Chapter 008 special senses

Chapter 8The special senses

Copyright © Elsevier Ltd 2005. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.1 The parts of the ear.


Figure 8.2 The tympanic membrane viewed through an auriscope showing the shadows cast by the malleus and the incus.


Figure 8.3 The auditory ossicles.


Figure 8.4 The inner ear. The membranous labyrinth within the bony labyrinth.


Figure 8.5 A cross-section of the cochlea showing the spiral organ (of Corti).


Figure 8.6 Passage of sound waves: A. The ear with cochlea uncoiled. B. Summary of transmission.


Figure 8.7 Behaviour of sound waves. A. Difference in frequency but of the same amplitude. B. Difference in amplitude but of the same frequency.


Figure 8.8 Section of the eye.


Figure 8.9 The choroid, ciliary body and iris. Viewed from the front.


Figure 8.10 The lens and suspensory ligament viewed from the front. The iris has been removed.


Figure 8.11 The retina: A. Magnified section. B. Light-sensitive nerve cells: rods and cones.


Figure 8.12 The retina as seen through the pupil with an ophthalmoscope.


Figure 8.13 The optic nerves and their pathways.


Figure 8.14 Refraction: white light broken into the colours of the visible spectrum when passed through a prism.


Figure 8.15 The electromagnetic spectrum.


Figure 8.16 Refraction of light rays passing through a biconvex lens.


Figure 8.17 The shape of the lens: A. Distant vision. B. Near vision.


Figure 8.18 Section of the eye showing the focusing of light rays on the retina.


Figure 8.19 Parts of the visual field monocular and binocular.


Figure 8.20 The extrinsic muscles of the eye.


Figure 8.21 Section of the eye and its accessory structures.


Figure 8.22 The lacrimal apparatus. Arrows show the direction of the flow of tears.


Figure 8.23 The olfactory structures.


Figure 8.24 An enlarged section of the olfactory apparatus in the nose and on the inferior surface of the cerebrum.


Figure 8.25 Structure of taste buds: A. A section of a papilla. B. A taste bud greatly magnified.


Figure 8.26 Common refractive errors of the eye and corrective lenses. A. Normal eye. B and C. Farsightedness. D and E. Nearsightedness.


Chapter 008 special senses

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magnified section

enlarged section

normal eye

refraction of light

white light

biconvex lens

olfactory apparatus

olfactory structures