Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Energy from Novel Materials in China Dongyuan Zhao Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University Email:[email protected] http://www.mesogroup.fudan.edu.cn/
Jan 19, 2016
Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable
Energy from Novel Materials in China
Dongyuan Zhao
Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University
Email:[email protected]
http://www.mesogroup.fudan.edu.cn/
Increasing Global Energy DemandIncreasing Global Energy DemandIncreasing Global Energy DemandIncreasing Global Energy Demand
Transitione conomies
Developing countries
OECD
1971 2002 2030
En
ergy
Dem
and
(B
nb
oe)
Source: IEA WEO 2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Supply and Demand of Fossil Energy Supply and Demand of Fossil Energy
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1900 2000 2100 2200 2300
Fossil Resource
New Energy New Energy TechnologiesTechnologies
Assumption:world population :10 billion, Per capita rate of GDP: 2 %
energy consuming per GDP: 1 % , shortage: shortage: 50 50 years years
Million Barrels/Day
20502050 ??20502050 ??
Energy Demand
4
Low Per Capita Energy Resources Low Per Capita Energy Resources in Chinain China
23. 68吨
2. 59吨
2. 58
万立方米0. 11
万立方米
163. 34吨
90. 68吨
石油可采储量 煤炭可采储量
世界 中国
gas proven reserves
coal proven reserves
The world China
tons
tons
tons
tons
104 cubic meters
104 cubic meters
Primary Energy
Coal(million tonnes)
Oil(million tonnes)
Gas(million cubic
meters)
Hydropower installed capacity(million
kilowatts)
Proven Reserves 1145 33 11704 3.53
Production period (year)
54~81 15~20 28~58 38~104
Production(year) ~2085 ~2025 ~2065 ~2110
Shanghai comprehensive economic briefing, 2005 (02) 2005 (02)
Shortage of Fossil Energy Shortage of Fossil Energy Resources in China Resources in China
Increasing Import Dependence of Increasing Import Dependence of Oil in ChinaOil in China
Increasing Import Dependence of Increasing Import Dependence of Oil in ChinaOil in China
Unit :(million tonnes)
Demand
Domestic supply assumption import
dependence ( Net import/Demand) low high
2000 2.3 1.63 29.1 %2010
assumption3.5~3.8 1.7 1.9 61.0 %
2020 assumption
4.8~5.2 1.8 2.0 76.9 %IEA
Mil
lio
n
Bar
rels
/Day
China Primary Energy ConsumptionChina Primary Energy Consumption
oil21.8%
hydropower and other
6.7%gas2.8%
coal68.7%
nuclear6.2%
hydropower and other
6.1% coal26.5%
oil37.3%
gas23.9%
World Primary Energy ConsumptionWorld Primary Energy ConsumptionWorld Primary Energy ConsumptionWorld Primary Energy Consumption
China and World Primary Energy Consumption in 2004
China and World Primary Energy Consumption in 2004
0
10
20
30
NorthAmerica
Europe Russia East Asia Australia China SouthernAsia
other
Percen
tP
ercent
((
%%))
No.2No.2
High Energy-Related COHigh Energy-Related CO22
EmissionsEmissions in Chinain ChinaHigh Energy-Related COHigh Energy-Related CO22
EmissionsEmissions in Chinain China
Serious Acid Rain Pollution in China
pH>5.6
pH<5.6
acid rain
SO2
Area percentage pH<5.6 : 40%Acid rain: 8.4% SO2: 3%
year 1998 2001 2002 2004
China’s import(million barrels/day)
0.9 2.0 2.1 3.4
World trade(million barrels/day)
53.3 56.3 57.3 48.1
China’s share of oil import in the global
1.7% 3.6% 3.7% 7.1%
Data:
1. Michael, Smith., BP World Energy Statistics 2005
2. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2001, P39 .
3. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2004, P40.
4. Gensheng, Han., Oil reserves and China’s oil market policy in response to higher oil prices and to participate in world.
The Sixth US-China OGIF.
