≤ 8)
=827
(138
√13− 1
)+
827
(10√
10− 1) = (13√
13 + 80√
10− 16)/27
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 22 Page number 311 black
Exercise Set 7.4 311
18. For (4), express the curve y = f(x) in the parametric form x = t, y = f(t) so dx/dt = 1 anddy/dt = f ′(t) = f ′(x) = dy/dx. For (5), express x = g(y) as x = g(t), y = t sodx/dt = g′(t) = g′(y) = dx/dy and dy/dt = 1.
19. (a) The function y = f(x) = x2 is inverse to the functionx = g(y) =
√y : f(g(y)) = y for 1/4 ≤ y ≤ 4, and
g(f(x)) = x for 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Geometrically thismeans that the graphs of y = f(x) and x = g(y) aresymmetric to each other with respect to the line y = xand hence have the same arc length.
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
x
y
(b) L1 =∫ 2
1/2
√1 + (2x)2 dx and L2 =
∫ 4
1/4
√1 +
(1
2√x
)2
dx
Make the change of variables x =√y in the first integral to obtain
L1 =∫ 4
1/4
√1 + (2
√y)2 1
2√ydy =
∫ 4
1/4
√(1
2√y
)2
+ 1 dy = L2
(c) L1 =∫ 2
1/2
√1 + (2y)2 dy, L2 =
∫ 4
1/4
√1 +
(1
2√y
)2
dy
(d) For L1, ∆x =320, xk =
12
+ k320
=3k + 10
20, and thus
L1 ≈10∑k=1
√(∆x)2 + [f(xk)− (f(xk−1)]2
=10∑k=1
√(320
)2
+(
(3k + 10)2 − (3k + 7)2
400
)2
≈ 4.072396336
For L2, ∆x =1540
=38, xk =
14
+3k8
=3k + 2
8, and thus
L2 ≈10∑k=1
√√√√(38
)2
+
[√3k + 2
8−√
3k − 18
]2
≈ 4.071626502
(e) The expression for L1 is better, perhaps because L1 has in general a smaller slope and soapproximations of the true slope are better.
(f) For L1, ∆x =320
, the midpoint is x∗k =12
+(k − 1
2
)320
=6k + 17
40, and thus
L1 ≈10∑k=1
320
√1 +
(26k + 17
40
)2
≈ 4.072396336.
For L2,∆x =1540
, and the midpoint is x∗k =14
+(k − 1
2
)1540
=6k + 1
16, and thus
L2 ≈10∑k=1
1540
√1 +
(46k + 1
16
)−1
≈ 4.066160149
(g) L1 =∫ 2
1/2
√1 + (2x)2 dx ≈ 4.0729, L2 =
∫ 4
1/4
√1 +
(1
2√x
)2
dx ≈ 4.0729
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 23 Page number 312 black
312 Chapter 7
20. (a) The function y = f(x) = x8/3 is inverse to the functionx = g(y) = y3/8 : f(g(y)) = y for 10−8 ≤ y ≤ 1 andg(f(x)) = x for 10−3 ≤ x ≤ 1. Geometrically thismeans that the graphs of y = f(x) and x = g(y) aresymmetric to each other with respect to the line y = x.
0.2 0.6 1
0.2
0.6
1
x
y
(b) L1 =∫ 1
10−3
√1 +
(83x5/3
)2
dx,
L2 =∫ 1
10−8
√1 +
(38x−5/8
)2
dx;
In the expression for L1 make the change of variable y = x8/3. Then
L1 =∫ 1
10−8
√1 +
(83y5/8
)2 38y−5/8 dy =
∫ 1
10−8
√(38y−5/8
)2
+ 1 dy = L2
(c) L1 =∫ 1
10−3
√1 +
(83y5/3
)2
dy, L2 =∫ 1
10−8
√1 +
(38y−5/8
)2
dy;
(d) For L1, ∆x =999
10000, xk =
11000
+ k999
10000, and thus
L1 ≈10∑k=1
√(∆x)2 + [f(xk)− f(xk−1)]2
=10∑k=1
√√√√( 99910000
)2
+
[(1
1000+
999k10000
)8/3
−(
11000
+999(k − 1)
10000
)8/3]2
≈ 1.524983407
For L2, ∆y =99999999
1000000000, yk = 10−8 + k
999999991000000000
, and thus
L2 ≈10∑k=1
√(∆y)2 + [g(yk)− g(yk−1)]
2 ≈ 1.518667833
(e) The expression for L1 is better, perhaps because the second curve has a very steep slope forsmall values of x, and approximations of such large numbers are less accurate.
