Challenges and opportunities for a generic market for GM crops in Africa Diran Makinde NEPAD Agency African Biosafety Network of Expertise Presentation at the 2015 IIBN Forum , Ghent June 19, 2015
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Challenges and opportunities for a generic market for GM crops in Africa
Diran Makinde NEPAD Agency African Biosafety Network of Expertise
Presentation at the 2015 IIBN Forum , Ghent June 19, 2015
On the Ground-- • Africa, spends between $30 billion to $50 billion/year to import
food. (Funds needed for infrastructure, social & economic amenities). By 2030 could be up to $150 billion!!!
• Africa’s agric exports accounted for 3.3% (2009-’13) up from 1.2% (‘96-2000);whilst intra-Africa trade has doubled
• Genetic engineering, is one of the most promising technologies for confronting the multiplicity of challenges facing Africa, especially food insecurity.
Good news….. • The voices of pro-transgenic crops is being heard by
a growing number of high-level authorities in more countries bringing about revised or strengthened biosafety laws.
• However, a significantly vocal anti-GMs remain skeptical and stress potential risks.
• ‘Generic’ GM and the roles of AATF on access to royalty-free technology.
Prospects for GM Trade are rising in Africa
• Total biotech crop ha increased by 6%. From
3,233,781 (‘12) to 3,435,759 ha (‘13). B Faso 51%, Sudan 207%.
• 7 countries conducting CFTs on food security crops. Banana, cassava, potato, cowpea, maize, rice, sorghum, wheat & sweet potatoes.
• Distribution of biotech crops’ trait broadened. 37 on-going: 23 on tropical pest and disease resistance;
5 nutritional enhancement;
3 NUE & salt tolerance;
2 on flower colour in Gypophilia; & 1 modified oils in soybean.
Status of Regulatory Regimes in Africa
Approved Events in Africa Source: ISAAA Report 2015
• Maize 38 • Soybean 11 • Cotton 10 • Canola 4 • Rice 1
South Africa
• Cotton 2
Burkina Faso
Egypt • Maize1
Sudan • Cotton 2
Current status of GM Crops in Africa CROP TRAITS COUNTRIES
INVOLVED STAGE OF DEV.
PARTNERS SOURCE OF FUNDING
Banana Increase iron and beta carotene content
Uganda CFT QUT Gatsby charitable Foundation, US
Bacterial Wilt resistance
Uganda CFT AATF, Academia Sinica, IITA
Gatsby charitable Foundation, US
Weevil , nematode resistance
Uganda Approved for CFT
Univ. California (San Diego),Univ. of Leeds,Univ. of Pretoria
Bioversity Int.,Rockerfeller foundation, Gov. Of Uganda
Source: FARA, ABNE & MSU, 2013
CROP TRAITS COUNTRIES INVOLVED
STAGE OF DEV.
PARTNERS SOURCE OF FUNDING
Cassava Cassava mosaic disease
Kenya, Uganda CFT Danforth center, ETH Zurich, KARI,NACRRI
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Howard
Buffet Foundation, Monsanto Fund, USAID
Enriched Vit A, iron, improved storage
Kenya, Nigeria
CFT Danforth center, ETH Zurich,
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Cotton Bollworm resistance
Uganda, Kenya, Egypt, Malawi
CFT Monsanto , Danforth, NARS (Uganda, Kenya, Egypt)
-
Current status of GM Crops in Africa II
27 Source: FARA, ABNE & MSU, 2013
Source: ABNE & MSU, 2013
CROP TRAITS COUNTRIES INVOLVED
STAGE OF DEV.
PARTNERS SOURCE OF FUNDING
Cowpea Pod borer resistance (Maruca vitara)
Nigeria, Ghana, Burkina Faso
CFT AATF, CSIRO, IITA, Kirkhouse, Monsanto
Rockefeller Foundation, USAID
Maize Stem borer resistance
Kenya CFT CIMMYT, KARI Syngenta, Foundation for Sustainable Dev.
Maize streak virus resistance
South Africa GH C Pannar Seed, Univ. Cape Town
-
Current status of GM Crops in Africa III
Current status of GM Crops in Africa IV
CROP TRAITS COUNTRIES INVOLVED
STAGE OF DEV.
PARTNERS SOURCE OF FUNDING
Maize Drought tolerance
Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa and Mozambique
CFT in Uganda, Kenya GHC in South Africa
AATF, CIMMYT, Monsanto,
NARS
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Howard G. Buffett Foundation
Rice Water– use efficiency (WUE), Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and salt tolerance
Burkina Faso, Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana
CFT in Ghana AATF, Arcadia Biosciences, CIAT, Japan Tobacco
DFID-UK,USAID
Source: FARA, ABNE & MSU, 2013
Current status of GM Crops in Africa V
CROP TRAITS COUNTRIES INVOLVED
STAGE OF DEV.
