cha 3.pdf - E Thaksalawa

72 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

,e;j mj;jpahaj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; ,izaj;jpd; tuyhWk; tpUj;jpAk; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jfty;fisg; gupkhWjy; ,izaj;Jld; ,ize;J nfhs;Sk; KiwAk; mjw;Fupa

fUtpfSk; kpd;dQ;rYk; mjidg; gad;gLj;Jk; KiwAk; gy;Y}lfg; gad;ghLMfpad gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.

fzpdp mWgJ tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhd tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.fzpdp fhuzkhf Vw;gl;Ls;s Gul;rpfisg; gw;wp xU fzk;rpe;jpj;Js;sPu;fsh? 1970Mk; jrhg;jj;jpd; Kw;;gFjpapy; njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gk; (Communication Technology), fzpdpj; njhopDl;gk; (Computer Technology)

Mfpad xUq;fpize;J kpfj; Jupjkhf tpUj;jpaile;jd. njhlu;ghlw;njhopDl;gk;> nra;kjp (Satellite)> njhiyNgrp Nghd;w jftw; gupkhw;wKiwfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; %yk; jfty;fspd; gupkhw;wr; nraw;ghLeilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> fzpdpAk; mjpy; XusTgq;Nfw;wpUe;jJ.

xU fzpdpapy; cs;s juTfis ,d;ndhU fzpdpf;F mDg;gNtz;ba Njit 1960Mk; jrhg;jj;jpd; ,Wjpg; ghfj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;thWjuTfisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;s tlk; (cable) %yk; mit njhlu;GgLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; njhiyNgrp KiwikAk; nra;kjpKiwikAk; xypiag; gupkhwpf; nfhs;Sk; njhopDl;gKk; tpUj;jpaile;J,Ue;jjhy; fzpdpiaAk;> njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisAk; ,izf;Fk;

,izaj;jpd; tuyhW

73,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

rpe;jid Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd;tpisthf 1970Mk; jrhg;jj;jpd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy;fzpdpj; njhopDl;gKk; njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gKk; xd;Wlndhd;WifNfhu;j;Jf; nfhz;ld.

ePq;fs; mDgtpf;fpd;w ,j;njhopDl;g tpUj;jp FWfpa fhyj;jpy;vNjr ;irahf epfo;e ;jnjhd;wy;y. 60 tUlq;fSf;F NkyhfngUe;njhifahNdhupd; ,ilawh Ma;T Kaw;rpfspd; ngWNgwhfNt,d;W ePq;fs; kpf ,yFthf gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdpj; njhopDl;gk;>njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gk; kw;Wk; gy;Y}lfj; njhopDl;gk; vd;gdcUthfpd. mtw;Wf;fhf jkJ fhyk;> ciog;G> gzk; vd;gtw;iwmu;g;gzpj;jtu;fSf;F ehk; ed;wp njuptpf;ff; flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;.

,izaj;jpd; Kjw;gbapd; Muk;gkhf 1957Mk; Mz;ilf;Fwpg;gplyhk;. Nrhtpaj; u\;ah tpz;ntspia ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf ];Gl;dpf;vDk; nra;kjpia tpz;ntspf;F mDg;gpaJk; mnkupf;fh ,k;Kaw;rpianty;tjw;F Kaw;rpj;jJ. Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; ghupa njhopy;Dl;g rf;jpiaf;fle;J nry;tjw;F mnkupf;f tpQ;Qhdpfs; J.C.R. ypf;iylu; mtu;fspd;jiyikapy; Mu;gh (Advanced Research Project Association - ARPA) vd;wngaupy; nraw;wpl;lnkhd;iw tbtikj;jdu;. ,jpy; gzpahw;wpatpQ;QhdpfSf;Fj; jq;fsJ fUj;JfisAk; jfty;fisAk;gupkhwpf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ. NkYk;> mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpafzpdpfspy; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;Jitf;fTk; Kaw;rpj;jdu;. mj;jfty;fisgupkhwpf ;nfhs;Sk; Kiw gw ;w pAk ;Muha;e;J te;jdu;. ,r;re;ju;gj;jpy; me;jmikg;gpd; jiytuhfr; nraw;gl;l J.R.C

ypf ;iylu ; mtu ;fs ; fzpd pfisxUq ;f pizg ;gJ gw ;w pa fUj ;ijntspapl;lhu;.

jfty;fis nghl ;lyq;fshfghpkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;F VJthd njhop;Dl;gj;jpd; mwpKfk; ,t; Muha;rpapd; xUKf;fpa jpUg;GKidahFk;.,j;njhopDDl;gkhdJ 'nghl;ly epiykhw;wy;" Nrit(Packet Switching Service) vdf ;Fwpg ;gplgpgLfpd;wJ. ,k;KiwahdJcq;fSf;F rpwpjsT rpf;fyhdjhf,Uf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> mJ gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

cU 3'1 - J.C.R. ypf;iylu;


,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mtrpakd;W. ,ypNahdhl; fpspd;nwhf; (Leonard Kleinrok)

vd;gtu; ,e;jg; nghl;ly epiykhw;wy; Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jhu;.mtu; ,e;j Kiwapd; jd;ikia tpsq;fp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; mjidmikj;jy; gw;wp 1959,y; Ma;it Muk;gpj;jhu;. ,jw;nfd fyhepjpg;gl;lj;ij 1962 ,y; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. ,jd; gpd;du; mtu; ,t;vz;zf;fUit KO cyfpw;Fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. fzpdp tiyaikg;Gj;njhFjp %yk; juTg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;fhf ,k;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;JtijNkYk; tpUj;jp nra;tJ njhlu;ghf Nghy; ghud; vd;w tpQ;Qhdpahy;1964 ,y; ,d;ndhU mwpf;if Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