Energy Security in ChinaEnergy Security in China
Oil import in China
0
1
2
3
4
5
Oil import in 2004
American JapanGermanyFranceKorea
China
Share of China’s dependence on Middle East oil is 54%
Share of American’s dependence on Middle East oil is 34%
Share of China’s dependence on Middle East oil is 54%
Share of American’s dependence on Middle East oil is 34%
mill
ion
ton
nes
Africa24.6%
Middle East50.8%Asia Pacific
15.3%
Europe and the Western Hemisphere
7.2%
other2.1%
China's Energy ProblemsChina's Energy ProblemsChina's Energy ProblemsChina's Energy Problems
energy supplyenergy supply
the shortage of liquid fuel and the shortage of liquid fuel and energy securityenergy security
environmental pollutionenvironmental pollution
rural energy resourcesrural energy resources
COCO22 emissions emissions
Nuclear Power Layout and Construction Sequence
sight B sight Cpath 1 path 2 long- and medium-term plan
2008
2009
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2015
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0
Note:
Science and Technology Innovation:Science and Technology Innovation:
Creation and application of new energy Creation and application of new energy
materials pave the way to solve the materials pave the way to solve the
energy problemenergy problem
Science and Technology Innovation:Science and Technology Innovation:
Creation and application of new energy Creation and application of new energy
materials pave the way to solve the materials pave the way to solve the
energy problemenergy problem
Renewable EnergyRenewable EnergyRenewable EnergyRenewable EnergySolar
Biomass (non traditional)
Wind
Sea
Geothermal
Science and Technology Innovation: Science and Technology Innovation: Creation and application of new energy materials pave Creation and application of new energy materials pave
the way to solve the energy problemthe way to solve the energy problem
OilOilOilOil21.8%21.8%21.8%21.8%
HydropowerHydropowerHydropowerHydropower6.7%6.7%6.7%6.7%
GasGasGasGas2.8%2.8%2.8%2.8%
CoalCoalCoalCoal 68.7%68.7%68.7%68.7%
Optimization of the Fossil Optimization of the Fossil Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization
Optimization of the Fossil Optimization of the Fossil Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization
Energy structure of China Energy structure of China in 2004in 2004
Energy structure of China Energy structure of China in 2004in 2004
Oil Oil
Coal Coal
clean oilclean oil
drain offdrain off
efficient combustion & efficient combustion & power generationpower generation
IGCCIGCC
COCO22 capture and bury capture and bury
C + O2 = CO2 + 394 kJ ( energy)
+ O2 →
SOx
NOx
SN }pollutapolluta
ntsntspollutapollutantsnts
Clean Coal TechnologyClean Coal TechnologyClean Coal TechnologyClean Coal Technology
greenhouse gasgreenhouse gasgreenhouse gasgreenhouse gas
combustioncombustioncombustioncombustion removalremovalremovalremoval(( beforbefor
ee))(( beforbefor
ee))
gasificationgasificationgasificationgasification
removalremovalremovalremoval
electricity electricity generationgenerationelectricity electricity generationgeneration (( afteafte
rr))(( afteafte
rr))
Renewable EnergyRenewable EnergyRenewable EnergyRenewable Energy
Solar
Biomass (non traditional)
Wind
Sea
Geothermal
Solar radiation distribution and utilization in China
Solar radiation distribution and utilization in China
Utilization Utilization ::Utilization Utilization ::
Heat usageHeat usage
Heating Heating
power generationpower generation
Light usageLight usage
PhotocellPhotocell
PhotochemistryPhotochemistry
Heat usageHeat usage
Heating Heating
power generationpower generation
Light usageLight usage
PhotocellPhotocell
PhotochemistryPhotochemistryricher area (>1700)
rich area (1500-1700)
available area (1200-1500)
scarce area (<1200)Unit: kWh/m2
Principle and Structure of the Principle and Structure of the Solar CellSolar Cell
Principle and Structure of the Principle and Structure of the Solar CellSolar Cell
Electricity price:2.00-4.00 RMB/ kilowatt-hour
low efficiency : 1515 -- 1818 %% high cost : 2525 -- 30 30 RMB/WpRMB/Wp
incomplete system: storagestorage
Biomass UtilizationBiomass UtilizationBio oilBio oil -- biodiesel oilbiodiesel oilBio oilBio oil -- biodiesel oilbiodiesel oil
RapeseedRapeseed
Palm oil, Jatropha curcasl oilPalm oil, Jatropha curcasl oil
RapeseedRapeseed
Palm oil, Jatropha curcasl oilPalm oil, Jatropha curcasl oil
StarchStarch -- EthanolEthanolStarchStarch -- EthanolEthanol
Corn, WheatCorn, Wheat
Cassava, sweet potato, Jerusalem Cassava, sweet potato, Jerusalem artichokeartichoke
Sugarcane, sweet sorghumSugarcane, sweet sorghum
Corn, WheatCorn, Wheat
Cassava, sweet potato, Jerusalem Cassava, sweet potato, Jerusalem artichokeartichoke
Sugarcane, sweet sorghumSugarcane, sweet sorghum
CelluloseCellulose -- ethanol, biodiesel oilethanol, biodiesel oilCelluloseCellulose -- ethanol, biodiesel oilethanol, biodiesel oil
Straw, treesStraw, trees
Jerusalem artichokeJerusalem artichoke
Straw, treesStraw, trees
Jerusalem artichokeJerusalem artichoke
Tech
no
log
yT
echn
olo
gy
Tech
no
log
yT
echn
olo
gy
Cellulose Bioconversion Cellulose Bioconversion
The common problems in the utilization of renewable energyThe common problems in the
utilization of renewable energy
产业发展慢
市场容量小发电成本高
激励政策 创立市场
技术进步
产业发展慢
市场容量小发电成本高
激励政策 创立市场
技术进步
Slow development
Small marketHigh cost
Create market
Incentive policy
Technology innovation
Research&Research&developmentdevelopment IndustryIndustryDemonstration Demonstration
Benign circle: Benign circle:
MarketMarket
new energy
research
institute
energy storage
materials
fossil energy
technology
energy saving
technology
solar energy
materials
biomass energy
energy economies
Director : Dongyuan Zhao
Associate Director: Prof. Yang Zhong
Prof. Hualong Xu
Secretary: Prof. Aishui Yu
New Energy Research Institute of Fudan University
Institutional Structure
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
(iChEM) has been approved by China EOM.
