May 12, 2015
Categories of Brain Categories of Brain ResearchResearch
Examining the Effects of Examining the Effects of Brain DamageBrain Damage
Examining the Effects of Examining the Effects of Stimulating Some Part of Stimulating Some Part of the Brainthe Brain
Recording What Happens Recording What Happens in the Brain During Some in the Brain During Some Kind of BehaviorKind of Behavior
Correlating Brain Anatomy Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behaviorwith Behavior
Effects of Brain Effects of Brain DamageDamage
Broca Discovered An Broca Discovered An Area Associated with Area Associated with Speech ProductionSpeech Production
No 2 People Have the No 2 People Have the Same Kind of DamageSame Kind of Damage
Methods:Methods:Working with Brain Damaged PeopleWorking with Brain Damaged People
Temporarily inactivating part of the brain & Temporarily inactivating part of the brain & studying behaviorstudying behavior
Implanting electrodes into animal brains or Implanting electrodes into animal brains or injecting chemicalsinjecting chemicals
Effects of Brain Effects of Brain StimulationStimulation
With Animals, With Animals, Electrodes can be Electrodes can be ImplantedImplantedWith Humans, With Humans, Magnetic Fields on the Magnetic Fields on the Scalp will StimulateScalp will StimulateStimulation can also Stimulation can also be caused by Injecting be caused by Injecting a Chemical that a Chemical that Stimulates a Stimulates a Particular ReceptorParticular Receptor
Recording Brain Recording Brain ActivityActivity
Positron Emission Positron Emission Tomography Tomography (PET)(PET)Regional Cerebral Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)Blood Flow (rCBF)Functional Functional Magnetic Magnetic Resonance Resonance Imagery (fMRI)Imagery (fMRI)Problem with non-Problem with non-invasive methods invasive methods is interpreting the is interpreting the imagesimages
The Organization of the Nervous The Organization of the Nervous SystemSystem
Nervous SystemNervous System
Central Nervous System(Processes, interprets &
Stores information; issuesOrders to muscles,
Glands, organs)
PeripheralNervous System
(Transmits information to& from the CNS)
BrainSpinal CordSpinal Cord
(Bridge between the brain& peripheral nerves)
Somatic Nervous System(Controls skeletal muscles)
Autonomic Nervous System
(Regulates glands, bloodVessels, & internal organs)
Sympathetic NervousSystem
(Mobilizes body for action,Energy output)
ParasympatheticNervous System(Conserves energy,
Maintains quiet state)
Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms
DorsalDorsal Ventral Ventral Anterior AnteriorPosteriorPosterior Superior Superior Inferior InferiorLateralLateral Medial Medial Proximal ProximalDistalDistal Ipsilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral ContralateralCoronal PlaneCoronal Plane Saggital Plane Horizontal Plane Saggital Plane Horizontal PlaneLaminaLamina Column Column Tract TractNerveNerve Ganglion Ganglion Gyrus GyrusSulcusSulcus FissureFissure
The Spinal The Spinal CordCord
Part of the CNSPart of the CNSCommunicates with the sense organs & muscle Communicates with the sense organs & muscle below the level of the headbelow the level of the head
Sends & receives sensory information to the brain Sends & receives sensory information to the brain & receives commands from the head& receives commands from the head
Bell-Magendie LawBell-Magendie LawDorsal roots enter the spinal cord carrying Dorsal roots enter the spinal cord carrying information from the sensory organsinformation from the sensory organs
Ventral roots exit the spinal cord carrying motor Ventral roots exit the spinal cord carrying motor information to the muscles & glandsinformation to the muscles & glands
Dorsal Root Dorsal Root GangliaGanglia
Gray MatterGray Matter
White MatterWhite Matter
Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous SystemSystem
2 Divisions:2 Divisions:Sympathetic Nervous SystemSympathetic Nervous System““Fight-or-flight” system that prepares Fight-or-flight” system that prepares the body for actionthe body for action
Parasympathetic Nervous Parasympathetic Nervous SystemSystemBrings the body back to normal after Brings the body back to normal after an emergencyan emergency
Also known as Also known as Craniosacral System Craniosacral System because it consists of cranial nerves & because it consists of cranial nerves & nerves from the sacral spinal cordnerves from the sacral spinal cord
