Change and Crisis Article - The Trokan Website€¦ · Change and Crisis Article 1. On your own, identify at least three of the historical themes utilized by the author. Briefly explain

Change and Crisis Article

1. On your own, identify at least three of the historical

themes utilized by the author. Briefly explain how these

themes are present. Be attentive to locations of

cultures and movements of peoples.

2. On a map, mark off the location of native cultures

mentioned in the article and include a brief description

for each culture on the back.

Period 1 (1491-

1607)AP US HISTORY

(APUSH)

Key Concept 1.1 (Period 1,

Concept 1)

Key Concept 1.1 “Before the arrival of Europeans,

native populations in North America developed a

wide variety of social, political, and economic

structures based in part on interactions with the

environment and each other.”

Mississippians – Cahokia and

Moundbuilders

Midwest

Developed complex society based on maize agriculture

Faded by 1500s

Maize (Corn)

Around A.D. 1000, maize agriculture began spread from

Central America through North America

Maize esp. popular in southwest

irrigation systems (Pueblos in Rio Grande)

Maize cultivation transformed societies

Less emphasis on hunting and gathering; more villages/people

Northwest And Present-Day California

Roughly 300,000 natives lived in California before Europeans

Mostly hunters and gatherers; ruled by wealthy families

Chinooks

warrior traditions; advanced fighting techniques

longhouses housed many families

Great Plains and Great Basin

Most natives lived off of hunting and gathering

Lack of natural resources; Large, flat area

Introduction of horse changed life drastically on Great Plains/Basin

Buffalo hunting much easier

Natives with horses became stronger militarily

Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard

Many societies were mix of hunting and gathering, agriculture

and developed permanent villages

Iroquois (Present day NY and PA):

Burned forests to hunt and grow crops; Villages built around maize

Iroquois - matriarchal society:

female authority

Women instrumental in councils and decision-making

Women tended crops, oversaw community affairs; men hunted

“With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.” – Christopher Columbus

Americas - 1492

Indians or Native Americans – previously uncontacted by

rest of world

Varying degrees of advancement

Susceptible to old world diseases

Africa - 1492

Had developed in their own right, complex societies

Became source of slave labor

Europeans used Africans’ agricultural knowledge

Europe - 1492

Age of Exploration – Europeans had begun to sail world in search of wealth,

power, territory

By 1600 – North America covered in European colonies

Key Concept 1.2 (Period 1,

Concept 1)

Key Concept 1.2 “European overseas expansion resulted

in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and

adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.”

Impact of Europeans

Introduction (diffusion) of new plants and

animals to Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Columbian Exchange: global transfer of living

things

Started w/Columbus & continues today

Columbian Exchange

Positive Effects: spread of new crops/animals

Negative Effects: DISEASE, tobacco, slavery

Spread by air and touch

Europeans believed Indians died b/c they were

non-Christians

1492 - present

Key Concept 1.3 “Contact among

American Indians, Africans, and Europeans

challenged the worldviews of each

group.”

Roanoke Colony A first attempt at English

colonization of Americas

Sir Walter Raleigh – rec’d charter

from Queen Elizabeth I

Mysterious disappearance

Conflicting historical research –

disease, violence absorption into

local native populations

Columbus’ voyage, Spanish

Conquest and Iberian Antecedents

Treaty of Tordesillas -1494- split world between

Portugal & Spain

Treaty by Pope Alexander VI

Treaty of Tordesillas &

Spanish Conquest

After Tordesillas Spain focused on building a new world

Empire

Ferdinand Magellan – circled the world for Spain (1519-

22)

Spanish Empire and Circumnavigation

Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs (Mexico) (1519-1523)

Francisco Pizarro – conquered Incas (Peru) – 1531

Both the Aztec and Inca Empires had been highly complex and

urbanized prior to Spanish conquests

Spain would begin to construct a massive empire in the New World

much sooner than the English

Spain’s New World Empire

Spanish destroy

Aztec statues

General European Views of Natives & Africans

Many Spanish and Portuguese did not understand Natives and

their cultures

Natives were viewed as “Savages” by many Europeans

Juan de Sepulveda:

Advocated harsh treatment of Natives

Claimed slavery for Natives was justified under Christianity

Bartolome de Las Casas:

Argued that Natives deserved the same treatment as all other men

Played an instrumental role in the ending of the encomienda system

Europeans began to develop a belief in white superiority to

justify the treatment of Africans and Natives

Views of Natives and Africans

Spanish Mission System:

Outposts throughout the Americas to help convert Natives

Outposts were often military bases as well

Don Juan de Onate defeated the Pueblos

Spanish established Santa Fe in 1610

Spanish priests and government suppressed Native practices that were

inconsistent with Christianity

Spanish demanded tribute and labor from Natives

Many Africans preserved their culture and autonomy in the

New World

Maroon Communities:

Consisted of runaway slaves, many were located in the Caribbean

Many Africans would combine elements of Christianity with their

native African religions and customs