,ypNahdhl; fpspd;nwhf;;fpd; rkfhy rfghbahd yup nwhngl;];ARPA nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; mu;ghtiyaikg;G vdg;gLk; fzpdp tiyaikg;ig 1966 ,y; cyfpw;FmwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. fpspd;nwhf;fpd; fzpdpNa ,t;tiyaikg;Gld;,izf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ fzpdpahFk;. ];lhd;Nghl; Ma;T epiyaj;jpy;Rl;b (mouse) iaf; fz;Lgpbj;j lf;s]; vd;gtUila fzpdpNa ,jDld;,izf;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhtJ fzpdpahFk;. 1969,y; ehd;F fzpdpfs;,t;tiyaikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;ld. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mtu;fs; ,jd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpYk; eilKiwr; rhj;jpaj;jpYk;; jpUg;jpaile;J ,jd;%yk;VNjh xU jpUg;GKidia mile;J tpl;ljhff; fUjpdu;.

cU 3.2 nghl;ly epiykhw;wy; Nritapd; je;ij,ypNahdhl; fpspd;nuhf; (Leonard Kleinrok)


cU 3.3 nghl;lyepiykhw;wy; Nritia

tpUj;jp nra;a nghWg;Ngw;wNghy; ghuhd;(Paul Baran)

,jd; cr;rg;gaid miltjw;Fj; Njitahdfzdpg; gpuNahfq;fis (Computer Applications)

cUthf;FtNj ,t;tiyaikg;G gw;wpaKaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;l tpQ;Qhdpfspd;mLj;j Fwpf;Nfhshf mike;jJ. ,jd;tpisthf Nukd;l; njhkpypd;rd; (Raymond

Thomlinson) Kjd ; Kiwahf ,e ;jtiyaikg ; g pD }lhf (ARPA NET)

mDg;Gtjw;fhf kpd;dQ;ry; vdg;gLk; <nkapy;fzpdpg; gpuNahfj;ij mikj;jhu;. ,e;jtpNrlkhd fzpdpg; gpuNahfj;ij mikg;gJmtu ;fsJ Muk ;g Ntiyj ;j pl ;lj ;j py ;Nru;f;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. vdpDk;> Muk;gj;jpl;lkply; rigapd; mq;fj;jtuhd nuhgl;fhd;vd;gtu; kpd;dQ;riy (Electronic mail) xU

Kf;fpa jpUg;G Kidahff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,e;j Ma;thdJ r%fj;jpy;jfty; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F ,jdpYk; ,yFthd ,d;ndhU Kiwia epidj;Jg;ghu;f;f Kbahj msTf;F Mf;fpaJ. yup nuhgl; vd;gtu; ,k;kpd;dQ;ry;gpuNahfj;ij tpUj;jpnra;J ngwg;gLk; mQ;ry;fs; ahtw;iwAk; jpiuapy;fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$bajhfTk; thrpj;j mQ;ry;fisAk; thrpf;fhjmQ;ry;fisAk; Ntwhf;fpf; fhzf;$bajhfTk; mikj;jhu;. ,e;j tiyaikg;G Kiwik (Network Systems) vz;zf;fU 1972,y ; eilngw ; w ru ;tNjr rk ; Nksdj ;j py ; nts pAyf pw ;FmwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,r;rk;Nksdj;jpy; kpd;dQ;ry; (E-mail), Nra;ikGFgjpif Kiw (Remote Log-in)> Nfhg;Gfis ,lj;Jf;fplk; mDg;Gjy; (File -

Tranfer) vd;gd njhlu;ghf ePz;l fye;Jiuahly; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L mJnjhlu ;ghd fzpdpg ;g puNahfq;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fj;jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ.

fzpdp tiyaikg;gpd; %yk; jfty;fis ,lj;Jf;fplk; gupkhw;wk;nra;Ak;NghJ fLikahd jfty; neupry; (Traffic over the Information)

Vw;gl;lJ. fzpdp ,d;ndhU fzzpAld; njhlu;G nfhs;sy;> tpz;ntspapy;cs;s nraw;iff;Nfhs; %yk; jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTjy;> kw;Wk;jfty; neuprYf;F cl;gLjy; njhlu;ghf fzpdp tiyaikg;GMa;thsu;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;> nra;epuyu;fs; MfpNahu; ,uT gfyhf


Muha ; r ; r p nra ;J Nkd ; NkYk ;mDgtq;fisg; ngw Mu;tk; nfhz;ldu;.

mnkupf;f rf;jp tYj; jpizf;fsk;kw;Wk; eh]h (NASA) epWtdk; Mfpad19 8 0 ,d ; eLg ; gFj pa py ;,e ;eltbf ;iffspy ; gq ;Nfw ;wd.ntt;NtW ehLfspy; mike;Js;sgy ;fiyf ; fofq ;fs ; > Ma ;Tepiyaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpYs;s fzpdpapy;t pQ ;Qhd pfSf ;Fk ; fz pd ptiyaikg;Gld; njhlu;Gnfhs;Sk;tha;g;gspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpahd1980 jrhg ;jj ;j pd ; eLg ;gFj pNa,izaj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;lj;jpd; Muk;gkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F,U tplaq;fs; mbg;gilf; fhuzpfshf mike;jd.

fzpdpfSf;fpilahd jftw; gupkhw;wk;> fzpdp tiyaikg;GfSf;fpilNaahd juTg; gupkhw;wk; vd;gdNt mt; ,uz;L fhuzpfSk;.mt;thwhf ,uz;L fzpdp tiyikg;GfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfisg;NgZtjw;F nghJthd gupkhw;W (nrYj;J) nkhopnahd;W (Common