(f) For L1, ∆x =999
10000, the midpoint is x∗k = 10−3 +
(k − 1
2
)999
10000, and thus
L1 ≈10∑k=1
99910000
√1 +
(83(x∗k)5/3
)2
≈ 1.524166463.
For L2,∆y =99999999
1000000000, the midpoint is y∗k = 10−8 +
(k − 1
2
)99999999
1000000000and thus
L2 ≈10∑k=1
√1 + (g′(y∗k)2 ∆y ≈ 1.347221106
(g) L1 =∫ 1
10−3
√1 +
(83x5/3
)2
≈ 1.525898203, L2 =∫ 1
10−8
√1 +
(38y−5/8
)2
dy ≈ 1.526898203
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 24 Page number 313 black
Exercise Set 7.4 313
21. (a) The function y = f(x) = tanx is inverse to the func-tion x = g(y) = tan−1 x : f(g(y)) = y for 0 ≤ y ≤
√3,
and g(f(x)) = x for 0 ≤ x ≤ π/3. Geometrically thismeans that the graphs of y = f(x) and x = g(y) aresymmetric to each other with respect to the line y = x.
0.5 1 1.5 2
0.5
1
1.5
2
x
y
(b) L1 =∫ π/3
0
√1 + sec4 x dx, L2 =
∫ √3
0
√1 +
1(1 + x2)2 dx;
In the expression for L1 make the change of variabley = tanx to obtain
L1 =∫ √3
0
√1 + (
√1 + y2)4 1
1 + y2 dy =∫ √3
0
√1
(1 + y2)2 + 1 dy = L2
(c) L1 =∫ π/3
0
√1 + sec4 y dy, L2 =
∫ √3
0
√1 +
1(1 + y2)2 dy;
(d) For L1, ∆xk =π
30, xk = k
π
30, and thus
L1 ≈10∑k=1
√(∆xk)2 + [f(xk)− (f(xk−1)]2
=10∑k=1
√( π
30
)2+ [tan(kπ/30)− tan((k − 1)π/30)]2 ≈ 2.056603923
For L2, ∆xk =√
310
, xk = k
√3
10, and thus
L2 ≈10∑k=1
√√√√(√310
)2
+
[tan−1
(k
√3
10
)− tan−1
((k − 1)
√3
10
)]2
≈ 2.056724591
(e) The expression for L2 is slightly more accurate. The slope of tanx is on average greater thanthe slope of tan−1 x as indicated in the graph in Part (a).
(f) For L1, ∆xk =π
30, the midpoint is x∗k =
(k − 1
2
)π
30, and thus
L1 ≈10∑k=1
π
30
√1 + sec4
[(k − 1
2
)π
30
]≈ 2.050944217.
For L2,∆xk =√
310
, and the midpoint is x∗k =(k − 1
2
) √3
10, and thus
L2 ≈10∑k=1
√3
10
√1 +
1((x∗k)2 + 1)2 ≈ 2.057065139
(g) L1 =∫ π/3
0
√1 + sec4 x dx ≈ 2.0570
L2 =∫ √3
0
√1 +
1(12 + y2)2 dx ≈ 2.0570
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 25 Page number 314 black
314 Chapter 7
22. 0 ≤ m ≤ f ′(x) ≤M , so m2 ≤ [f ′(x)]2 ≤M2, and 1 +m2 ≤ 1 + [f ′(x)]2 ≤ 1 +M2; thus√
1 +m2 ≤√
1 + [f ′(x)]2 ≤√
1 +M2,∫ b
a
√1 +m2dx ≤
∫ b
a
√1 + [f ′(x)]2dx ≤
∫ b
a
√1 +M2 dx, and
(b− a)√
1 +m2 ≤ L ≤ (b− a)√
1 +M2
23. f ′(x) = secx tanx, 0 ≤ secx tanx ≤ 2√
3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π/3 soπ
3≤ L ≤ π
3
√13.
