Challenges to the Veterinary Profession S. Abdul Rahman Executive Director and Past President,Commonwealth Veterinary Association Council Member, World Veterinary Association Director, Alliance for Rabies Control UK. Past President, Association for Prevention and Control of Rabies in India (APCRI) Former, Chairman,OIE Working Group on Animal Welfare Former Dean, Bangalore Veterinary College, Bangalore 1
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Challenges to the Veterinary Profession · Food Waste Over 100 mill. tonnes of food are wasted annually; estimation for 2020,food waste is expected to rise to about 126 million tonnes
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Challenges to the Veterinary
Profession
S. Abdul RahmanExecutive Director and Past President,Commonwealth Veterinary Association
Council Member, World Veterinary Association
Director, Alliance for Rabies Control UK.
Past President, Association for Prevention and Control of Rabies in India (APCRI)
Former, Chairman,OIE Working Group on Animal Welfare
Former Dean, Bangalore Veterinary College, Bangalore
1
Role of Veterinarians
Veterinarians are extremely well placed
to positively influence the future health
and welfare of all animals, including
humans.
Expansion of this role for the
profession is becoming increasingly
urgent as
⚫ the human population expands and
⚫ the earth’s ecology appears to be
veering towards a dangerous
imbalance.
The Context: Globalisation
◆ Unprecedented movements of
commodities and people, used by
pathogens to colonise all the planet
◆ Climate changes and human
behaviour allow colonisation of new
territories by vectors and pathogens
«The 5 Ts »
❖ Trade
❖ Travel
❖ Transport
❖ Tourism
❖ Terrorism
Current Global Scenario
⚫ The world population of 2050 will be roughly nine billion,
but they will eat like twelve billion people would eat
today.
⚫ The human population has more than doubled since
1960.
⚫ Some domestic animal populations however, grew more
rapidly than people did .
⚫ The World chicken population quintupled since 1960,
Current Global Scenario
Consumption Pattern has Changed
⚫ Rural and Urban poor suffer from under nutrition and
malnutrition due to inadequate purchasing power.
⚫ Food habits of the more affluent sections of the
population are fast changing with greater emphasis on
fruits, meat(Chicken in India), vegetables and animal
products.
⚫ Paradox of abundant grain reserves co-existing with
millions of people suffering from hunger.
Growth of Livestock Sector
⚫ Demand drives the growth of the livestock sector.
⚫ The consumption of animal products will be driven by
changes in population size, available family income,
relative food prices, taste and preferences.
⚫ Recent trends in the consumption patterns have shown a
steep upward trend, especially for eggs, meat and milk.
⚫ Animal production is really in the high -growth segment
of the world food system compared to the staple food
sector.
⚫ The desired meat consumption - given today’s
consumption behaviour - will require at least a doubling
of per capita meat supply by 2050
Increase in Global Demand For
Food
•+1 billion people by 2050, with
a shift to middle-class
•Demand for animal protein,
notably milk and eggs will
increase by more than 50%
•Focus on developing /
transition countries
•Production will need to follow
•Impact of diseases on animal
production: at least 20% losses
globally
Global
Asia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Beef Poultry
Mill
ion
to
nn
es
Projected increase in consumption, 2000-2030
Global
Asia
2000: 580 million tons
2050: 1043 million tons
Estimated growth in global
demand for dairy
Kilos of meat consumed per person per year 40 years ago and today (FAOstat)
Meat and Climate Change
Estimated growth in global
demand for meat
2000: 229 million tons
2050: 465 million tons
Food Waste
▪ Over 100 mill. tonnes of food are wasted annually; estimation for 2020
,food waste is expected to rise to about 126 million tonnes by 2020.
▪ About a third of all food produced globally for human
consumption is lost or wasted - around 1.3 billion tonnes per year
(FAO)
▪ Food loss and waste in industrialized countries are as high as in
developing countries, but their distribution is different:
▪ Developing countries: over 40% of food losses happen after harvest
and during processing,
▪ Industrialized countries: over 40% occurs at retail and consumer level.
⚫ In spite of our agricultural
progress and food safety
programmes we have
nearly as many children,
women and men suffering
from poverty as the entire
population of India in 1947.
⚫ Our agriculture today is
usually reflected to as a
“gamble in the monsoon”.
Present Scenario of India
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOALS (SDGS)
World Leaders have committed to 17 Goals for people
and planet called the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals.
They did this, setting out to achieve 3 key things:
• End extreme poverty.
• Fight inequality and
• Fight injustice
Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs)
Challenges to the Veterinary
Profession
Control Animal Diseses -
Zoonosis
Education
Help fight poverty and
hunger
ClimateChange &
Antimicrobial Resistance
IncreaseAnimal
Production
Th
e V
ete
rin
ary
L
ink
ag
es
• Food Safety and Security
• Emerging Zoonotic Diseases
• Antimicrobial Resistance
• Climate Change
• Animal Welfare
New Challenges to the Veterinary Profession
Veterinarians and Food
Safety and Security
⚫ Today consumers are more and
more concerned about issues of
animal welfare and food product
quality.