Tranmission Language) tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J nghJ tof;fpy; TCP / IP

(Tramsmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,jd;Mf;fpNahuhf tpd;ld; ru;g; (Vinton Cerf), nuhgl; fhd; (Robet Kahn) Mfpa,U tpQ;QhdpfisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. bk;Ngu;d];y; yP (Tim Berners-Lee)

cU 3 . 4 ,izaj ;j pD}lhfmQ;ry;fis mDg;Gtjw;nfd kpd;mQ;ry; Kiwia jahupj;j Nukz;l;njhkpypq;rd;.(Raymond Thomlinson)

cU 3.5 Kjd;Kiwahf TCP/IP epakq;fis cyfpw;FKd;itj;j tpd;lu;ru;g;> nuhgl;fhd;


vd;gtuhy; 1989,y; World Wide Web (WWW) Kjd; Kiwahf cyfpw;FmwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; mtuJ tpNrl epakq;fSf;fika URL (Uniform

Remote Locator), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) kw;Wk; HTML (Hypertext

Markup Language) Mfpad 1990 ,y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; ,Jtiufzpdp tiyaikg;G vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l vz;zf;fU ,izatiyaikg;G (INTERNET) vd khw;wkile;jJ.

tu;j;jfkakhjypd; Muk;gj;Jld; gpuhe;jpaf; fzpdp tiyaikg;Gmtrpakw;wnjhd;whf khwpaJ. mt;thwhd tiyaikg;Gf;fs; gpuhe;jpakl;lj;jpy; khj;jpuk; epiyngw;wd. fzpdp tiyaikg;G> ,izatiyaikg;G vd;gtw;Wf;fhd fUtpfis cw;gj ;j p nra;Ak;njhopw;rhiyfs; cUthdJld; re;ijapy; ,t;thwhd fUtpfs;jhuhskhfpd.

1990 Mz;lstpy; ahtUk;

1' ,yFthf ,izaj; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.2' ,izaj;jsj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhs;sKbe;jJ.

cU 3.7 ,izaj;njhlu;gpd; rpf;fy; jd;ikiaf;fhl;Lk; xU tiuglk;

cU 3.6 - World Wide Web

(WWW) ,id cyfpw;F Kjd;Kjyhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpa

bk;Ngu;d];yP (Tim Berners-Lee)


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3' ,izaj;jsj;jpy; jfty;fisg; gjpa Kbe;jJ.4' ve;jnthU mur jiyaPNlh my;yJ fl;Lg;ghNlh ,d;wp

,izaj; jsj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;f Kbe;jJ.Nkw;$wg;gl;lit ,g;Gyj;jpd; Jupj Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhfmike;jd.

NkNy> ,izaj;jsj;jpd; tpUj;jp Vw;gl;l Kiw gw;wpavspa tpsf;fk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

cq;fsJ ghlrhiyapy; cs;s ,izaj;js trjpiag; gad;gLj;jp,izaj;js tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpa Kf;fpakhd epfo;Tfs;> mitepfo;e;j fhyfl;lk; gw;wpa Xu; mwpf;if jahupf;Ff.

cq;fs; tFg;G khztu;fs; jdpj;jdpahfr; Nrfupj;j tplaq;fisXu; mwpf;ifahfj; jahupf;Ff.

kdpju;fspilNa eilngWk; jfty; gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghly;vdg;gLk;. nrhw;fs;> vOj;Jf;fs;> juTfs;> cUtq;fs;> xypfs;> mirAk;cUtq;fs; kw;Wk; xspj;Njhw;wg; Ngio Mfpad %yk; jftw; gupkhw;wj;ijNkw;nfhs;syhk;. fzpdp kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gq;fspd;,izg;gpdhy; CLflj;Jk; Mw;wy; fzpdpf;F Vw;gl;ljhy; G+Nfhskakhjy;>G+Nfhsf; fpuhkk; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; cUthfpd. vdNt> ehk; ,d;WthOk; r%fk; xU Nra;ikr; r%fkd;W vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ.

,izaj; njhopDl;gj;jpdhy; ,UtUf;fpilNaahd J}uk; kpfTk;Fiwe;Js;sJ. kpd;dQ;ry; (E-mail - Electronic mail) Kiwapd; %yk;; Fiwe;jnrytpy; kpftpiutpy; jfty;fis ,yFthfg; gupkhWk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ.ehk; mDg;gpa jfty;fisg; ngWgtu; rpy Ntisfspy; tpkhdj;jpy;gazpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. me;j jfty;fis tpkhdj;jpd; cs;spUf;Fk;NghNj jdJ fzpdpiar; nraw;gLj;jpg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mtuhy;mf;fzNk mjw;fhd gjpiyAk; mDg;g KbAk;.