24. The distance is∫ 4.6
0
√1 + (2.09− 0.82x)2 dx ≈ 6.65 m
25. L =∫ π
0
√1 + (k cosx)2 dx 1 2 1.84 1.83 1.832
3.8202 5.2704 5.0135 4.9977 5.0008
k
L
Experimentation yields the values in the table, which by the Intermediate-Value Theorem showthat the true solution k to L = 5 lies between k = 1.83 and k = 1.832, so k = 1.83 to two decimalplaces.
26. (a)
100 200
–1.6
–1.2
–0.8
–0.4
xy (b) The maximum deflection occurs at
x = 96 inches (the midpointof the beam) and is about 1.42 in.
(c) The length of the centerline is∫ 192
0
√1 + (dy/dx)2 dx = 192.026 in.
27. y = 0 at x = b = 30.585; distance =∫ b
0
√1 + (12.54− 0.82x)2 dx = 196.306 yd
28. (a) (dx/dθ)2 + (dy/dθ)2 = (a(1− cos θ))2 + (a sin θ)2 = a2(2− 2 cos θ), so
32. x′ = −2 sin t cos t, y′ = 2 sin t cos t, (x′)2 + (y′)2 = 8 sin2 t cos2 t
S = 2π∫ π/2
0cos2 t
√8 sin2 t cos2 t dt = 4
√2π∫ π/2
0cos3 t sin t dt =
√2π
33. x′ = −r sin t, y′ = r cos t, (x′)2 + (y′)2 = r2,
S = 2π∫ π
0r sin t
√r2 dt = 2πr2
∫ π
0sin t dt = 4πr2
34.dx
dφ= a(1− cosφ),
dy
dφ= a sinφ,
(dx
dφ
)2+(dy
dφ
)2= 2a2(1− cosφ)
S = 2π∫ 2π
0a(1− cosφ)
√2a2(1− cosφ) dφ = 2
√2πa2
∫ 2π
0(1− cosφ)3/2dφ,
but 1− cosφ = 2 sin2 φ
2so (1− cosφ)3/2 = 2
√2 sin3 φ
2for 0 ≤ φ ≤ π and, taking advantage of the
symmetry of the cycloid, S = 16πa2∫ π
0sin3 φ
2dφ = 64πa2/3.
35. x′ = et(cos t− sin t), y′ = et(cos t+ sin t), (x′)2 + (y′)2 = 2e2t
S = 2π∫ π/2
0(et sin t)
√2e2tdt = 2
√2π∫ π/2
0e2t sin t dt
= 2√
2π[15e2t(2 sin t− cos t)
]π/20
=2√
25
π(2eπ + 1)
36. For (4), express the curve y = f(x) in the parametric form x = t, y = f(t) so dx/dt = 1 anddy/dt = f ′(t) = f ′(x) = dy/dx. For (5), express x = g(y) as x = g(t), y = t so
dx/dt = g′(t) = g′(y) = dx/dy and dy/dt = 1.
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 30 Page number 319 black
Exercise Set 7.6 319
EXERCISE SET 7.6
1. (a) fave =1
4− 0
∫ 4
02x dx = 4
(b) 2x∗ = 4, x∗ = 2
(c)
2 4
4
8
x
y
2. (a) fave =1
2− 0
∫ 2
0x2dx = 4/3
(b) (x∗)2 = 4/3, x∗ = ±2/√
3,but only 2/
√3 is in [0, 2]
(c)
2
4
x
y
23
3. fave =1
3− 1
∫ 3
13x dx =
34x2]3
1= 6
4. fave =1
8− (−1)
∫ 8
−1x1/3 dx =
1934x4/3
]8
−1=
54
5. fave =1π
∫ π
0sinx dx = − 1
πcosx
]π0
=2π
6. fave =3π
∫ π/3
0secx tanx dx =
3π
secx]π/3
0=
3π
7. fave =1
e− 1
∫ e
1
1xdx =
1e− 1
(ln e− ln 1) =1
e− 1
8. fave =1
1 + ln 5
∫ ln 5
−1ex dx =
11 + ln 5
(5− e−1)
9. fave =1√
3− 1
∫ √3
1
dx
1 + x2 =1√
3− 1tan−1 x
]√3
1=
1√3− 1
(π3− π
4
)=
1√3− 1
π
12
10. fave = 2∫ 0
−1/2
dx√1− x2
= 2 sin−1 x
]0
−1/2=
π
3
11.1
2− 0
∫ 2
0
x
(5x2 + 1)2 dx = −12
110
15x2 + 1
∣∣∣∣∣2
0
=121
12. fave =1
1/4− (−1/4)
∫ 1/4
−1/4sec2 πxdx =
2π
tanπx
]1/4
−1/4
=4π
13. fave =14
∫ 4
0e−2x dx = −1
8e−2x
]4
0=
18(1− e−8)
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 31 Page number 320 black
(d) Parts (a) and (b) can be interpreted as being two Riemann sums (n = 5, n = 20) for theaverage, using right endpoints. Since f is increasing, these sums overestimate the integral.
