CHAPTER 3 Causal Factors and Viewpoints
CHAPTER 3Causal Factors and Viewpoints
The Biological Model
NeurotransmittersSerotonin Mood regulation, behavior, thought
processes
Norepinephrine Regulation of arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep
Dopamine Influences pleasure, reward, novelty-seeking, coordination, and motor movement
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Regulation of mood (esp. anxiety), arousal, behavior
Acetylcholine Motor behavior, arousal, reward, attention, learning
Glutamate Learning, memory
Genetics
Majordepression
Bipolardisorder
Anxietydisorder
Substancedependence
Schizophrenia
100
0
20
40
60
80
65
3540
82
34
Gen
etic
her
itab
ility
%
Genetics
• Genotype: genetic composition• Phenotype: observable characteristic• Genotype-environment interaction
• Example: phenylketonuria
Genetics: Research methods
Traditional methods
Family history method
Twin method
Adoption method
More recent methods
Linkage analysis
Association studies
Psychodynamic Model
• Sigmund Freud
Psychodynamic structure
IdGuiding principle: PleasureTasks: Attain gratification of wants, needs, and impulses
EgoGuiding principle: RealityTasks: Mediate demands of id and superego; cope with real world
SuperegoGuiding principle: MoralityTasks: Develop conscience; block id impulses
Defense mechanisms
IntrapsychicConflict
(Between Id, Ego, and Superego)
AnxietyReliance on
Defense Mechanisms
The Behavioral ModelClassical conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Classical conditioning
• Extinction: when CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, the CR gradually extinguishes
• Spontaneous recovery: CR may still reappear later
Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning
Behavior Repetition of behavior is more likely
Positive reinforcement: pleasant event or reward
The Cognitive-Behavioral Model
Cognitive-behavioral perspective
Focuses on how thoughts and
information processing become distorted
Leads to maladaptive emotions and behavior
Cognitive processes
Schema:
• Underlying representation of knowledge that guides current processing of information
Attributions:
• Process of assigning causes to things that happen
Attributional style:
• Characteristic way in which individual may tend to assign causes to bad or good events
Sociocultural Model
• Individuals and families within cultural context• Impact of culture on some disorders• Culture-specific disorders• Cultural risk factors
• Gender• Low income• Ethnic minorities and discrimination• Urban violence
Diathesis Stress Model
Interactive Model:
Additive Model:
Risk factors: Abuse and Neglect
Depriving essential resources
Institutionalization
Neglect and abuse at home
Separation from parents
Risk and protective factors: Parenting
Risk factors
• Marital stress, divorce• Maladaptive peer relationships
• Deviant peers• Peer rejection