⚫ Veterinarians have a great
collaborative approach to
address these public health
issues
⚫ Veterinarians play an important
role in ensuring the safety of milk
(especially from antibiotic
resistant Salmonella typhimurium
DT104),
Fauci, NIAID/NIH 2005
Dengue
Dengue
H5N1AI
H5N1 AI
Chikungunya
Dengue
Compounding Factors for
Emerging Zoonotic Disease
⚫ Poaching and bush meat consumption – increasedpotential for ZD “spill over” from natural wildlifereservoirs
⚫ Increased urbanisation = decreased land availability
⚫ “Slash and burn” deforestation is implicated in theemergence of diseases from wildlife populations
⚫ “Pathogens as hitchhikers” (Gibbs, 2005) as a result ofglobalisation and tourism e.g. SARS outbreak 2004
⚫ Animal trading implicated as introducing disease on anumber of occasions
Emerging Zoonotic Diseases
⚫ The risk factors precipitating the occurrence of EZD are
many and are in a state of continuous evolution and agents
⚫ Development of antimicrobial resistance is directly
related to antimicrobial usage, especially
inappropriate usage
⚫ Understanding antimicrobial pharmocokinetics/
dynamics and resistance mechanisms can help guide
appropriate usage
⚫ Knowledge of local susceptibility patterns is essential
⚫ Paucity of new antimicrobial agents in pipeline
Antimicrobial Resistance:
A Complex Problem In
Veterinary Medicine
⚫ Companion animals
⚫ Farm animals, including food animals
⚫ Individual patients, herd health, human health
⚫ Antimicrobial agent use without direct veterinary supervision
⚫ Over the counter sales
⚫ Client education
⚫ Pet owners
⚫ Food animal producers
One child every five
minutes dies in S E Asia as
a result of an antibiotic
resistant infection
25000 people die every year in
Europe from antibiotic
resistant infections
Estimated that 23000
people die in the USA
every year from antibiotic
resistant infections
Governmental agencies &
regulatory authorities Research and
academic institutions
International
organizations
AMR laboratories
The private sector
A multidisciplinary
approach involving
A wide range of
partners is needed to
manage AMR
in ASIAN countries.
Conclusion
What Needs to Be Done?
⚫ With the demand for animal protein to feed the nearly 9
billion people out of which 2 million in India, by 2050
there is an urgent need to strengthen the Animal
resources development by implementing various
programmes .
These include:
⚫ Strengthening the veterinary profession by increasing
the number of veterinary institutions
What Needs to Be Done?
The science of animal production must continue to push
at frontiers in:
⚫Animal genetics:
⚫ Design of breeding programs,
⚫ Genotype-environment interaction,
⚫Genomic selection,
⚫Disease resistance and
⚫Support animal welfare - productivity related trade-offs.
What Needs to Be Done?
⚫ Innovative and new technologies are required in
animal production, and communicating the
advantages of innovations to farmers and
consumers must be an integral part of this.
⚫ More cooperation among scientists, media, and
policy makers is needed to make science
communication more effective
⚫ A strategy for the Indian livestock economy serving
food security requires new technology and changing
consumption behaviour.
⚫ A big push to enhance livestock productivity for thecountry’s food and nutrition security is needed now.
⚫ Is the Veterinary Curriculum in Vet Colleges adequate
to educate the new generation of Vets?
⚫ Are the Vet Colleges properly equipped to efficiently
train the Vets?
⚫ Are the Governments providing adequate funding to
meet the above requirements?
⚫ Are the Vets being supervised and tested in their
existing knowledge to meet challenges?
Can the Veterinary Profession
Meet these Challenges
What is needed?
⚫ There is an urgent need to :
⚫ Strengthen the capacities of countries globally
⚫ Create or maintain National Animal Health and
Veterinary Public Health Systems that:
⚫ Can provide for surveillance, Early detection
and Rapid response to outbreaks of aquatic
and terrestrial animal diseases, including
zoonoses,
Conclusion
India with its huge population and problems of poverty,illiteracy, unemployment and social and economicunrest, diversities of culture, religion and language andwith 70 percent of its population living in rural areas,has survived the last six decades post-independencewith sheer grit and determination and has emerged asan Asian superpower with many firsts to its credit.
Conclusion
⚫ If in the industrial sector, it has become a leader in Information technology and software development,
⚫ in the agriculture and livestock sector, it has achieved self-sufficiency, and even surplus, in agricultural grain and crop production and reached the coveted number one position in milk production and 5th highest producer of egg production in the world today.
⚫ It is left to one’s imagination and intelligence that if India could achieve all this distinction burdened with the problems mentioned above, what could happen if poverty and hunger were eliminated and unemployment solved.
⚫ No country in the world would then be able to match its power!!
Conclusion
⚫ Livestock sector is the most important alternative to agriculture and has provided tremendous avenues for income generation and employment.
⚫ To meet the challenges posed by Poverty and Hunger, Emerging Zoonotic Diseases, Climate Change and Antimicrobial Resistance to provide food to India in particular and the Whole Planet in General the entire World is solely dependent upon