16. (a)41472520
≈ 1.645634921 (b)388477567232792560
≈ 1.668771403
(c) fave =∫ 2
1
(1 +
1x
)dx = (x+ lnx)
]2
1= 1 + ln 2 ≈ 1.693147181
(d) Parts (a) and (b) can be interpreted as being two Riemann sums (n = 5, n = 10) for theaverage, using right endpoints. Since f is decreasing, these sums underestimate the integral.
17. (a)∫ 3
0v(t) dt =
∫ 2
0(1− t) dt+
∫ 3
2(t− 3) dt = −1
2, so vave = −1
6
(b)∫ 3
0v(t) dt =
∫ 1
0t dt+
∫ 2
1dt+
∫ 3
2(−2t+ 5) dt =
12
+ 1 + 0 =32, so vave =
12
18. Find v = f(t) such that∫ 5
0f(t) dt = 10, f(t) ≥ 0, f ′(5) = f ′(0) = 0. Let f(t) = ct(5 − t); then
∫ 5
0ct(5−t) dt =
[52ct2 − 1
3ct3] ]5
0= c
(1252− 125
3
)=
125c6
= 10, c =1225
, so v = f(t) =1225t(5−t)
satisfies all the conditions.
19. Linear means f(αx1 + βx2) = αf(x1) + βf(x2), so f
(a+ b
2
)=
12f(a) +
12f(b) =
f(a) + f(b)2
.
20. Suppose a(t) represents acceleration, and that a(t) = a0 for a ≤ t ≤ b. Then the velocity is given
by v(t) = a0t + v0, and the average velocity =1
b− a
∫ b
a
(a0t + v0) dt =a0
2(b + a) + v0, and the
velocity at the midpoint is v(a+ b
2
)= a0
a+ b
2+ v0 which proves the result.
21. (a) vave =1
4− 1
∫ 4
1(3t3 + 2)dt =
137894
=2634
(b) vave =s(4)− s(1)
4− 1=
100− 73
= 31
22. (a) aave =1
5− 0
∫ 5
0(t+ 1)dt = 7/2
(b) aave =v(π/4)− v(0)
π/4− 0=√
2/2− 1π/4
= (2√
2− 4)/π
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 32 Page number 321 black
Exercise Set 7.6 321
23. time to fill tank = (volume of tank)/(rate of filling) = [π(3)25]/(1) = 45π, weight of water in tankat time t = (62.4) (rate of filling)(time) = 62.4t,
weightave =1
45π
∫ 45π
062.4t dt = 1404π lb
24. (a) If x is the distance from the cooler end, then the temperature is T (x) = (15 + 1.5x)◦ C, and
Tave =1
10− 0
∫ 10
0(15 + 1.5x)dx = 22.5◦ C
(b) By the Mean-Value Theorem for Integrals there exists x∗ in [0, 10] such that
2 · 2366/3, so t ≈ 39.716, so during the 40th week.
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 33 Page number 322 black
322 Chapter 7
EXERCISE SET 7.7
1. (a) W = F · d = 30(7) = 210 ft·lb
(b) W =∫ 6
1F (x) dx =
∫ 6
1x−2 dx = − 1
x
]6
1= 5/6 ft·lb
2. W =∫ 5
0F (x) dx =
∫ 2
040 dx−
∫ 5
2
403
(x− 5) dx = 80 + 60 = 140 J
3. Since W =∫ b
a
F (x) dx = the area under the curve, it follows that d < 2.5 since the area increases
faster under the left part of the curve. In fact, Wd =∫ d
0F (x) dx = 40d, and
W =∫ 5
0F (x) dx = 140, so d = 7/4.