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jfty;fs; kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; fpilf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; xUtu;; ahNjDnkhUkhehl;by; fye;J nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. mt;thwhd NghJk; $l mtUf;FvkJ kpd;dQ;ry; fpilf;fg;ngWk;. ePq;fs; cyfpy; vt;tplj;jpy;;; ,Ue;jhYk;cq;fsJ kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup khwhJ. vkJ mQ;ry; Kftup ehk; tjpAk;;gpuNjrj;jpw;Nfw;g khWtJ jtpu;f;f KbahjJ. md;W fzpj;jy;isNkw;nfhs;tjw;F khj;jpuk; fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; ,d;W gy;Y}lfj;^Multimedia& njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jfty;fisg; gupkhWk; Kf;fparhjdkhf ,J mike;Js;sJ.

mt;thNw ,jpy; tpUk;gj;jfhj tpisTfSk; cz;nld ePq;fs;;mwpe;jpUg;gPu;fs;. ve;j tplaj;jpYk; ey;yJ> jPaJ vd ,U gf;fq;fs;cz;nld;gij ehk; mwpNthk;. ,jd;%yk; njhlu;ghlYf;fhd nryTFiwtJ ahtUf;Fk; kfpo;itj; jUk; tplakhFk;. vdpDk;>,j;njhlu;ghly; trjpia mspf;Fk; epWtdk; vkf;F ,ytrkhf mjidtoq;Fthu;fsh? jpBnud vkf;Ff; fpilj;j ,e;j njhopDl;gk; vt;tsTfhyj;jpw;F ePbf;Fk;? ,izaj;jpy; ,Ue;J jfty;fisg; ngWtjpy;fl;Lg ;ghLfs; tpjpf ;fg ;gLkh? my;yJ vjpu ;fhyj;jpy; jfty;tiyaikg;ghdJ tpiykjpg;gw;w Rje;jpukhd Nritahf mikAkh?mt;thW mike;jhy; egu;fSf;fpilapyhd J}uk; njhlu;ghd rpe;jidapd;wpjfty;fis ,yFthfg; gwpkhwpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,J njhlu;ghf ,dpf;fw;Nghk;.

,izaj;jpdhy; ngwf;$ba gad;fs; gw;wp xU fl;LiuvOJf.

,izak; rKjhaj;jpw;F mE$ykhfTk; gpujp$ykhfTk; mikAk;tpjk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

KbAkhdhy; ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J ,J gw;wp tpthjj;jpy; <LgLf.

nraw;ghL 3.2


3.1 ,izaKk; jftw; gupkhw;wKk;

,d;W cyfpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdpfSs; ngUk;ghyhditxd;Wf;nfhd;W ,izf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;sd. mNefkhf cq;fsJfzpdpAk; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. fzpdpiaj; jtpu NtWgy kpd;dpay;cgfuzq;fSk; tiyaikg;Gld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (cU 3.8 Ig;ghu;f;f)

cU 3.8,izaj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;s fzpdpfSk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW cgfuzq;fSk;

,izak; fzpdp -1 <ju;new; Mopmy;yJFtpak;

njhiyf;fhl;rp

fzpdp -2kbf;fzpdp

tpisahl;L,izikak;

,izaj;jpw;FnjhLg;G

mr;Rg;nghwp


cq;fsJ ez;gu; xUtu; xU fbjj;ij fzpdpapy; tbtikj;Jkpd;dQ;ry; %ykhfg; xUtUf;F mDg;Gthuhapd; mk;kpd;dQ;ry; Kjypy;mf;fzpdp; cs;s cs;sf tiyaikg;gpDs; ^Local Area Network - LAN&

xU fzpdpf;F mDg;gg;gLk;, gpd;du; mJ xU ngupa tiyaikg;Gf;F^Wide Area Network - WAN& my;yJ gue;j tiyaikg;Gf;F mDg;gg;gLtJld;,Wjpapy; mt;tQ;ry; mJ fpilf;fg;ngwNtz;batuJ fzpdpianrd;wilAk;. (cU 3.9 Ig; ghu;f;f). cs;sf tiyaikg;ngd;gJ gyjdpegu;f;fzpdpfs; rpy Nrittoq;F fzpdpfSld; FWfpa gpuNjrk;xd;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU mikg;ghFk;.

cU 3.9

kpd;dQ;ry; gupkhw;wj;jpid tpsf;Fk; tiuglk;.

kpd;jfty;

mDg;Gk; fzpdp

kpd;jfty;

Mail Queue SMPT Server

Mail Queue POP3 server

kpd;jfty; kpd;jfty;

ngWk; fzpdp

,izak;


ePq;fs; xU E}yfj;jpw;Fr; nrd;why; mq;Fs;s fzpdpapD}lhfcq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd tptuq;fis ,izaj;jsj;jpd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s my;yJ Ma;T mwpf;iffs;> E}y;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fisj;NjLtjw;F Kaw;rpg;gPu;fs;. Njitahd tptuk; fpilj;jTld; fzpdpapy;mt;tpguq;fis gjptpwf;fk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;. gpd;du; cq;fsJmwpf;ifiag; G+uzg;gLj;jp cupa egUf;F toq;fyhk;. ,q;Fvr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; NgidNah fljhrpNah my;yJ ,d;ndhUtUilacjtpNah Njitg;glhJ ,e;eltbf;iffs; ahTk; eilngWk;NghJmjw;fhd njhlu;ghly; NritfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tlq;fs; (Cable&

%ykhf xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;s fzpdpf@lhf jfty;fs;gupkhwg;gl;l Kiw gw;wp ePq;fs; tpsf;fk; ngw;wpUg;gPu;fs;.

,t;thW ePq;fs; gad;gLj;jpa fzpdp tiyaikg;G rpyNtisfspy;fz pd pfs ; r py nfhz ;l tiyaikg ; Gf ; fs ; r pytw ; w pd ;tiyaikg;ghf ̂Networks of Smaller Networks& ,Uf;fyhk;. xU epWtdj;jpy;cs;s epUthf> %yjd> fy;tp tsq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida gFjpfisxd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;GgLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l rpwpa fzpdp tiyaikg;GkPz;Lk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLtjhy; ngupa fzpdptiyaikg;ghd gpuNjr tiyaikg;Gk; ^WAN& ,Wjpapy; vy;yhtiyaikg;GfSk; njhlu;GgLtjhy; ,izaKk; cUthFk;.

