Changing the way you think about concrete.

©2011 Milliken

Changing the way you think about concrete.

©2011 Milliken

Founded in 1865

Privately held

Over 48,000 products

~7,000 associates

Manufacturing in 5 countries

Operations throughout Americas, Europe and Asia

Overview

©2011 Milliken

great to be part of

associates

great corporate citizen

communities

great to own

shareholders

great to do business with

customers

integrity

to be the greatest privately-held company in the world

Milliken Vision

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Key Markets

Specialty Chemicals

Floor Coverings & Interiors

Protective & Performance Textiles

Industrial Products

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Product Introduction

5

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©2011 Milliken

Agenda

• Introduction to Concrete Cloth™

• Civil Applications

• Military Applications

• Concrete Cloth Properties & Milliken Testing Program

©2011 Milliken

Concrete Cloth™ is a geocomposite

It combines the flexibility of

geotextile fabrics with the durability

of hardened concrete!

8

Concrete Cloth™ can be used:

• Where a hardened protective surface is required

• Where conventional concrete is difficult or impossible to

install.

©2011 Milliken

What is it?

What is Concrete Cloth™?

A flexible cement-impregnated fabric that hardens when

hydrated to form a thin, durable concrete layer.

Concrete Cloth™ (“CC”) consists of:

- Dry concrete mix

- Reinforcing fiber matrix

- Fabric top surface

- PVC bottom coating

Fabric top surface

Water impermeable PVC coating

Concrete mix and reinforcing fibers

CC Section View

©2011 Milliken

CONCRETE CANVAS LTD - History 10

Original Application:

• Self-Contained, Portable, Semi-Permanent Shelters

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CONCRETE CANVAS SHELTERS 11

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CONCRETE CANVAS SHELTERS 12

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Concrete Cloth™ comes in two roll varieties:

Bulk Roll Portable Batched Rolls

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Concrete Cloth™ Roll Characteristics

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Key benefits of Concrete Cloth™

• Quick: Unroll, place and wet

• Simple: Cannot be over-hydrated

• Versatile: One material, many uses

• Durable: Wear-resistant concrete

• Robust: Fiber matrix reinforcement

• Portable: Easily transported and

deployed without specialized

equipment

©2011 Milliken

Concrete Cloth™ Civil Applications

• Ditch lining

• Erosion and scour protection

• Slope protection, weathered rock protection

• External pipe protection & ballast

• Internal culvert repair

• Secondary containment

• Weed control

©2011 Milliken

CC Ditch Lining

• Natural: CC can be shaped to follow a

natural watercourse; woven surface can

green over time

• Environmentally friendly: Minimal

washout, low alkaline reserves

• Easy Installation:

• Easily laid on steep slopes, in the rain

• Ideal for limited access sites

• Can be installed in the rain & sets

underwater

©2011 Milliken

Various CC Ditch Lining Projects...

©2011 Milliken

March 2011

CC13 Bulk Rolls

1240SQM

1 Cross Width Layer

Ystrad Mynach, UK

BAM Nuttall

BAM Nuttall’s site manager stated: Eliminated risks associated with

pouring concrete, access time reduced, and no haul roads needed.

(Saved 2 weeks, no sub-contractors were required)

CC Ditch Lining Case Study – New Installation

©2011 Milliken

CC Ditch Lining Construction Methods...

©2011 Milliken

CC Ditch Lining Installation Method

1. Prepare ground (if required)

2. Unroll and lay the Concrete

Canvas

3. Fix in-place (pegs, anchor trench

or both) if desired

4. Join adjacent layers

5. Hydrate

6. Set

©2011 Milliken

CC Ditch Lining Project – Ditch Rehabilitation

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Bear Scotland M80 Culvert Repair

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CC Pipe Repair

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CC Used for Culvert Headwall

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CC Slope Protection (Spanish Rail)

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CC Slope Protection (Spanish Rail)

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Vegetation Control (Under stairs) –

UK Environmental Agency

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Pipe Protection & Pipe Ballast

• Underwater Installation

• Qatar

• 2000sqm CC13

• Above ground Installation

• South Africa

• Joint protection

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Secondary Containment (South America)

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Military Applications for Concrete Cloth

©2011 Milliken

Military Applications for Concrete Cloth™

• Force Protection

• Structure Upgrades

• Helipad Construction / Dust Suppression

• Expedient Resurfacing

• Ditch/Tank Lining

• Slope Protection

©2011 Milliken

CC8 – Frontline – Sept 2008

Prevents degradation from incoming fire, outgoing flash and erosion

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Concrete Cloth™ First Military Application –

Sandbag Reinforcement in Afghanistan (British Military)

Before After

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CC Gabion Protection Repair / Reinforcement

Gabion Repair/Reinforcement

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CC Dust Suppression

• CC4 light-weight variant

• Initial Trials at Waterbeach Barracks by 12 (AS) Eng Gp

• Covered perimeter of HLS

• Conforms to Ground

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Expedient Resurfacing

• Seals makeshift roads from rain storms and washout

• Provides a hard durable surface

• Easy and quick to lay

• Improve CBR by over 300%

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Other Applications?

