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1 Chap. 2 Circuit Elements Contents 2.1 Voltage and Current Sources 2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law) 2.3 Construction of a Circuit Model 2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws 2.5 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources Objectives 1. 了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了 了了了了了 了了了了了了了了了了了了了了2. 了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了 了了 了了了了了了了了了 了了了了了了3. 了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了了 了了了了了 了了了了了了了了了了了了了
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Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

Jan 20, 2016

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Chap. 2 Circuit Elements. C ontents. 2.1 Voltage and Current Sources 2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law) 2.3 Construction of a Circuit Model 2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws 2.5 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources. Objectives. 1. 了解 理想的基本電路元件的符號與特性 :獨立電壓與 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

1

Chap. 2 Circuit ElementsContents

2.1 Voltage and Current Sources2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)2.3 Construction of a Circuit Model2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws 2.5 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources

Objectives

1. 了解理想的基本電路元件的符號與特性:獨立電壓與 電流源、相依電壓與電流源、電阻器。2. 了解歐姆定律、克希荷夫電流定律、克希荷夫電壓 定律,並利用此三種定律來分析簡易電路。3. 了解如何計算簡易電路中各元件的功率,並且能夠判

斷整個電路是否保持功率守恆。

Page 2: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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2.1 Voltage and Current Sources

電源 (electrical source) :1.可將非電能轉為電能或將電能轉為非電能的一種裝置。2.具有提供功率或是吸收功率的特質。3.通常將理想電壓源及理想電流源當成電路的基本元件。

理想電壓源 (ideal voltage source) : 不論流過其端點之電流大小為何,而其兩端電壓維持

在規定值的電路元件。

理想電流源 (ideal current source) : 不論兩端電壓多大,在其兩端內之電流維持在規定值

的電路元件。

獨立電源 (independent source) : 會依規定供給電路電壓或電

流值,不需仰賴電路中的其他電壓或電流。

獨立電壓源 獨立電流源

Page 3: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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2.1 Contd.相依電源 (dependent source) 或受控電源 (controlled sources): 所提供給電路的電壓或電流值,

需仰賴電路中的其他電壓或電流。

相依電壓源 相依電流源

主動元件 (active element) : 能產生電能的裝置,如電源。

被動元件 (passive element) : 不能產生電能的裝置,如電

阻器、電感器及電容器。

1. 相依電源通常用菱形符號來表示2.電壓源以極性 +- 標示,電流源以方向

標示。3.因受電路中其他電壓或電流所控制,共

有四種組合,如右圖所示。

?, ,,for UNITS rg

VCVS VCCS

CCVS CCCS

Page 4: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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EX 2.1 Testing Interconnections of Ideal Sources

Connection (a) is valid. Connection (b) is valid.

Connection (c) is not permissible.

Connection (d) is not permissible.

Connection (e) is valid.

Page 5: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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EX 2.2 Testing Interconnections of Ideal Independent & Dependent Sources

Connection (a) is invalid. Connection (b) is valid.

Connection (c) is valid.

Connection (d) is invalid.

Page 6: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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Assessing Objective 2.2

a) What value of vg is required in order for the interconnection to be valid?

b) For this value of vg , find the power associated with the 8 A source.

ANSWER: (a) −2 V; (b) −16 W (16 W delivered).

Page 7: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)

ABABAB Riv

Riv

) ,(

A) ,(

V) ,(

歐姆電阻安培電流伏特電壓

R

i

v

電阻 (resistance) : 阻礙電流流動的物質特性,以 R 表示,單位為 。電阻器 (resistor): 具電阻特性之電路元件。

電阻器

Ohm’s Law ( 歐姆定律 )

PassiveSignConvention!

電導 (conductance): 電阻的倒數,以 G 表示,單位為 S ,以往以姆歐為單位( ) 。

Power in a Resistor

理想電阻器的電阻值不隨時間改變,而實際電阻器則會隨時間改變;若在分析電路時,實際元件偏離值不多時,都可用理想電阻器取代。

GvR

v

R

vv

G

iRiiiR

ivpR2

2

22

Page 8: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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EX 2.3 Calculating Voltage, Current, and Power

Page 9: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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2.3 Construction of a Circuit Model

EX 2.4 Constructing a Circuit Model of a Flashlight

Short circuit

Open circuit

Switch

Page 10: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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EX 2.5 Construction of a Circuit Model Based on Terminal Measurements

Page 11: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

端點 (terminal): 電路元件的兩端 ; 節點 (node): 二個以上電路元件相連的地方

The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero.(電路中任一節點其所有電流代數和為零 )

電流需有代表方向的代數符號,若將流出節點的電流定為正號,那麼流入節點就是負號。

Page 12: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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2.4 Contd. (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path or loop in a circuit equals zero.(電路中任一封閉路徑或迴路其所有電壓代數和為零 )

封閉路徑或迴路 (closed path or loop) :指從某一節點開始,沿著選定的電路元件回到起點,且其間之節點只許經過一次。

若電壓下降為正號,那麼電壓上升就為負號;若電壓下降為負號,那麼電壓上升就為正號。

Page 13: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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EX 2.6 Using KCL

Page 14: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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EX 2.7 Using KVL

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EX 2.8 Applying Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws

(KCL)

(KVL & Ohm’s law)

Also,

(power supplied = power absorbed)Power Balanced

Page 16: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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EX 2.9 Constructing a Circuit Model Based on Terminal Measurements

Page 17: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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2.5 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources

◆ Once we know io , we can calculate vo using Ohm’s law. ◆ Once we know i , we also know the current of the dependent source 5 i. ◆ The current in the 500 V source is i.

(KVL & Ohm’s law)

(KCL)

Page 18: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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EX 2.10 Applying Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws

•2 loops, 2 unknowns io & iS (vo = 3 io)

(KVL & Ohm’s law)

(KVL & Ohm’s law)

Check!

03263-10 2o

2o

2 iii-iii SoSSOK!

Page 19: Chap. 2 Circuit Elements

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EX 2.11 An Amplifier Circuit

(KVL & Ohm’s law)

(KCL) (Controlling variable)

Amplifier