,izaj;Jld; ,ize;J nfhs;sy;

,izaj;Jld; njhlu;Gnfhs;s mtrpakhdit vit vdcq;fSf;F re;Njfk; Vw;glyhk;. mLj;;J vt;thW njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJ? ,izar; Nrit toq;Feu;fspd; tpguk;> mtu;fs; toq;Fk;Nrit vj;jifaJ vd;w tpguq;fs; MfpadTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.mLj;jjhf cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,izaj;jpd; fl;lz msT> ,izaj;;njhlu;gpw;F mtrpakhd ,izaf; fiyr; nrhw;fs;> mtw;iw cr;rupf;Fk;Kiw gw;wpa mwpTk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

,izaj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhs;s mtrpakhdit gw;wp Kjypy;Nehf;FNthk;.


,izaj;jpy; ,iztjw;Fj; Njitahdit

mbg;gilahf Ie;J gFjpfs; mtrpakhFk;.-- xU njhiyNgrp Â Telephone&

--- xU fzpdp Â Computer&

--- xU nkhnlk; Â Modem&

--- njhlu;ghly; fzpdp nkd;nghUs; ^Communication Software&

--- ,izar; Nrit toq;Feu; Ân Internet Service Provider&

,q;F fzpdpia ,af;FtJ gw;wpa KOikahd mwpTmtrpakd;W. cz;ikapy; njhiyNgrpiag; gad;gLj;j Njitahd mwpT,jw;Fk; NghJkhdjhFk; vdpDk;> cq;fsJ fzpdpapy; ,Ue;J ,d;ndhUfzpdpf;F nkhnlk; topahf vt;thW njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

cq;fsJ fzpdpapdhy; nkhlkpw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fg;gLk;.mt;twpTWj;jYf;F Vw;g me;j nkhlk; ,d;NdhU nkhlk; topahfcupa fzpdpAld; njhlu;ghFk;. ,J vt;thW eilngWfpd;wJ vdTk;mjd; mbg;gilj; njhopDl;gk; vt;thwhdnjdTk; Nehf;FNthk;.

fzpdpahdJ juT, jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw jdJ VidacWg;Gfshd rhtpg;gyif (Keyboard)> ika Kiwtop nraw;gLj;jy;myF (Central processing unit) mr;Rg;nghwp (Printer) Mfpatw;Wf;FfzpdpfSf;Nf cupj;jhd ,ae;jpu nkhop%ykhfNt (Mechine language)

gupkhWk;. vdpDk;> njhiyNgrp xj;jpir (Analog) Kiwapy; ,aq;Fk;fUtpahFk;. mbf;fb khw;wkilAk; mOj;j NtWghL my;yJkpd;Ndhl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ahJk; xU nraiy tif Fwpg;gJ ,jd;Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;. ,yf;f Kiwj; njhFjpahdJ (Digital system)

vg;NghJk; 0> 1 vd;gtw;why; tiff;Fwpf;fg;gl;lhYk; xj;jpir Kiwapy;miyfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ePq;fs; kpf cau;e;j rj;jj;Jld; fijj;jhy;miyfs; mstpy; ngupjhtJld; nky;yf; fijf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; miyfs;;mstpy; rpwpajhFk;.


ePq;fs; fzpdpapypUe;J njhiyNgrpf;Fk; njhiyNgrpapypUe;Jfzpdpf;Fk; njhlu;GWtjhapd; ,yf;f Kiwf;Fk; xj;jpir Kiwf;Fk;,ilNa Kd;du; epUzapf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; ,yf;f Kiw kw;Wk; xj;jpirKiw vd;gtw;Wf;fpilNa nkhop ngau;g;G nra;ag;gl;L fk;gpfspD}lhftUk; miyfs; kPz;Lk; ,yf;fKiwj; juthf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.,k;Kiw Fwpg;Ngw;wk;> Fwpg;gpwf;fk; (Modulation and Demodulation) vdmiof;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F MODEM vDk; cgfuzk; mtrpakhFk;.njhiyNgrpf;Fk; fzpdpf;Fk; ,ilNa ,Ukj;ij kPz;Lk; fzpdpf;Fk;njhiyNgrpf;Fk; ,ilNa fpilf;Fk; fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,zq;fhzTk;xj;jpir Kiwapy; mDg;Gk; rkpf;iQfis ,Uk vz;zhf (Binary

number) khw;wpf; nfhs;sTk; ,J cjTk;. (cU 3.10 Ig; ghu;f;f)

nkhnlk ; (MODEM) fUt p r pyNtisfs py ; cq ;fsJfzpdpapDs;NsNa nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ntspNa nghUj;jg;gl;lnkhnlkhapd; fzpdpapy; cs;s njhlu;epiyj; Jiw (Serial Port)%yk;,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. nghJthf cq;fs; fzpdpapy; ,t;thwhd ,uz;Lnjhlu;epiyj; Jiwfs; ,Uf;fyhk;. mj;Jld; ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpahtJ

juT nrYj;jk;

xj;jpirr; nrYj;jk; Jtpj nrYj;jk; 1 2

cU 3.10 nkhnlk; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp juTg; gwpkhw;wk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

`Nyhutp

`Nyhutp

Jtpj nrYj;jk;


mwpTWj;jy;fis my;yJ juTfis xOq;F tupirapy; fzpdpf;F my;yJfzpdpf;F ntspNa nrYj;JtjhFk;. nkhnlik thq;Fk;NghJ Njitahdrfy Jiz cWg;Gf;fSk; mwpTWj;jw; gj;jpuKk; fpilf;fg;ngWk;.