4. W d =∫ d
0F (x) dx, so total work =
∫ b
a
F (x) dx whereas Fave =1
b− a
∫ b
a
F (x) dx, so that the
average is the work divided by the length of the interval.
5. The calculus book has displacement zero, so no work is done holding it.
6. One Newton is the same as 0.445 lb, so 40N is 17.8 lb.
distance traveled =∫ 5
02t dt+
∫ 15
5(15− t) dt = 25 + 50 ft. The force is a constant 17.8 lb, so the
work done is 17.8 · 75 = 1335 ft·lb.
7. distance traveled =∫ 5
0v(t) dt =
∫ 5
0
4t5dt =
25t2]5
0= 10 ft. The force is a constant 10 lb, so the
work done is 10 · 10 = 100 ft·lb.
8. (a) F (x) = kx, F (0.05) = 0.05k = 45, k = 900 N/m
(b) W =∫ 0.03
0900x dx = 0.405 J (c) W =
∫ 0.10
0.05900x dx = 3.375 J
9. F (x) = kx, F (0.2) = 0.2k = 100, k = 500 N/m, W =∫ 0.8
0500xdx = 160 J
10. F (x) = kx, F (1/2) = k/2 = 6, k = 12N/m, W =∫ 2
012x dx = 24 J
11. W =∫ 1
0kx dx = k/2 = 10, k = 20 lb/ft
12. W =∫ 6
0(9− x)62.4(25π)dx
= 1560π∫ 6
0(9− x)dx = 56,160π ft·lb 9 - x
x
0
6
95
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 34 Page number 323 black
Exercise Set 7.7 323
13. W =∫ 6
0(9− x)ρ(25π)dx = 900πρ ft·lb
14. r/10 = x/15, r = 2x/3,
W =∫ 10
0(15− x)62.4(4πx2/9)dx
=83.23
π
∫ 10
0(15x2 − x3)dx
= 208, 000π/3 ft·lb
15 – x
x
0
10
1510
r
3 – x
x
0
2
34
w(x)
15. w/4 = x/3, w = 4x/3,
W =∫ 2
0(3− x)(9810)(4x/3)(6)dx
= 78480∫ 2
0(3x− x2)dx
= 261, 600 J
3
2
0
–2
3 – x
x
w(x)
2
16. w = 2√
4− x2
W =∫ 2
−2(3− x)(50)(2
√4− x2)(10)dx
= 3000∫ 2
−2
√4− x2dx− 1000
∫ 2
−2x√
4− x2dx
= 3000[π(2)2/2]− 0 = 6000π ft·lb
0
109 10 – xx
20 15
17. (a) W =∫ 9
0(10− x)62.4(300)dx
= 18,720∫ 9
0(10− x)dx
= 926,640 ft·lb
(b) to empty the pool in one hour would require926,640/3600 = 257.4 ft·lb of work per secondso hp of motor = 257.4/550 = 0.468
18. W =∫ 9
0x(62.4)(300) dx = 18,720
∫ 9
0x dx = (81/2)18,720 = 758,160 ft·lb
19. W =∫ 100
015(100− x)dx
= 75, 000 ft·lb100
0
100 – x
x
Pulley
Chain
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 35 Page number 324 black
324 Chapter 7
20. The total time of winding the rope is (20 ft)/(2 ft/s) = 10 s. During the time interval from time tto time t+ ∆t the work done is ∆W = F (t) ·∆x.
The distance ∆x = 2∆t, and the force F (t) is given by the weight w(t) of the bucket, rope andwater at time t. The bucket and its remaining water together weigh (3+20)− t/2 lb, and the ropeis 20− 2t ft long and weighs 4(20− 2t) oz or 5− t/2 lb. Thus at time t the bucket, water and ropetogether weigh w(t) = 23− t/2 + 5− t/2 = 28− t lb.
The amount of work done in the time interval from time t to time t+ ∆t is thus∆W = (28− t)2∆t, and the total work done is
W = limn→+∞
∑(28− t)2∆t =
∫ 10
0(28− t)2 dt = 2(28t− t2/2)
∣∣∣10
0= 460 ft·lb.
