Chap 2. Biology of Propagation 1. General Terminology a. Genotype: the genetic make-up of an organism b. Phenotype: the external appearance of an organism (usually the outcome of interaction between a genotype and environment) c. Ploidy: Variation in the genomic number (x) of chromosomes x = genomic number of chromosomes n = gametic number of chromosomes 2n = “wholeness” n = “halfness”
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Chap 2. Biology of Propagation 1.General Terminology a. Genotype: the genetic make-up of an organism b. Phenotype: the external appearance of an organism.
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Chap 2. Biology of Propagation
1. General Terminologya. Genotype: the genetic make-up of an organism
b. Phenotype: the external appearance of an organism (usually the outcome of interaction between a genotype and environment)
c. Ploidy: Variation in the genomic number (x) of chromosomes
A process of fertilization in which one male gamete (sperm nucleus, n) unites the egg nucleus (n) to form embryo (zygote, 2n) and the other sperm nucleus (n) unites polar nuclei (2n) to form endosperm (3n)
1. General Terminology (continued)a. Homozygous- Having like alleles at corresponding loci on
homologous chromosomesb. Heterozygous- Having unlike alleles at one or more
corresponding loci on homologous
c. Meiosis- Reproductive cell division (Reduction Division)- Chromosome number is reduced to one half- Results in formation of gametes (pollen, egg cells)- Allows genetic recombination
d. Mitosis- Somatic cell division- Chromosome number same in daughter cells- Results in somatic tissues genetically identical- Allows clonal duplication
Fruit Flesh Color and Skin Texture Inheritance - Peach
Inheritance of Flower Color and Color PatternSalpiglossis sinuata
RR or Rr Red flower color
rr Yellow flower color
DD or Dd Solid color pattern
dd Dilute color pattern
Gene Symbols
RR DD or R_R_ (red, solid)
RR dd or R_ dd (red, dilute)
rr DD or rrD_ (yellow, solid)
rr dd (yellow, dilute)
P1 P2
x
Dilute Red (RRdd)
Solid yellow (rrDD)
Solid Red (RrDd)
F1
Solid red (R-D-) 9
Dilute red (R-dd) 3
Solid yellow (rrD-) 3
Dilute yellow (rrdd) 1
F2
2. NomenclatureBased on ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature)
a. Botanical ClassificationFamily-Genus-Species-Variety-Form-