11stst Major Division Major DivisionHindbrainHindbrainMedulla, Pons, Reticular Formation & Medulla, Pons, Reticular Formation & CerebellumCerebellum
Medulla controls breathing, heart rate, Medulla controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing & other vital reflexes vomiting, coughing & other vital reflexes through the cranial nervesthrough the cranial nerves
Pons job is sensorimotor control and with Pons job is sensorimotor control and with the medulla deals with blood pressure, the medulla deals with blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, and breathingtemperature, heart rate, and breathing
Cerebellum controls speech production, Cerebellum controls speech production, learning skills, walking, unconscious learning skills, walking, unconscious movements, & coordinates reflexesmovements, & coordinates reflexes
Reticular Formation is involved in alertness, Reticular Formation is involved in alertness, sleep & wakefulness, & is a censor of sleep & wakefulness, & is a censor of incoming informationincoming information
22ndnd Major Division Major DivisionMidbrainMidbrainTectum, Tegmentum & the Substantia Tectum, Tegmentum & the Substantia NigraNigra
Tectum is made up of the Superior & Tectum is made up of the Superior & Inferior Colliculus, both involved in Inferior Colliculus, both involved in processing sensory informationprocessing sensory information
Tegmentum includes part of the Tegmentum includes part of the Reticular Formation, part of the Reticular Formation, part of the Substantia Nigra & the Red Nucleus Substantia Nigra & the Red Nucleus which processes rewarding stimuli & which processes rewarding stimuli & sensorimotor controlsensorimotor control
Substantia Nigra contains dopamine Substantia Nigra contains dopamine neurons in the reward circuit & which neurons in the reward circuit & which deteriorate in Parkinson’sdeteriorate in Parkinson’s
33rdrd Major Division Major DivisionForebrainForebrainCerebral Cortex & several Subcortical Cerebral Cortex & several Subcortical AreasAreasLimbic System consists of the Limbic System consists of the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus & Olfactory BulbsHippocampus & Olfactory BulbsBasal Forebrain includes the Nucleus Basal Forebrain includes the Nucleus Basalis & is key in arousalBasalis & is key in arousalBasal Ganglia includes the Caudate, Basal Ganglia includes the Caudate, Putamen, & Globus Pallidus & Putamen, & Globus Pallidus & deterioriates in Parkinson’s & deterioriates in Parkinson’s & Huntington’s DiseasesHuntington’s DiseasesPituitary Gland is an endocrine gland Pituitary Gland is an endocrine gland that is involved secreting vasopressin that is involved secreting vasopressin and oxytocinand oxytocin
The VentriclesCentral CanalCentral CanalFluid-filled channel in the center of the Fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cordspinal cord
Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal FluidClear fluid found in the ventricles & Clear fluid found in the ventricles & central canal formed by the choroid central canal formed by the choroid plexus cells in the ventriclesplexus cells in the ventricles
MeningesMeningesThin membranes surrounding the brain Thin membranes surrounding the brain & spinal cord& spinal cord
HydrocephalusHydrocephalusObstruction & accumulation of CSF in Obstruction & accumulation of CSF in the ventricles or subarachnoid spacethe ventricles or subarachnoid space
Cerebral Cerebral CortexCortex
Consists of the 2 Consists of the 2 HemispheresHemispheres
Divided into 4 LobesDivided into 4 LobesOccipitalOccipital
ParietalParietal
TemporalTemporal
FrontalFrontal
ForebrainForebrainEach Hemisphere Each Hemisphere Receives Contralateral Receives Contralateral Sensory Information & Sensory Information & Controls Contralateral Controls Contralateral Motor MovementMotor Movement
Cerebral Cortex is the Cerebral Cortex is the Cellular Layers on the Cellular Layers on the Outer Surface of the Outer Surface of the Cerebral HemispheresCerebral Hemispheres
Organization of the Organization of the Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
LaminaeLaminaeUp to 6 distinct Laminae or Up to 6 distinct Laminae or layerslayers
ColumnsColumnsCells in Cerebral Cortex Cells in Cerebral Cortex also arranged in Columnsalso arranged in Columns
Columns lie perpendicular Columns lie perpendicular to Laminaeto Laminae
Hemispheric Hemispheric CommunicationsCommunications
