Chap 1 7th i science

Chapter 1Chapter 1Classifying and Classifying and Exploring LifeExploring Life

All things can be characterized as either LIVING or NON-LIVING

Abiotic- “without life”, non-livingBiotic- Living

Characteristics of all living things:They are organizedThey grow and developThey reproduceThey respondThey maintain homeostasisThey use energy

OrganizationOrganization

Cell- the basic unit of structure and function of a Cell- the basic unit of structure and function of a living organism.living organism.

Organisms are either:Organisms are either:Unicellular- made of one cell that does all the work to Unicellular- made of one cell that does all the work to maintain life.maintain life.

Multicellular- composed of many cells. This organism Multicellular- composed of many cells. This organism has specialized cells each doing a specific job in order has specialized cells each doing a specific job in order to keep the organism alive.to keep the organism alive.

Growth and Growth and DevelopmentDevelopment

Growth:Growth:

For unicellular organisms is just increase For unicellular organisms is just increase in size of the organismin size of the organism

For multicellular organisms is increase in For multicellular organisms is increase in NUMBER of specialized cells. NUMBER of specialized cells.

Development- Changes that occur throughout the Development- Changes that occur throughout the lifetime of the organism.lifetime of the organism.

ReproductionReproductionProcess of making more organisms.Process of making more organisms.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONASEXUAL REPRODUCTION- One - One parent. Examples are budding, fission parent. Examples are budding, fission and regeneration.and regeneration.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION- Two - Two parents.parents.

Respond to StimuliRespond to Stimuli

Stimulus- Anything that causes a change in an Stimulus- Anything that causes a change in an organism. organism.

Response ( NOT REACTION)- what an organism Response ( NOT REACTION)- what an organism does when a stimulus is present.does when a stimulus is present.

Two Types of Stimuli:Two Types of Stimuli:

Internal – changes within an organism Internal – changes within an organism

External- Changes in environment around External- Changes in environment around organism.organism.

HomeostasisHomeostasis

The ability to maintain stable internal The ability to maintain stable internal environment to ensure the organisms environment to ensure the organisms ability to functionability to function..

Use EnergyUse Energy

Ultimate source of all energy is the SUN. Plants Ultimate source of all energy is the SUN. Plants use energy from the sun (photosynthesis) to grow, use energy from the sun (photosynthesis) to grow, animals and people eat the plants to get energy. animals and people eat the plants to get energy. So directly or indirectly, everything gets energy So directly or indirectly, everything gets energy from the sun.from the sun.

KNOW Figure 15KNOW Figure 15

Food chain- one pathway of energy transferFood chain- one pathway of energy transfer

Food Web- multiple pathways of energy transferFood Web- multiple pathways of energy transfer

LESSON 2LESSON 2ClassificationClassification

Aristotle was the first to classify organisms. Aristotle was the first to classify organisms. He classified organisms into two groups- He classified organisms into two groups- PLANTSPLANTS or or ANIMALS.ANIMALS.

Linnaeus grouped based on similar Linnaeus grouped based on similar structures and put them into one of two structures and put them into one of two KINGDOMS. KINGDOMS.

Whittaker- developed the Linnaeus system Whittaker- developed the Linnaeus system into 5 Kingdoms.into 5 Kingdoms.

Current classification systems are called Current classification systems are called Systematics.Systematics.

SystematicsSystematics

Uses all known information to Uses all known information to classify:classify:

Cell type (unicellular, Cell type (unicellular, multicellular)multicellular)How food/energy is obtainedHow food/energy is obtainedFeatures and how they are usedFeatures and how they are usedAncestry (Phylogeny)Ancestry (Phylogeny)Molecular make up Molecular make up

Changes to Changes to ClassificationClassification

Organisms are now classified into Organisms are now classified into DOMAINS and then broken into 6 DOMAINS and then broken into 6 Kingdoms (not 5). Kingdoms (not 5).