Three Universities and CAS,
Xiamen Univ. ; Fudan Univ;
China Univ of Sci & Tech (CUST)
Dalian Inst of Chem Phys.
Project grant: 300 M
Superparamagnetic functional mesoporous microspheres with perpendicularly aligned channels
New synthesis route for the Fe3O4 @nSiO2@ mSiO2 microspheres with sandwiched structure
Large diameter to reduce the curvature energySmooth surface to facile coating and self-assembly
Deng & Zhao J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 28
Hierachically structured porous materials for catalytic application of heavy oil cracking
Weak acidity Heavy oil Middle molecule Fuel
Large pores
Small pore
Gradient pores & acidity
Strong acidity
Heavy oil crack: one-step process for cracking – hydrogenation Syn-gas: F-T reaction for one-step process of chain increase – isomerization
2.5 m3 reaction kettle 500 kg products high quality
Hierachically structured porous materials for catalytic application of heavy oil cracking
Catalytic performances of hieratically porous materials
catalystCore-shell( SY-11)
UOP( DHC-3
9)USY
( FC-16)
temperature( C) 375 402 373
C5+ yield , % 97.8 97.3 96.7
> 350 C conversion ( %) 75 75 75
Products and distribution
Light oil (HK-65C conv. %) 1.55 2.30 3.62
Heavy oil (65-140C conv. %) 17.73 14.42 17.17
Aromaticity (m %) 41.36 39.04 40.3
Diesel (140-370C conv.%) 68.53 66.19 63.69
End oil (> 370C conv. %) 12.85 11.87 13.53
BMCI 5.9 7.6 10.4
< 370C middle oil, selectivity % 78.7 79.8 75.4
Process : pressure: 15.0 MPa , H2/Oil: 1500 , space (v) : 1.5 h-1, 375C , yield:
77.3% , liquid yield: 97.8 wt% , middle oil selectivity: 78.7 % , Life: 5000 hours
Continuous and large-scale synthesis of orderedmesoporous hollow carbon microspheres
50 μm
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.200
2
4
6
8
10
2120
11
Ln (I)
q (A-1)
thermosetted carbonised silica removed
10
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Am
ount a
dso
rbed (m
mol/g
)
p/p0
1900.3 m2/g
1.52 cm3/g
1 10
0
1
2
3
dV/d
D (cm
3 /g/n
m
D (nm)
2.0 nm
5.1 nm
Wu, X. Z., Selomulya, C. Chen, X. D. & Zhao D. Y., Angew Chem Int Ed 2013, 52, 13764-13768
高比表面积 :1930 m2/g
30
Fabrication of the Supercapacitor Devices
Single: 80 x 103 F, 8 x 4 parallel connection, 5 groups
1) high static capacitance ( 8000 F)
2) low resistance (≤0.52 mΩ)
3) high energy density (~ 8.2 Wh/kg)
The supercapacitor devices: (8000 F)
Negative electrode : Li-ion insertion/extraction reaction
Positive electrode : Li-ion adsorption/de-sorption
Electrolyte : concentration constant
New concept “rocking chair” Li+ hybrid cell
Capacity retention: 90% over 20000 cycles,
Columbic efficiency: 100%
Chinese patent: ZL. 200510025269.6 PCT: WO/2006/111079
Normal Capacitance (F)
Nominal Voltage (V)
Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
Sing cell 60000 1.25 8.5
Module 240000 10 8
Beijing Olympic Village Solar Streetlight
Thank you for your attention !