Chap 7 Patterns

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The Effective Reader(Updated Edition)

by D. J. Henry

Chapter 7:

More Thought PatternsPowerPoint Presentationby Gretchen Starks-Martin

St. Cloud State University,MN

2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers


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Thought Patterns

Thought patterns use transitions toshow the relationship between ideas in

a paragraph, passage, or textbookchapter.

Some common patterns are:

Comparison-and-Contrast Cause-and-Effect

Generalization-and-Example


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Comparison-and-Contrast

Comparison points out the ways inwhich two or more ideas are alike.

Writing, like farming, follows a planting, growing,and reaping cycle.

Contrast points out the ways in which

two or more ideas are different. Women differ from men in their styles of

communication.


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Words & Phrases of Comparison

Alike

As

As well as

Equally

In like manner

In a similar fashion

In a similar manner

In the same way

Just as

Just like

Like

Likewise

Resemble

Same

Similar

Similarly


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Words and Phrases of Contrast

Although

On the one hand

Conversely To the contrary

Nevertheless

Differently

At the same time In contrast

Different

Still

On the contrary

Even though

Instead

As opposed to On the other hand

Difference

Despite

Yet But

In spite of

Different from


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Combined Comparison-and-Contrast

Although yoga and Pilates share similarcharacteristics, an important difference exists. Both

yoga and Pilates are low-impact forms of exercisethat improve posture, flexibility, and contraction.However, the primary goal of Pilates is to strengthenthe midsection and buttocks. On the other hand,yoga does not focus on any one part of the body.

Rather yoga works the opposing muscles of theentire body.


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Cause-and-Effect

Acause states why something happens.

An effect states a result or outcome. Because Selena memorized the algebra formulasand practiced using them, she did well on the test.

Due to the amount of snow on the streets and

highways, schools and businesses have shut down.



Cause-and-Effect Words

Because

Consequently

Accordingly

Because of

Leads to

Results in

As a result

Due to

If-then

Since

So

Therefore

Thus



Generalization-and-Example

Pattern In this pattern, the author makes a

general statement and then offers anexample or a series of examples toclarify the generalization.

As technology evolves, it saves time; for example,

broadband Internet access cuts down on the timeneeded to access information on the World WideWeb.



Words that Introduce Examples

an illustration

for example

for instance

including

once

such as

to illustrate

typically



Definition Pattern in

Textbooks Often a textbook will define new words

and special terms and then giveexamples.

The pattern is often:

Term and Definition

Example

Example



Definition Pattern

Definition signal words: Is

Are

Means

Emblems are bodygestures that directlytranslate into words or

phrases.

Example signal words:

For example

Such as

For example, a person maygive up a high-paying job

in the city to take alower-paying job in asmall town.


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Which pattern is it?

When stock prices fully reflect information that isavailable to investors, the stock market is efficient; in

contrast, when the stock prices do not reflect allinformation, the stock market is inefficient.

__cause-and-effect

__comparison-and-contrast

__definition-and-example


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Which pattern is it?

When stock prices fully reflect information that isavailable to investors, the stock market is efficient; in

contrast, when the stock prices do not reflect allinformation, the stock market is inefficient.

__cause-and-effect

X comparison-and-contrast

__definition-and-example


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Chapter Review

Comparison points out the ways two or more ideasare alike.

Contrast points out the ways two or more ideas aredifferent.

The words like, similarly, and likewiseshow thecomparison pattern.

A cause states why something happens. An effect states a result or outcome.


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Chapter Review

An author will often begin with a cause and then give theeffects.

The phrases as a result, leads to, and thereforeshow thecause-and-effect pattern.

Example words signal that a writer is giving an instance ofa general idea to clarify a point.

A definition explains the meaning of a new, difficult or

special term.

Examples follow a definition to show how the word is usedor applied.


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Practice

Remember to complete your scorecard for

the Review Tests in this chapter.

Complete the Applications, Review Tests, andMastery Tests for Chapter 7 in your textbook.

Chap 7 Patterns

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