Corpus CallosumCorpus CallosumMain communications Main communications route between the route between the hemisphereshemispheres
Anterior CommissureAnterior Commissure22ndnd bundle of axons that bundle of axons that allows communications allows communications between the hemispheresbetween the hemispheres
Lobes of the Lobes of the BrainBrain
Occipital Occipital LobeLobePart of the visual pathway Part of the visual pathway systemsystem
The The Primary Visual Cortex Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)(Striate Cortex) is the most is the most posterior of the Occipital Lobeposterior of the Occipital Lobe
Destruction of any part of the Destruction of any part of the Striate Cortex produces Striate Cortex produces cortical cortical blindnessblindness
Lobes of the Lobes of the BrainBrain
Parietal Parietal LobeLobeBetween the Occipital Lobe and Between the Occipital Lobe and the the Central SulcusCentral Sulcus
Primary target for touch Primary target for touch sensations & information from sensations & information from muscle-stretch receptors & muscle-stretch receptors & joint receptorsjoint receptors
Monitors all information about Monitors all information about the eye, head, & body positions the eye, head, & body positions as it passes it on to the brain as it passes it on to the brain areas that control movementareas that control movement
Lobes of the Lobes of the BrainBrain
Temporal Temporal LobeLobePrimary target for auditory Primary target for auditory informationinformation
In humans, involved in the In humans, involved in the comprehension of spoken comprehension of spoken language & contributes to language & contributes to complex aspects of vision, complex aspects of vision, including facial recognition & including facial recognition & perception of movementperception of movement
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome:Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: after after temporal lobe damage, lack of temporal lobe damage, lack of fear or anxiety respondingfear or anxiety responding
Lobes of the Lobes of the BrainBrain
Frontal LobeFrontal LobeContains the Contains the Primary Motor Primary Motor CortexCortex & & Prefrontal CortexPrefrontal Cortex
Precentral Gyrus Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor (Primary Motor Cortex) is specialized for fine Cortex) is specialized for fine motor movements, primarily on motor movements, primarily on the contralateral side of the bodythe contralateral side of the body
Prefrontal CortexPrefrontal Cortex forms a large forms a large part of the brainpart of the brain
It receives information from all It receives information from all the sensesthe senses
Lobes of the Lobes of the BrainBrain
Viewing Viewing Prefrontal Prefrontal FunctionsFunctionsImportant in Important in Working MemoryWorking Memory
Damage to Prefrontal Cortex Damage to Prefrontal Cortex affects time-delayed memory affects time-delayed memory taskstasks
Important for Important for Context-Context-Dependent Behaviors Dependent Behaviors (State (State Dependent vs. Context Dependent vs. Context Dependent)Dependent)
Prefrontal Prefrontal LobotomyLobotomy
Pretty Much Pretty Much Abandoned at Abandoned at PresentPresentPrefrontal damage produces loss of Prefrontal damage produces loss of social inhibitions & impulsive acting social inhibitions & impulsive acting outout
Disconnecting the prefrontal cortex Disconnecting the prefrontal cortex from most of the brain to control from most of the brain to control psychological disorderspsychological disorders
Usually resulted in loss of the ability to Usually resulted in loss of the ability to plan, take initiative, memory disorders, plan, take initiative, memory disorders, distractibility, & loss of emotional distractibility, & loss of emotional expressionexpression
Today, drugs are in useToday, drugs are in use
The Binding The Binding ProblemProblem
How do Visual, Auditory, & other How do Visual, Auditory, & other areas of the brain influence one areas of the brain influence one another to produce a combined another to produce a combined perception of a single object?perception of a single object?
Early on, it was thought the Early on, it was thought the Association Areas were used for Association Areas were used for processing & linking information processing & linking information from several sensory modalitiesfrom several sensory modalities
Binding may depend on simultaneous Binding may depend on simultaneous activity in various areas of the brainactivity in various areas of the brain