3000
0
xRocket
21. When the rocket is x ft above the ground
total weight = weight of rocket + weight of fuel
= 3 + [40− 2(x/1000)]
= 43− x/500 tons,
W =∫ 3000
0(43− x/500)dx = 120, 000 ft·tons
0–a ax
BA
22. Let F (x) be the force needed to holdcharge A at position x, then
2. (a) F = PA = 6 · 105(160) = 9.6× 107 N (b) F = PA = 100(60) = 6000 lb
3. F =∫ 2
062.4x(4)dx
= 249.6∫ 2
0x dx = 499.2 lb
2
0 4
x
4. F =∫ 3
19810x(4)dx
= 39,240∫ 3
1x dx
= 156,960N
3
1
04
x
5. F =∫ 5
09810x(2
√25− x2)dx
= 19,620∫ 5
0x(25− x2)1/2dx
= 8.175× 105 N
50
5
x y = √25 – x2
y
2√25 – x2
6. By similar triangles
w(x)4
=2√
3− x
2√
3, w(x) =
2√3(2√
3− x),
F =∫ 2√
3
062.4x
[2√3(2√
3− x)]dx
=124.8√
3
∫ 2√
3
0(2√
3x− x2)dx = 499.2 lb
2√3
0 4
4 4
xw(x)
7. By similar trianglesw(x)
6=
10− x
8
w(x) =34(10− x),
F =∫ 10
29810x
[34(10− x)
]dx
= 7357.5∫ 10
2(10x− x2)dx = 1,098,720 N
10
2
0
xw(x)
8
6
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 37 Page number 326 black
326 Chapter 7
8. w(x) = 16 + 2u(x), but
u(x)4
=12− x
8so u(x) =
12(12− x),
w(x) = 16 + (12− x) = 28− x,
F =∫ 12
462.4x(28− x)dx
= 62.4∫ 12
4(28x− x2)dx = 77,209.6 lb.
12
4 4
16
4
0
xw(x)
u(x)
9. Yes: if ρ2 = 2ρ1 then F2 =∫ b
a
ρ2h(x)w(x) dx =∫ b
a
2ρ1h(x)w(x) dx = 2∫ b
a
ρ1h(x)w(x) dx = 2F1.
10. F =∫ 2
050x(2
√4− x2)dx
= 100∫ 2
0x(4− x2)1/2dx
= 800/3 lb
20
x
y
2√4 – x2
y = √4 – x2
0
x
x
√2a
√2a√2a/2
w1(x)
w2(x)aa
aa
11. Find the forces on the upper and lower halves and add them:
w1(x)√2a
=x√2a/2
, w1(x) = 2x
F1 =∫ √2a/2
0ρx(2x)dx = 2ρ
∫ √2a/2
0x2dx =
√2ρa3/6,
w2(x)√2a
=√
2a− x√2a/2
, w2(x) = 2(√
2a− x)
F2 =∫ √2a
√2a/2
ρx[2(√
2a− x)]dx = 2ρ∫ √2a
√2a/2
(√
2ax− x2)dx =√
2ρa3/3,
F = F1 + F2 =√
2ρa3/6 +√
2ρa3/3 = ρa3/√
2 lb
12. If a constant vertical force is applied to a flat plate which is horizontal and the magnitude of theforce is F , then, if the plate is tilted so as to form an angle θ with the vertical, the magnitude ofthe force on the plate decreases to F cos θ.
Suppose that a flat surface is immersed, at an angle θ with the vertical, in a fluid of weight densityρ, and that the submerged portion of the surface extends from x = a to x = b along an x-axiswhose positive diretion is not necessarily down, but is slanted.
Following the derivation of equation (8), we divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals
a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b. Then the magnitude Fk of the force on the plate satisfies theinequalities ρh(xk−1)Ak cos θ ≤ Fk ≤ ρh(xk)Ak cos θ, or equivalently that
h(xk−1) ≤Fk sec θρAk
≤ h(xk). Following the argument in the text we arrive at the desired equation
F =∫ b
a
ρh(x)w(x) sec θ dx.