Marine – Boat ramp extension

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Boat Ramp Extension - Concrete Cloth

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Current Milliken Testing Program

Basic Properties:

Index Properties: Thickness, Mass, Surface Friction

Structural Properties: Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, CBR

test

Durability: Freeze-Thaw, Impact, Peel, UV, Abrasion

Installation best practices

Cure Properties:

Development of Cement Microstructure with Hydration

Hydraulic Properties:

Mannings Coefficients, Channel Flow Testing, Overtopping Tests

Current Partner Test Labs and Institutes:

CTL Group

Geosynthetic Institute

©2011 Milliken

UNCURED STATE PROPERTIES -

Product Thickness (in) ASTM D5199

Mass Per Unit Area (psf)

ASTM D5261 and ASTM D5993

Roll

Width (ft)

Machine Direction Strip

Tensile Strength (lb/in) ASTM D5035

CC5 0.21 1.4 3.3 60

CC8 0.28 2.5 3.61 110

CC13 0.51 3.89 3.61 115

Table 1: Indicative Properties of Uncured Product

©2011 Milliken

CURED STATE PROPERTIES -

Table 2: Indicative Properties of Cured Product

Product Thickness (in) ASTM D 5199

Mass per unit area

(psf) ASTM D5261 and D5993

3 Point Bending

strength (psi) ASTM C1185

Machine Direction

Strip Tensile

Strength (lb/in) ASTM D5035

Compressive

strength (psi) ASTM C473 and

ASTM C773

CC5 0.25 1.8 493 40 5800

CC8 0.34 3.4 493 50 5800

CC13 0.62 5.2 493 110 5800

©2011 Milliken

Figure 2 - Flexural Behavior of CC8: pseudo-ductile behavior. The 3-point

bending strength is calculated based on the first peak (initial crack).

Flexural Behavior-Load versus Strain

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Load

(Lb

)

Strain (%)

Specimen 1

Specimen 2

Initial crack Distributed Cracking

©2011 Milliken

CURED PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

• Note that thickness increases upon hydration.

• The mass per unit area also increases due to the water that has been

incorporated in curing the formulated concrete.

• Strip tensile results are defined as the load where concrete cracking

occurred. Three point bending strength is measured for the machine

direction and is defined as the flexural strength when the cured

concrete component initially cracks.

• Comparison of Geosynthetic component with the uncured product, then

the cured material using strip tensile strengths illuminates the

multiphase characteristics of this material.

©2011 Milliken

FABRIC, UNCURED AND CURED STATE PROPERTIES

Table 3: Summary of strip tensile strength for different conditions

Product style CC8 MD (lb/inch)) Strain (%) Comments

3D Fiber Matrix 170 90 No dry concrete mix powder

Soft (uncured) specimen 185 65 concrete filled, uncured

Hard (cured) specimen 215 40 hydrated

©2011 Milliken

Figure 3 - Tensile Behavior for a 2 inch wide strip of GCCL: pseudo-

ductile behavior

2 INCH STRIP LOAD VERSUS STRAIN BEHAVIOR

FOR DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Load (

Lb)

Strain (%)

3D Fiber Matrix

Uncured CC8

Cured CC8

©2011 Milliken

Hydraulic Capacity Flume Testing – TRI in SC

2 channels 2 ft. wide and 40 ft. long were lined with Concrete Cloth

CC8 was selected and precut into strips to fit into the channel widths

Concrete Cloth was then installed over subgrade, using transverse

overlapping and then longitudinal seams

Edge effects were minimized by using a thin membrane affixed to CC

and run up the side of flume.

Test was performed using gradual flow increases until max system

capacity was reached.

©2011 Milliken

Hydraulic testing at TRI - SC

©2011 Milliken

Hydraulic Capacity Flume Testing – TRI in SC

©2011 Milliken

Hydraulic Capacity Flume Testing – TRI in SC

©2011 Milliken

Hydraulic Capacity Flume Testing – TRI in SC

Results:

No adverse effects on the installed Concrete Cloth, either the panels,

or the seams after being subjected to maximum flow capacity

Maximum velocities of over 25 feet per second were applied

Maximum shear stresses on the concrete Cloth exceeded 12 psf

Manning coefficient was calculated to be approximately 0.022 to

0.025

©2011 Milliken

Concrete Cloth a

Few Case Histories

©2011 Milliken

Southeast US Landfill Slope Protection

• Date: May 2012

• Engineer: CH2M Hill

• Application: Slope Protection

A geotextile wraparound reinforced soil slope had been constructed

at this location, required because of the proximity to the property

line. Attempts to vegetate the slope face were not completely

successful, so the decision was made to cover and protect this slope

face. Concrete Cloth (CC8) was selected as the protection medium.

©2011 Milliken

Before

Note the RSS facing

wraparound

©2011 Milliken

Day 1

©2011 Milliken

Day 2

Right side anchoring of

the Concrete Cloth

Spray marking for the right

side anchor trench

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Day 2 Note that the lighter colored

zone was hydrated on day 1

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Finished Installation

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Willow Creek Mine - Lined and

Armored Ditch

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Sump at Willow Creek - Prior to Hydration

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Final profile of North Ditch 2

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Sump - Partial Layout and Hydration

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Sump Portion Completed

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Middle Creek Junction

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Completed - Lined and

Armored

©2011 Milliken