Challenges to an obligate Challenges to an obligate intracellular parasite intracellular parasite • Gain entry to host cell • Survive host defenses • Do not destroy cell while you need it • Compete for host resources to multiply • Exit and survive passage to new host cell
Challenges to an obligate intracellular parasite. Gain entry to host cell Survive host defenses Do not destroy cell while you need it Compete for host resources to multiply Exit and survive passage to new host cell. Virus-cell interactions may vary with type of cell infected. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Challenges to an obligate intracellular Challenges to an obligate intracellular parasiteparasite
• Gain entry to host cell • Survive host defenses • Do not destroy cell while you need it • Compete for host resources to multiply • Exit and survive passage to new host cell
Virus-cell interactions may vary with type of cell Virus-cell interactions may vary with type of cell infectedinfected
• Productive - progeny produced
– Cytopathogenic: results in cell death
– Persistent: cell survives
– Transforming: cell survives and changes properties
• Virus nucleic acid maintained • If host cell reproduces so does virus nucleic acid • May be integrated as prophage or provirus or may be
cytoplasmic episome• May give host new characteristics due to some gene
expression (Lysogenic conversion; transforming viruses) • Viral product may prevent apoptosis in certain cells • Ability to return to vegetative state for many in same or
different cell (different disease - VZV) • Presence shown by PCR or probes
• Transformation
– May or may not produce progeny depending on type of virus
– Virus product/presence turns on expressions of oncogenes
• Abortive infections: Permissive versus nonpermissive cells
– Infection but no functional progeny
• Missing factors for replication
• Failure to process proteins
• Null infections
– Lack receptors
– May be permissive if transfection or other means to infect
Attachment: Specificity Attachment: Specificity beginsbegins here hereVirus attachment site and cell receptorVirus attachment site and cell receptor
• envelope glycoproteins
• capsid proteins
• ends of filaments of bacterial rods (all filamentous animal viruses are enveloped)
• penton proteins (poliovirus - canyon formation)
• penton fibers (12 per virion)
• A proteins (single copies)
• Tailed phages - tail fiber tips (6 on Teven); tail pins (reversible vs irreversible)
• May be multiple sites or one
• Attachment sites are highly conserved
• Adjacent ab binding sites may not be
– Polio vaccine blocks near attachment site
• Virus can escape detection but remain infectious (HIV)
Plant viruses bypass this stepPlant viruses bypass this step
Aphid on bean leaf transmitting virus
What is the value of knowing the receptor What is the value of knowing the receptor for a virus?for a virus?
Receptor sitesReceptor sites
• Essential to host cell function (Achilles pore)
• Present in multiple copies
• Narrow vs broad host range (universality of receptor)