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 38 Page number 327 black
Exercise Set 7.8 327
16
104
4
0
4
4√17
x
h(x)
13.√
162 + 42 =√
272 = 4√
17 is theother dimension of the bottom.(h(x)− 4)/4 = x/(4
√17)
h(x) = x/√
17 + 4,sec θ = 4
√17/16 =
√17/4
F =∫ 4√
17
062.4(x/
√17 + 4)10(
√17/4) dx
= 156√
17∫ 4√
17
0(x/√
17 + 4)dx
= 63,648 lb
14. If we lower the water level by y ft then the force F1 is computed as in Exercise 13, but with h(x)replaced by h1(x) = x/
√17 + 4− y, and we obtain
F1 = F − y
∫ 4√
17
062.4(10)
√17/4 dx = F − 624(17)y = 63,648− 10,608y.
If F1 = F/2 then 63,648/2 = 63,648− 10,608y, y = 63,648/(2 · 10,608) = 3,
so the water level should be reduced by 3 ft.
15. h(x) = x sin 60◦ =√
3x/2,
θ = 30◦, sec θ = 2/√
3,
F =∫ 100
09810(
√3x/2)(200)(2/
√3) dx
= 200 · 9810∫ 100
0x dx
= 9810 · 1003 = 9.81× 109 N
xh(x)
200
100
0
60°
16. F =∫ h+2
h
ρ0x(2)dx
= 2ρ0
∫ h+2
h
x dx
= 4ρ0(h+ 1)
h + 2
h
0
2
2x
h
17. (a) From Exercise 16, F = 4ρ0(h + 1) so (assuming that ρ0 is constant) dF/dt = 4ρ0(dh/dt)which is a positive constant if dh/dt is a positive constant.
(b) If dh/dt = 20 then dF/dt = 80ρ0 lb/min from Part (a).
18. (a) Let h1 and h2 be the maximum and minimum depths of the disk Dr. The pressure P (r) onone side of the disk satisfies inequality (5):ρh1 ≤ P (r) ≤ ρh2. But
limr→0+
h1 = limr→0+
h2 = h, and hence
ρh = limr→0+
ρh1 ≤ limr→0+
P (r) ≤ limr→0+
ρh2 = ρh, so limr→0+
P (r) = ρh.
(b) The disks Dr in Part (a) have no particular direction (the axes of the disks have arbitrarydirection). Thus P , the limiting value of P (r), is independent of direction.
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 39 Page number 328 black
(b) The highest point is at x = b, the lowest at x = 0,so S = a cosh(b/a)− a cosh(0) = a cosh(b/a)− a.
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 44 Page number 333 black
Exercise Set 7.9 333
71. From Part (b) of Exercise 70, S = a cosh(b/a) − a so 30 = a cosh(200/a) − a. Let u = 200/a,then a = 200/u so 30 = (200/u)[coshu − 1], coshu − 1 = 0.15u. If f(u) = coshu − 0.15u − 1,
a ≈ 671.6079505. From Part (a), L = 2a sinh(b/a) ≈ 2(671.6079505) sinh(0.297792782) ≈ 405.9 ft.
72. From Part (a) of Exercise 70, L = 2a sinh(b/a) so 120 = 2a sinh(50/a), a sinh(50/a) = 60. Letu = 50/a, then a = 50/u so (50/u) sinhu = 60, sinhu = 1.2u. If f(u) = sinhu − 1.2u, then
un+1 = un −sinhun − 1.2uncoshun − 1.2
;u1 = 1, . . . , u5 = u6 = 1.064868548 ≈ 50/a so a ≈ 46.95415231.
From Part (b), S = a cosh(b/a)− a ≈ 46.95415231[cosh(1.064868548)− 1] ≈ 29.2 ft.
73. Set a = 68.7672, b = 0.0100333, c = 693.8597, d = 299.2239.
(a) 650
0–300 300
(b) L = 2∫ d
0
√1 + a2b2 sinh2 bx dx
= 1480.2798 ft
(c) x = 283.6249 ft (d) 82◦
74. (a)
1
1
2
t
r (b) r = 1 when t ≈ 0.673080 s.
(c) dr/dt = 4.48 m/s.
75. (a) When the bow of the boat is at the point (x, y) and the person has walked a distance D,then the person is located at the point (0, D), the line segment connecting (0, D) and (x, y)has length a; thus a2 = x2 + (D − y)2, D = y +
√a2 − x2 = a sech−1(x/a).
(b) Find D when a = 15, x = 10: D = 15 sech−1(10/15) = 15 ln
(1 +
√5/9
2/3
)≈ 14.44 m.