nkhnlkpd; tpiy> juT nrYj;Jk;;; (Band Rate) fjp Mfpad gw;wp;Kf;fpakhff; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fjpahdJ xU nrf;fDf;F vj;jidgpl;Lfs; (bits) gupkhwpf; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J bps (Bits

Per Second) vDk; myfpdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wk; fhuzkhf nkhnlkpd; fjpahdJ Muk;g

epiyapypUe;J mjpfupf;fg;glf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJ cq;fSf;Fnrf;fDf;F 33 600 gpl; mstpyhd jftypid gwpkhwf;$ba nkhnlk;fpilf;Fk;. ,J njhopDl;gtpay; E}y;fspy; 33'6 bits per Second vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. nghJthd gad;ghl;bd;NghJ 1200> 2400> 4800>9600> 14400> 28800> 33600 vDk; fjpfspYk; 56000 vDk; fjpapYk; cs;snkhnlk; fUtpfis ePq;fs; fhzf;$bajha; ,Uf;Fk;. nghJthf 9600>14400 my;yJ 28800 fjpAldhd nkhlk;fis ePq;fs; mNefkhf fhzyhk;.

,izaj;jpy; ,iztjw;F jdpahd njhiyNgrp ,izg;G xd;WNjitahFk;. cq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf xU njhiyNgrp ,izg;G,Uf;Fkhapd; mjid ,izaj;jpw;F khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. my;yJjw;NghJ ePq;fs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w njhiyNgrp ,izg;gpidNa ,jw;Fk;gad;gLj;jyhk;.

vdpDk;> vtNuDk; cq;fSf;Fj; njhiyNgrp miog;igNkw;nfhz;lhy; ePq;fs; ,izaj;jpy; ,ize;jpUg;gPu ;fshapd;miog;gtUf;F cq;fsJ njhiyNgrp NtnwhU njhlu;gpy; ,Ug;gjhfnjupatUk;. ,jw;fhd Fiwe;j nrytpyhd khw;W eltbf;ifahfjfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J itf;Fk; (Telephone Mail Server) Nrit toq;Feu;xUtupd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. ,q;F ePq;fs; ,izaj;Jld;,ize;jpUe;jhYk; my;yJ rhjhuzkhd Kiwapy; njhiyNgrpiag;gad;gLj;jpdhYk; vy;yhj; jfty;fSk; ,jpy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. gpd;du; mjw;fhdgjpiy mspf;fyhk;.

mLj;J cq;fSf;Fj; NjitahdJ fzpdpj; njhlu;ghly;nkd;nghUshFk; (Communication software). kpd;fhe;jr; rkpf;iQfs;kpd;Rw;Wfs;; my;yJ nrYj;jp (Transmiter) Clhf fzpdpj; juTfisr;nrYj;Jtjw;F fzpdp nkd;nghUs; my;yJ gpuNahfk; vd;gNj ,q;F


fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fzpdpapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; kpd; nrYj;jr; NritAk;tpUj;jpaile;J ,t;tpU gpupTfSk; xd;W Nru;e;jJ> jfty; gupkhw;wk;Muk;gpj;j tuyhw;wpy; Kjyhk; gbahFk; vd;gij ePq;fs; fw;wPu;fs;. ,UfzpdpfSf;fpilNa (kpfTk; J}uj;jpy; cs;s) jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;sj; Njitahd nkd;nghUl;fis fzpdpapy; epWt Ntz;Lk;.

,izar; NritKftu;fs; my;yJ NtW fzpdp mikg;ghsu;fs;,t;thwhd nkd;nghUs;fis cq;fSf;F toq;Fthu;fs;. mtw;wpd; tpiymjpfkd;W. mNdfkhf ,yrtkhfg; ngwf;$bajha; ,ytrg;nghUs;(Freeware) my;yJ gq;Fg;nghUshf (Sharware) ,jid ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

,g;NghJ ePq;fs; fzdp> nkhnlk;> njhiyNgrp ,izg;G kw;Wk;mjw;Fj; Njitahd fzpdp nkd;nghUs; vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Ws;sPu;fs;vdf; nfhs;Nthk;. vdpDk;> ,izaj;jpy; ,iztjw;F ,jw;F ,iziar;Nritia toq;Fk; Nrit Kftu; xUtupd; cjtp Njit. ,t;thwhdNrit KftupD}lhf cq;fSf;F ,izaj;Jld; njhlu;G fpilf;Fk;,jd;%yk; ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ,izaj;Jld; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpnfhs;syhk;. ,q;F cq;fSld; njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;s fzpdp tiyaikg;Gru;tNjr tiyaikGld; njhlu;Gw;W ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy; ePq;fs; ve;jtpjrpukKk;; ,d;wp ,izaj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhs;syhk;.

,izaj; njhlu;ig ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

Fj;jiff; nfhLg;gdT Kiw (Lease Line)

,q;F ,izaj; njhlu;Gf;F jdpahd njhiyNgrp ,izg;GmtrpakhFk;. mJ 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fSk; thuj;jpd; 7 ehl;fSf;Fk;,izaj; njhlu;gpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

,jw;nfd Fwpg;gpl;l njhiyNgrpj; njhlu;ig Fwpg;gpl;l njhlu;ghly;epWtdj;jpd; %yk; Fj;jif mbg;gilapy; ngwg;gl;L khjhe;jf; fl;lzk;nrYj;jg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; Nrit toq;FeuplkpUe;J ,U Kiwapy;,iza ,izg;gpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;;. xd;W fk;gpA+lhd ,izg;Gkw;iwaJ fk;gpapy;yh ,izg;ghFk.;