PARTNERS SOURCE OF FUNDING
Sorghum Iron, Zinc, pro vit. A, protein(quality and digestibility)
Kenya , Nigeria,
B. Faso and S. Africa
CFT- Kenya and Nigeria. GHC in S. Africa
AATF, Africa Harvest, CORAF/ WECARD,CSIR (S.Africa),Danforth Center, ICRISAT, Pioneer ,Univ. Of California Berkeley, Univ. of Pretoria,
Bill and Melinda Gate Foundation and Howard Buffet Foundation
Sweet Potato
Weevil resistance
Uganda and Kenya
GHC Auburn Univ. BecA, CIP, Danforth Center, Kenyatta Univ., Univ. of Ghent, Univ. of Puerto Rico
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation and USAID 30
Source: FARA, ABNE and MSU, 2013
The African Plant Breeding Academy (AfPBA)
• Dec 3rd 2013: Opened at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
• Dec 2014: 1st batch of 25 breeders graduated
• 250 plant breeders and technicians will be trained over 5 years.
The African Orphan Crops Consortiums Genomics Lab • Dec 2013: Life Technologies donated
instrumentation and lab establishment started • Jan- Sept 2014: Lab set up; Staff was appointed
(2 technical assistants, 1 scientist) • December 2014: 1st species sent for whole
genome sequencing to BGI, China • February 2015: 1st re-sequenced genome of
common bean at ICRAF
AFRICAN ORPHAN CROPS CONSORTIUM
WHERE ARE WE NOW?
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) at BGI Re-sequencing at AOCC lab, ICRAF
Whole Genome Sequencing began for 12 species Adansonia digitata Adansonia kilima Vigna subterranea Casimiroa edulis Annona senegalensis Sclerocarya birrea Faidherbia albida Solanum aethiopicum Lablab purpureus Moringa oleifera Eleusine coracana Celosia argentea
Re-sequencing done for 40 accessions Phaseolus vulgaris (12) Cleome gynandra (28)
On-going activities: Gene sequencing: 50 AOCC species Genome size estimation: for 101 species
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Current Intra-African Trade • 20% (+ informal & all products combined) • Higher in East Africa (16%) vs. West Africa (11%). Europe
60%; North America 40%; ASEAN countries 30%.
• East Africa prone to chronic droughts
- maize, rice, sugar, livestock & cassava(limited).
- Kenya is the centre of gravity with mainly imports from Tanzania & Uganda.
- Maize is imported from US, South Africa & Mexico
- Rice from Asia and US (15-25%) TZ is the highest producer.
Current Intra-African Trade II
West Africa- roots & tubers, cereals (maize, millet,
sorghum & rice), vegetable oils & vegetables (onions,
potatoes).
Trade is polarised by Nigeria (half the W. Africa population & accounts for 60% of regional transactions in cereals.)
Millet & Sorghum- Northern Nigeria, B. Faso, & Mali with Niger & Mauritania main recipient.
Maize to Niger from Ghana, Benin, Cote d’Ivoire
Lesser amount from B.Faso & Mali
Current Intra-African Trade III
• Rice: Region has large deficit & covers only 50% of its needs. Main importers are Nigeria (1.8-2 MT/year), Senegal, Cote d’Ivoire, & Benin.
• Onions: Niger major producer. Trade with Senegal, Ghana & Cote d’Ivoire.
