Chalukyan ppt

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE

ORCHALUKYA DYNASTY/

ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION The Chalukya dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from the middle of the 6th centuryThe Eastern Chalukyas became an independent kingdom in the eastern Deccan. They ruled until about the 11th century. In the western Deccan, the rise in the middle of the 8th century Western Chalukyas ruled until the end of the 12th century.

The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas and it is consolidated between kaveri and narmada river.. The rise of this empire saw in the development of new style of architecture called "Chalukyan architecture". Kannada literature, which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century from the Western Chalukyas .The 11th century saw the birth of Telugu literature under the Eastern Chalukyas.

The chalukyan architecture falls under

two distinct parts

Structural

Rock-cut

ROCK-CUT CAVE TEMPLE AT BADAMI

The chalukyan capital city Badami was protected by a fort surrounded by a moat.

On the southern hill called ‘Ranmandal’ there are series of cave from the top to bottom

Badami was also a religious centre. Goddess ‘Banashankari’ was the presiding diety and a festival is held annually in her honour in the full moon.

CAVE I (SHIVA CAVE)• The cave is hewn on

southern hill and can be reached by climbing about 35 steps.

• This is L-shaped cave which is 14m long and 7.5m deep and faces towards north.

• The cave consist of pillared verandah, a hall and a square cell hewn deep into the rock and outside the cave sculpture of ‘Natraj’ is carved with eighteen hands, snake, fire, tiger skin etc.

• From the verandah opens a hall where fine figures of Shiva and Parvati combined about three metres high with four head is carved with a musical instrument veena and image of nandi.

• The ceiling of verandah is carved with huge ‘Naga’ (serpent).

• The four square pillars of verandah and hall are carved with animal figure like lion, elephants. The pillars have ribbed shaft.

CAVE II (VAISHNAVA CAVE)

• The cave can be reached by climbing 65 steps from Cave I toward east and it also faces toward north.

• The four pillar verandah are carved with bands of ornaments and bracket contains animal sculptures.

• The cave is 10m long 7m wide and stand on eight massive pillars 3.5m high.

• On the eastern wall of verandah , is the huge image of ‘Varaha’ holding earth.

• On the western wall there is a huge sculpture of, Tri-vikrama’ (vishnu)with eight hands.

• The ceiling is full of mythological stories.

CAVE III (VAISHNAVA CAVE)

• The cave can be reached by climbing sixty steps from cave II towards east.

• The cave is 21m long 15m deep with high platform.

• On the left wall of verandah there is a image of Vishnu similar to cave II.

• The hall is supported by six massive pillars and two plasters which are exuberently carved.

CAVE IV (JAINA CAVE)

• This cave belonging to Jaina is situated at top of the hill.

• The four pillars of verandah are 10mx5m have wide capital.

• The entrance of mantapa is lavishly decorated and have a huge statue of Mahaveer about 2m high.

• The entrance door of shrine is beautifully carved and flanked by two ‘Dwarpalas’.

STRUCTURAL TEMPLES

Badami chalukyas also built several structural temples along the edge of the lake and hill tops.

• The temples were conducted from 450 A.D to 650 A.D.

• characteristic features – the early Chalukyans combined some features of north and south style of construction.

• They have high platform, ornate door frames, plinth moulded, orthogonal shikhras, roof projection over ardh mantapa.

Characteristic featureAihole, Badami and pattadkal near Bijapur in Karnataka are centers of early chalukyan art..

Aihole was first capital of early chalukyas..

Aihole is to the west of Badami while Pattadakl is to the east..

Curved towers decorate with blind arches..

• Deccan style is in their balcony seating angled eaves and sloping roof and elaborately carved coloums and celling..

• Mortar less assembly..• Flat roofs.• Richly curved ceiling…

The porch, which faces

east, is decorated with pot motifs and

couples

Decoration on the outer

balcony of the porch includes pots (center),

river goddesses (left), and couples

The porch fronts a square

mandapa.

In the face of mandapa, a

Nandi face the small interior

shrine..

LAD KHAN TEMPLE AT AIHOLE

LAD KHAN TEMPLE AT AIHOLEThe temple stands on square plan 15 m side with high platform…

The north face of temple is shown..

Sloping roof..

Stone loges cover the joint between the roofing slabs..

No mortar is used for the construction of this temple..

DURGA TEMPLE AT AIHOLEThe temple stands on a high molded plinth 3 m high ..

It consist of a pillared hall or mukha- mandapa and an additional verandah all around .

Two flight of steps one from north and other from south are provided in front of the porch..

The roof of mukha mandapa is flat ..It is apsidal in plan, along the lines of a Buddhist chaitya, . A pillared corridor runs around the temple, enveloping the shrine, the mukhamantapa and the sabhamantapa.

DURGA TEMPLE AT AIHOLEThe temple stands on a high molded plinth 3 m high ..

It consist of a pillared hall or mukha- mandapa and an additional verandah all around .

Two flight of steps one from north and other from south are provided in front of the porch..

The roof of mukha mandapa is flat ..It is apsidal in plan, along the lines of a Buddhist chaitya, . A pillared corridor runs around the temple, enveloping the shrine, the mukhamantapa and the sabhamantapa.

BHUTANATH GROUP OF TEMPLE AT BADAMI

These temple stand on high plinths, two to three meters high.

Inner hall of this temple a heavy architrave above the columns

divided the hall into a central nave and two aisles…

The pillars are massive and the bays in ceiling of the nave is decorated

with lotus rosette..

BHUTANATH GROUP OF TEMPLE AT BADAMI

The Bhutanatha group of temples is a cluster of sand stone shrines dedicated to the deity Bhutanatha, in

Badami own of Karnataka state..

The windows bring dim light into the inner

mandapas..