,yq;ifapy; ,iza trjp toq;Fk; Nrit Kftu;fsplk;,t;thwhd ,izg;Gf;fis toq;f Njitahd trjpfSz;L. mtu;fsJfzpdpj; njhFjp> tpUe;Jf; fzpdp my;yJ Vw;Gf;fzpdp (Host Computer)

cld; njhlu;Gw;wpUf;Fk;. mj;Jld; me;j tpUe;Jf; fzpdp ntspehl;LNritKftUld; Neubahfj; njhlu;Ggl;bUf;Fk;. ntspehl;L NritKftuplkpUe;J njhlu;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s mjpf gzr;nryT Vw;gLk;.mj;Jld; gapw;rp ngw;w fzpdpj; njhopDl;gtpayhsu;fSf;F rk;gsk;toq;fTk;> Nritiag; guhkupf;fTk; mjpf nryT Vw;gLk;.

miog;G Kiwj; (Dial up) njhlu;G

mLj;J ,izaj;Jld; ,iztjw;Fs;s ,d;ndhU topNamiog;G Kiwj; (Dial-up) njhlu;ghFk;. ,q;F NkNy $wpathwhdNrit Kftu; xUtUld; njhiyNgrp tlk; %yk; fzpdp ikaj;Jld;njhlu;G Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.(cU 3.12 ,idg; ghu;f;fTk;) ,q;F njhlu;gpy;,Uf;Fk; fhy msTf;F Vw;gNt fl;lzk;; mwtplg;gLfpd;wJ. (,J jtpukhjhe;j> my;yJ jtiz fl;lzk; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUf;Fk;;).

glk; 3.11 ,izaj;Jld; Neubahf njhlu;ig Vw;gj;jpAs;s epWtd tiyaikg;G

,izak;

nkhnlk;

fzpdp 4

fzpdp 1

fzpdp 2

fzpdp 3

fzpdp 5


12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901211234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121nraw;ghL 3.3

cq;fsJ ghlrhiyapy; ,iza trjp cs;sjhapd;mt;trjp vt;thW ngwg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wpa Xu;mwpf;if vOJf. ,y;yhtpbd; ,izaj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU jpl;lj;ij tFf;Ff.

,iza trjp ,y;iynadpd; mjidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhfePq;fs; jahupj;j jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s mE$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fs;vd;gtw;iw Muha;f.

VNjDk; gpujp$ykhd epiyik ,Ug;gpd; mjid eptu;j;jp nra;avLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;iffis Kd;itf;f.mLj;J ePq;fs; ,izaj;jpy; ,ize;jTld; vt;thwhd fzpdpj;

jpiu my;yJ Kfg;Gj; Njhw;wk; ngwg;gLk; vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghu;g;Nghk;.mjhtJ rpyNtisfspy; gy;NtW tpjkhd fzpdpj; jpiufSld; ,izag;gf;fq;fs; gad;gLj;JNthiu ePq;fs; fz;bUg;gPu;fs;. ,iza trjp ngw;Wj;jUgtu;fsJ epiyikiaAk; jd;ikiaAk; nghWj;J ,J NtWgLk;.Mdhy; ePq;fs; gy;NtW ,ilKfq;fSld; (Interface) ,izaj;Jld;njhlu;GgLtjw;fhd gpuNtrpf;Fk; Kfq;fisg; ngwyhk;.

cU 3.12 nkhnlk; xd;wpd; %yk; ,izaj;Jld; ,izjy;

njhiyNgrp tlk;

fzpdp

,izak;

nkhnlk;

,iza Nrittoq;Feu;

(Internet Service

Provider (ISP))


Kf;fpakhd ,U tifahd fzpdp ,ilKfq;fs; (Computer Inter-

face) cs;sd. fzpdpg; gpuNahfk; my;yJ fzpdp gzpnray; Kiwikvd;gtw;Wf;Nfw;g ,e;j ,uz;L KiwfSk; NtWgLk;.

tiutpay; ghq;F (Graphical Mode)

vOj;Jtbtg; ghq;F (Text Mode)

tiutpay; ghq;fpy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fzpdp ,il Kfq;fistpNrlkhf Fwpg;gplyhk;. ikf;Nuhnrhg;l; 'Microsoft' vDk; epWtdj;jpd;'Windows' vDk; fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwik re;ijf;F tUtjw;F Kd;'Apple' epWtdj;jhy; 'Macintosh' vDk; tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfk; (Graphical

User interface) Kd;itf;fg ;gl ;lJ. 'Graphical User Interface' vd;gJGUI (Pronounce- 'gooey') vDk; FWf;fj;jpdhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. mjhtJ,t;thwhd Kfq;fshy; Njitahd nray;fisr; nra;tjw;fhd fl;lisfs;glTU (Icon) %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk;. epuypy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,t;thwhdglq;fs; %yk; vd;d nra;ayhk; vd tpsf;fkspf;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhfkpd;dQ;ry; (e-mail) vd;gij ngupa G+Nfhsnkhd;wpd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;sfbj ciwahff; fhl;lyhk;. fzpdpj;jpiuapy; fhl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. cUitRl;bapdhy; mOj;Jtjhy; ,izaj;jpD}lhf kpd;dQ;ry; mDg;gf;$bafzpdpg; gpuNahfk; nraw;gLk;.

cz;ikapNyNa ru;tNjr uPjpapyhd tiyaikg;gpd; gpugy;ak;fhuzkhf 'GUI' gad;ghL kpf Ntfkhfg; ngUfpaJ. jfty;fis kpftpiuthfTk; ,yFthfTk; Nrfupf;f Kbjy; ,jw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.mjhtJ tiutpay; ,ilKfk; ghtidahsu;fspw;F gy rhjfkhdmk;rq;fis nfhz;bUj;jyhFk;.