• Palm oil is dominated by Nigeria (1.3 MT and consumed within the country) & Cote d’Ivoire(330,000T)
Top Export Commodities from Burkina Faso in Tons (2009-2010)
Export Quantity in Tons
Item 2009 2010
Cotton Lint 198,272.0 164,415.0
Sesame Seed 49,518.0 61,298.0
Karite Nuts (Sheanuts) 62,788.0 68,797.0
Maize 14,467.0 22,892.0
Fruit, Tropical Fresh 5,355.0 6,915.0
Cottonseed cake 21,842.0 21,832.0
Dry Beans 3,713.0 19,161.0
Sorghum 2,702.0 9000.0
Tomatoes 6,924.0 12,929.0
Source: USAID / CILSS (2013)
Regional & Cross-border Trade Flows in Agricultural Products in West Africa (December 2013)
Regional & Cross-border Trade in Maize (December 2013)
Regional & Cross-border Trade in Maize (December 2013)
Exporting Country
Tons Value (in USD/ 000)
Export Price
USD/Ton
Destina-tion
Countries
Impor-ting Country
Tons Value (in
USD/ 000)
Export Price USD / Ton
Country of origin
Côte d’Ivoire (CI)
5,254 973.9 185 SNG 3,520 644 257 CI
Nigeria (NIG)
1,871 721.2 385 BF 1,885 465 282 CI, GHN, TG
Burkina Faso (BF)
1,690 434.2 275 ML 1,207 231 CI
Ghana (GHN)
938 227.1 242 NG 3,906 123 BF, CI, GHN
Benin (BN)
620 168.3 271 Mauritania 310 81 271 CI, ML
Mali (ML) 250 70.5 282 BN 15 4 BF
Togo (TG) 220 59.7 271
Total 10,843 2,655 Total 10,843 1,547
Source: USAID/CILSS (2013)
Regional & Cross-border Trade in Millet (December 2013)
Regional & Cross-border Trade in Sorghum (December 2013)
Exporting Country
Tons Value (in USD/000)
Export Price USD/ Ton
Destination Countries
Importing Country
Tons Value (in USD /
000)
Export Price USD/ Ton
Country of origin
Nigeria (NIG)
5,109 2,367 463 NG NIG 3,510 2,235 637 NG
Ghana (GHN)
468 166 354 BN, CI, GHN, TG
BF 532 134 257 BN, GHN, NG, TG
Burkina Faso (BF)
52 10 184 BF ML 161 37 230 BF
TG 53 8 152 BF
Total 5,629 2,543 Total 4,256 2,414
Source: USAID/CILSS (2013)
Marketing challenges
Constraints include Institutional and infrastructure.
• High transactions costs high due to market inefficiencies;
• Poor organization of smallholders- producing small amounts of variable quality,
• Inadequate infrastructure to production areas,
• Limited storage capacity at key locations,
• Cumbersome customs and border procedures,
• Insecurity,
• Lack of reliable market information, and lack of financing viable activities.
COMESA Region
Major challenges of the agriculture
sector in COMESA region
Policy
• Despite the Free Trade Area agreement by 11 of the 19 MS, barriers to regional trade in staple and other foods do occur.
– periodic import or export bans,
– superfluous sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) requirements,
– duties and other charges on cross border trade. Easier to export into the world market than to trade with a neighbouring country
Technology
• Dependency on uncertain rainfall and nutritionally deficient soils.
• Cultivated area under irrigation is only 9 per cent;
• Adoption of improved seed varieties is only 30 per cent; and
• Fertilizer intensity use is only 10 kg/ha compared to global average of 50 kg/
GMO Trade: Challenges • Export risks due to potential market losses in
Europe may have been exaggerated (but
regulatory frameworks influenced under extensive bilateral
aid to Africa).
• Most agric. exports: tea, coffee, cocoa, vegetables & flowers rather than staples that are
likely to be GM are traded within Africa.
• GM staples for intra-Africa trade will require:
– Regional trade agreements (regional biosafety procedures
& regional regulatory decision-making);
-Bilateral & multilateral mechanisms to manage it.
South Africa Uniqueness • Almost 2 decades experience in GM
production & trade;
• Management of the marketing and trade of GM crops continues to evolve;
• 1997 approval for import permits of GM products after safety review(commodity clearance);
• 7 out of 10 countries in SADC have restrictions on GM maize imports, except it is milled.
AU/NEPAD Agency ABNE Approach
• Regulatory harmonization- more similarities than differences exist
• RECs must strive for co-ordinated coexistence, adventitious presence and identity preservation standards to facilitate regional trade(COMESA/RABESA/ACTESA; ECOWAS/WAEMU/CILSS).
• Niche markets exist for both GM and non-GM crops with growing demand for GM crops
NEPAD Agency ABNE Approach II
• AU Member states are importers of GM technology. Therefore, there is need for proper stewardship of products e.g. implementing IRM, in case of resistance built up to inform concerned authorities.
• In case of challenges product should be phased out from the market as a risk mitigation measure.
• Need for proper and adequate seed quality production
• Responsible use of regulatory data for application
Technology transfer is a marathon not a sprint
Conclusion
• GMO is needs-based for Africa.
• Africa’s share of world agric. trade has increased in recent years after decline, & trade among African countries has been on the rise with the decreasing trade barriers.
Conclusion II
• The ability of decision-makers to discern the appropriateness of data necessary to adequately conduct a risk assessment (“nice to know” vs. “need to know”), all have considerable consequences. For example, too much
information often confuses decision-making
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