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3.1 Cellular Organization
A.Introduction• Three main parts of a cell
a.Plasma membrane – surrounds the cell, keeps it intact, and regulates passage into and out of the cell
b.Nucleus – control centerc. Cytoplasm – gelatinous, semi-fluid of water and
suspended and dissolved substances
Introduction, cont
2.Organelles (little organs) are scattered throughout the cytoplasm and have various functions
3.The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape and allows the cell and its content to move
A typical animal cell
B.Plasma Membrane• Separates the inside of the cell (cytoplasm) from the outside• Fluid-mosaic model
a. Phospholipid bilayer – hydrophilic heads point outward and hydrophobic tails point inward
b. Attached peripheral and integral proteins serve as receptors, channels, and carriers
c. Cholesterol molecules stabilize the membraned. Glycoproteins and glycolipids attached to outer surface of some
protein and lipid molecules, mark cells as belonging to a particular individual
a.Continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, it is a system of membranous channels and saccules
b.Rough ER1)Has attached ribosomes2)Processes proteins produced by attached ribosomes
Endomembrane system, cont
c. Smooth ER 1)Has no attached ribosomes2)Synthesizes phospholipids, detoxifies drugs, and
has other functions depending on the type of cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endomembrane System, cont3.Golgi apparatus
a.Stacks of curved sacculesb.Processes, packages, and secretes various substancesc. Receives protein and/or lipid-filled vesicles from ERd.Contains enzymes that modify proteins and lipidse.Vesicles leave the Golgi apparatus and move to other
parts of the cell or to the plasma membrane for secretion
b.Autodigestion responsible for cell rejuvenation and development and removal of worn-out organelles
c. Can fuse with vesicles of material brought into the cell for destruction
d.Tay-Sach’s disease – metabolic disorder involving missing or inactive lysosomal enzymes in nerve cells
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F.Peroxisomes and Vacuoles• Peroxisomes
a.Enzyme-containing vesicles, similar to lysosomesb.Detoxify drugs, alcohol, and other toxinsc. Large numbers found in liver and kidneyd.Break down fatty acids from fats
• Vacuoles isolate substances captured inside the cell
G.Mitochondria• Rod-shaped organelle bound by a double
membrane• Inner membrane folds into cristae to increase
surface area• Site of ATP production through cellular
respiration – cell powerhouse
Mitochondrion Structure
H.The cytoskeleton
• Microtubules - help maintain the cell’s shape and anchors or assists the movement of organelles
• Intermediate filaments – involved in cell to cell junctions
• Actin filaments – involved in cell movement• Assembly regulated by the centrosome
I.Centrioles• Composed of microtubules with a 9 + 0 pattern• A pair of perpendicular centrioles are found near
the nucleus of every cell• In a area called the centrosome• Involved in cell division by forming the mitotic
spindle• Form the basal body (anchor point) for each
cilium or flagellum
Structure of basal bodies and flagella
J.Cilia and flagellum
– Cilia are hair-like projections from the free surface of a cell; beat in unison to move material along the cell surface
– Flagellum – a single whip-like extension for cell movement; sperm is the only human cell with a flagellum