(c) dy/dx = − a2
x√a2 − x2
+x√
a2 − x2=
1√a2 − x2
[−a
2
x+ x
]= − 1
x
√a2 − x2,
1 + [y′]2 = 1 +a2 − x2
x2 =a2
x2 ; with a = 15 and x = 5, L =∫ 15
5
225x2 dx = −225
x
]15
5= 30 m.
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 45 Page number 334 black
334 Chapter 7
REVIEW EXERCISES, CHAPTER 7
6. (a) A =∫ 2
0(2 + x− x2) dx (b) A =
∫ 2
0
√y dy +
∫ 4
2[(√y − (y − 2)] dy
(c) V = π
∫ 2
0[(2 + x)2 − x4] dx
(d) V = 2π∫ 2
0y√y dy + 2π
∫ 4
2y[√y − (y − 2)] dy
(e) V = 2π∫ 2
0x(2 + x− x2) dx (f) V = π
∫ 2
0y dy +
∫ 4
2π(y − (y − 2)2) dy
(g) V = π
∫ 2
0[(2 + x+ 3)2 − (x2 + 3)2] dx (h) V = 2π
∫ 2
0[2 + x− x2](5− x) dx
7. (a) A =∫ b
a
(f(x)− g(x)) dx+∫ c
b
(g(x)− f(x)) dx+∫ d
c
(f(x)− g(x)) dx
(b) A =∫ 0
−1(x3 − x) dx+
∫ 1
0(x− x3) dx+
∫ 2
1(x3 − x) dx =
14
+14
+94
=114
8. distance =∫|v| dt, so
(a) distance =∫ 60
0(3t− t2/20) dt = 1800 ft.
(b) If T ≤ 60 then distance =∫ T
0(3t− t2/20) dt =
32T 2 − 1
60T 3 ft.
9. Find where the curves cross: set x3 = 4x2, by observation x = 2 is a solution. Then
V = π
∫ 2
0[(x2 + 4)2 − (x3)2] dx =
4352105
π.
10. V = 2∫ L/2
0π16R2
L4 (x2 − L2/4)2 =4π15
LR2 11. V =∫ 4
1
(√x− 1√
x
)2
dx = 2 ln 2 +32
12. (a) π
∫ 1
0(sin−1 x)2dx. (b) 2π
∫ π/2
0y(1− sin y)dy.
13. By implicit differentiationdy
dx= −
(yx
)1/3, so 1 +
(dy
dx
)2= 1 +
(yx
)2/3=
x2/3 + y2/3
x2/3 =4
x2/3 ,
L =∫ −1
−8
2(−x)1/3 dx = 9.
14. (a) L =∫ ln 10
0
√1 + (ex)2 dx (b) L =
∫ 10
1
√1 +
1y2 dy
15. A = 2π∫ 16
9
√25− x
√4 +
125− x
dx =(653/2 − 373/2
) π6
January 27, 2005 11:45 L24-CH07 Sheet number 46 Page number 335 black
Review Exercises, Chapter 7 335
16. (a) S =∫ 8/27
02πx
√1 + x−4/3 dx (b) S =
∫ 2
02π
y3
27
√1 + y4/81 dy
(c) S =∫ 2
0π(y + 2)
√1 + y4/81 dy
17. For 0 < x < 3 the area between the curve and the x-axis consists of two triangles of equal areabut of opposite signs, hence 0. For 3 < x < 5 the area is a rectangle of width 2 and height 3.For 5 < x < 7 the area consists of two triangles of equal area but opposite sign, hence 0; and for
7 < x < 10 the curve is given by y = (4t − 37)/3 and∫ 10
7(4t − 37)/3 dt = −3. Thus the desired
average is110
(0 + 6 + 0− 3) = 0.3.
18. fave =1
ln 2− ln(1/2)
∫ ln 2
ln(1/2)(ex + e−x) dx =
12 ln 2
∫ ln 2
− ln 2(ex + e−x) dx =
32 ln 2
19. A cross section of the solid, perpendicular to the x-axis, has area equal to π(secx)2, and the average
of these cross sectional areas is given by A =1π/3
∫ π/3
0π(secx)2 dx =
3ππ tanx
]π/30
= 3√
3
20. The average rate of change of f over [a, b] is1