On either side of the foot of the shrine doorway is an image, that of goddess

Ganga on her vehicle, eave is decorated..

MALEGITTI SHIVALAYA AT BADAMI• Malegitti Shivalaya is the

ancient temple of Lord Shiva. The complete building of the temple is made out of stone. This temple was built during the 7th century and is relevant to the Pallavas style of architecture.

• It contains a porch assembly hall and a shrine.

The square porch consists of large monolithic pillars with heavy bracket capitals..The high plinth contains a row of the loin and elephant symboling strength.. The fort consists of an underground secret chamber..

JAMBULINGA TEMPLE AT BADAMIThis temple is dedicated to three

gods, Bramha, Vishnu and Mahesh..All these shrines are place in common

mandapa…The tower is built of bricks and

appears to be later addition…

PAPANATH TEMPLE AT PATTADKAL• Huge complex of temple..• Locate next to the river..• The temple is provided with a coverd

ambulatory passage..• The pillars and beams are exquisitely

carved and decorated with incidents from Ramayana and Mahabharata..

VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE AT PATTADKAL• The entrance of the

temple is by the Malaprabha river …

• The temple has a large pillared hall approached through porch,in front and either side with Nandi mantapa on its axial plan…

This temple have tiered pyramidcal not conical .Roofs made up temple replicas..

It consist of three ante chambers, a

pillared hall and an open pillared hall. A pillared cloister , entrance gateways, courtyards, smaller shrines and other

structures surround the temple.

The nine-tiered eastern gateway, which is the largest at 50 meters.

It has a brick superstructure and a stone base. The smaller eastern gateway leads

to the inner court with its numerous smaller shrines.

LATER HOYSALA ARCHITECTURE Characteristic features

• Star shaped plan.• The temples stand on

high platform. • The plinth surfaces

animal carved with animal sculptures such as horses,elephants etc.

• Shikhras are missing in some temples.

• Temples are errected without mortar. Accuracy achieved by fitting of stones in their places.

Characteristic features• Trabeated style in

temples construction.• Temples are more

refinding wall surfaces.• The pillars are turned on

lathe with minute carving.

• Bracket figures which depict women dancing, makeup or musical instruments.

• Flat ceilings are there. Doorways were much artistic.

THE CHAULAKYAN ORDER OR TEMPLE

• The column is taken from temple at bankapur.

• The column height is about its lower diametre which is ¾ to 5/8.

• They are generally massive with different forms of shaft , ornamented and polished.

HOYSALESWAR TEMPLE AT HALEBID

• It is an incompleted double temple the length of each temple is 34m long 30m wide, 7.5m high. With 4 entrances.

• Both have star shaped stellate plan.

• Temple stands on 1.5m high basement divided into panels having sculptures.

• Outer walls are enriched with figures.

HOYSALESWAR TEMPLE Doorways posses all

essential qualities. In centre of cornice is the image of “tandaveswar –shiva” in a dancing pose.

• Window openings are filled with lavishy pierced marble slabs placed in between the pillars.

• Shafts are moulded and fluted.

• Its rich ornamentation and construction skills is the most outstanding example.

THE GREAT CHENNE KESHAV TEMPLE

AT BELUR• The temple built by vishnu

vardhan to commemorate his victory over the cholas.

• The temple stands on a platform 54*48m has a star shaped plan contains garbha griha, sukhanasi, and navaranga i.e. a central pillard hall.

• Temple has no towers. • It has three entrances-E,

Sand N.The eastern1 faces the mahadwara.

CHENNA KESHAV TEMPLE• The main entrance is

rendered most beautiful carving.

• The southern doorway is full of carvings nearly eighty in numbers of dieties, animals, demons.

• The northern entrance carved with female chauri bearers.

TEMPLE OF VIDYASANKARA AT SRINGERI

• The plan based on star shaped having apsidal on both ends

• . The temple faces east and has navaranga . Sukhanasi , and a garbha griha with ambulatory passage.

• 6 doorways. The high basement contains carved friezes containing horses,elephants, lions. The navaranga has 3 entrances

TEMPLE VIDYASANKARA• . The navaranga has 12 lionpillars bear the sign

of zodiac such as ram,bull so on and are arranged that the sun rays fall on the pillar with sign of ran in the 1st month and so on..

• Height of navaranga is about 5-6m the ceiling is carved with lotus bud o 5 tiers of concentric pedals.

• The outer wall of garbha griha contains seated figures of Laxmi-Narayan on the west, Brahma with Saraswati on the south and Uma-shankar on the north.

KESHAV TEMPLE AT SOMNATHPUR• This is built by Ar. Jakanachari

in1268. It is a tripple celled temple.

• It has a open courtyard with colunnaded all around.

• The temple has star shaped plan. Stands on high carved basement the ceilings are carved with geomtrical figures the shikharas missing are found here.

• There are 3 towers constructing over 3 cells. The outer surfaces are carved.

THE SOUTH HINDU OR DRAVIDIAN ARCHITECTURE

• The hindus considered the temple as a microcosm of the cosmic man to has pada (feet), lower legs (jangha), waist(kati), and shikhara (head) the topmost member and the tower composed of diminishing storeys (talas).

• In all the temples 1 find the GOD to whom temple is dedicated.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES AND EXAMPLES Trabeated style of

construction. • No mortar was used.• Further the temples were

expanded with courtyards called prakara”s enclosing tall gateways or gopurams.

• Besides the temples tanks, were contructed.

• Dwellings for various grades were provided in the courtyard.

• Temples were built on the top of the hills so as to guide the pilgrims.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES• Dramas, religious rituals, festivals, were also

continued in temples. • Temples were designed more elegantly with great

interest to display fine art and ornamentation that covered every part of the temple.