Three Domains- Bacteria, Archea, Three Domains- Bacteria, Archea, EukaryaEukarya

Order of ClassificationOrder of ClassificationDomain Domain

Kingdom (start here)Kingdom (start here)

PhylumPhylum

ClassClass

OrderOrder

FamilyFamily

GenusGenus

SpeciesSpecies

KNOW ORDER. Here is a way to remember-KNOW ORDER. Here is a way to remember-

KKing ing PPhillip hillip CCame ame OOver ver FFor or GGreat reat SpaghettiSpaghetti..

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial NomenclatureA two-name naming system that is used A two-name naming system that is used today. Developed by Linnaeus. Normally the today. Developed by Linnaeus. Normally the Latin names. It consists of GENUS AND Latin names. It consists of GENUS AND SPECIES. SPECIES.

Here is the reason behind this naming system. Here is the reason behind this naming system. If an organism has genus and species in If an organism has genus and species in common then all of the higher classification common then all of the higher classification order is similar too. For example- the more of order is similar too. For example- the more of the classification order they have the same, the classification order they have the same, the more similar they are. So if the smallest the more similar they are. So if the smallest groupings are the same, the organism are the groupings are the same, the organism are the same. same.

Species- must be able to produce fertile youngSpecies- must be able to produce fertile young

Writing the Scientific NameWriting the Scientific Name(Binomial Nomenclature)(Binomial Nomenclature)

This is written (notice caps and lower case)This is written (notice caps and lower case)

Written in italics with the first word in the name Written in italics with the first word in the name begiining with a capital letter and the second begiining with a capital letter and the second word beginning with a lower case letter.word beginning with a lower case letter.

Felis domesticus Felis domesticus – the name for the house – the name for the house cat. Felis- genus and domesticus is the cat. Felis- genus and domesticus is the species. All cats can not produce fertile species. All cats can not produce fertile young (example lion and house cat) so young (example lion and house cat) so species is SPECIFIC and must be able to species is SPECIFIC and must be able to produce fertile young.produce fertile young.

A Scientific Name Helps A Scientific Name Helps to….to….

1. Help avoid mistakes- the name is 1. Help avoid mistakes- the name is worldwide and understood and used for worldwide and understood and used for the same organism. So this reduces the same organism. So this reduces mistakes.mistakes.

2. Group organisms with similar 2. Group organisms with similar evolutionary historyevolutionary history

3. Give descriptive information about the 3. Give descriptive information about the species.species.

4. Organize information about the 4. Organize information about the species quickly and accurately.species quickly and accurately.

Tools Used in Identifying Tools Used in Identifying OrganismsOrganisms

Field GuideField Guide- a book with information - a book with information and illustrations about the organism.and illustrations about the organism.

Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key-detailed list of -detailed list of identifying characteristics arranged in identifying characteristics arranged in steps of two that lead to the steps of two that lead to the organism name.organism name.

CladogramCladogram- branched diagram that - branched diagram that shows relationships among shows relationships among organisms.organisms.

Lesson 3Lesson 3MicroscopesMicroscopes

The # of microscopic organisms outnumber the The # of microscopic organisms outnumber the amount of visible organismsamount of visible organisms

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch fabric merchant Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch fabric merchant made a microscope out of a small bead. He could made a microscope out of a small bead. He could see things in pond water that no one knew existedsee things in pond water that no one knew existed

Microscope TypesMicroscope TypesTwo main types of microscopes- Light and Two main types of microscopes- Light and ElectronElectron

Light-Simple or compound?Light-Simple or compound?

Simple-one lens and compound has more Simple-one lens and compound has more than one lens. A compound microscope has than one lens. A compound microscope has an eye piece and an objective lensan eye piece and an objective lens

To determine magnification : Eye piece To determine magnification : Eye piece magnification X objective lensmagnification X objective lens

Electron MicroscopesElectron MicroscopesInstead of using light, these use a Instead of using light, these use a magnetic field in a vacuum to direct magnetic field in a vacuum to direct beams of electrons.beams of electrons.

SEM- scanning electron microscope- SEM- scanning electron microscope- produces a 3D image but only the produces a 3D image but only the surface can be seen.surface can be seen.

Tem-transmission electron microscope- Tem-transmission electron microscope- produces a 2D image of a thinly sliced produces a 2D image of a thinly sliced specimenspecimen