Kd;du; $wpa ,uz;lhtJ fzpdp Kfj;jpd; jd;ik vOj;J tbtg;ghq;F (Text Mode) vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j ,ilKfj;jpd; %yk; ,U Kiwfspy;;fzpdpf; fl;lisfis ,l KbAk;. ,jpy; xU KiwahdJ gl;ilg;glTU (Menu Selection) njupjyhFk;. ,q;F fzpdpj; jpiuapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wfl;lisg; gl;baypy; fl;lis xd;iwj; njupT nra;J mjd;%yk; fzpdpg;gpuNahfk; xd;W nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. cjhuzkhfj; jpiuapy; gpd;tUkhWNjhd;Wtjhff; nfhs;Nthk;.


1' Mail

2' Forums

3' File Transfer

4' Remote log-in

,q;F ,g;gl;baypy; ,Ue;J cUg;gbnahd;iwj; njupTnra;a me;jgl;b cUg;gbfSf;F (Menu Item) cupa vz;iz my;yJ vOj;ij njupTnra;J my;yJ fzpdp epiyfhl;bia (Cursor) mjpy; itj;J xU KiwmOj;Jtjhy; ,izag; gpuNahfk; xd;wpid ngw KbAk;.

,q;F cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd gl;b cUg;gbia xNu Kiwapy;ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahkw; NghFk;. Vnddpy; gl;b cUg;gb xd;wpd; kPJNkYk; gl;b cUg;gbfs; rpy ,Uf;fyhk;. xU gl;b cUg;gbapy; cs;scggl;b cUg;gbfspy; (Sub Menu Item) xd;iwj; njupT nra;jhy; NkYk;cggl;b cUg;gbfs; ngwg;gLk; vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. ,q;F ePq;fs;,uz;lhtJ cggl;bapy; ,Ue;J Xu; cUg;gbiaj; njupT nra;jhy;NkYk; xU cggl;bay; Njhd;wTk; ,lKz;L. ,Wjpapy; vkf;Fj;Njitahd nra;iff;fhd my;yJ Nritf;fhd gl;b cUg;gbiag;ngWk;tiu ,t;thW nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

gl;b cUg;gbapd; jd;ikia gpd;tUkhW fhl;lg;glyhk;.

1. (M)ail

2. (F)orums

3. (F)ile Transfer

4. (R)emote log-in

nkD tbtpy; cs;s ,ilKfj;jpy; M vOj;jpd; kPJmOj;Jtjhy; fl;lisiar; nraw;gLj;jyhk;.


tiutpay; Kiwapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tiutpay; gadu;,ilKfg;; gad;ghL kpf ,yFthFk;. gl;b cUg;gbfis ePq;fs; ve;j,lj;jpYk; re;jpf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> fl;lisfis ,Lk; re;ju;g;gk;xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWglyhk;.

,e;epiy fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld;fl;lisfshfTk; gl;b cUg;gbfshfTk; gpd;du; 'GUI' vdTk; gbg;gbahfKd;Ndwpd. ,g;nghOJ 'Unix' my;yJ 'Windows' vd;gtw;wpy; tiutpay;gadu ; ,ilKfk ; (Graphical User Interface) k pff ; $Ljyhfg ;gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

3.2 jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpd; Gul;rpAk; kpd;dQ;rYk;

rhjhuz jghypy; ehk; mDg;Gk; xU fbjk; cupatiur; nrd;wilaxUehs; my;yJ ,uz;L ehl;fs; nry;Yk; vd;gij mDgtthapyhfmwpe;jpUg;gPu;fs;. Kd;NdWk; ,e;j Afj;jpy; mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfisj;Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;F jftw; gupkhw;wk; kpfTk; JupjkhfTk; tpidj;jpwDlDk;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

cU 3.13 gzpnray; Kiwapay; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gl;b cUg;gbapd; jd;ikiaf;fhl;Lk; cUr;rl;lfk;.


jw;nghOJ cyfpy; tpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; jfty; gwpkhw;wj;jpw;nfd,izak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. cq;fspd; mQ;ry; Kftup Gtpapay;vy;iyfisf; nfhz;bUg;gij ePq;fs; ed;F mwptPu;fs;. mjhtJ cq;fsJtjptplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; cq;fs; mQ;ry; Kftup khWk;. Gtpapay;vy;iyfshy; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;L fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,t;thwhdepiyikapy; XusTf;NfDk; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L tUtjpy; jw;fhyj;njhiyNgrp Kiwikfs; ntw;wpfz;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; ve;jtpjkhdjilfSk; ,d;wp cyfpd; vg;gFjpapy; cs;stu;fSlDk; vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;s ,izak; ngupJk; cjtpahfmike;Js;sJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; rhjhuz njhiyNgrp NghyNtnry;yplj;(cellular) njhiyNgrpfs; %yKk; jftw; gupkhw;wj;ijj;JupjkhfTk; ,yFthfTk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbfpwJ. mJ XusT nryT$bajhf cs;sJ. rhjhuz jghy; xd;iw mDg;Gtjw;Fk; jghw; nryTnrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. njhiyNgrp miog;gpw;F rpyNtisfspy; epkplj;jpw;Fmjpf njhif nrYj;j Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk; kpd; mQ;riyg;gad;gLj;j KbAkhapd; Ngid> fljhrp> fbjciw> Kj;jpiu vd;gdNjitg;glhJ. rhjhuz jghypy; jftiy mDg;Gtjw;F cq;fSf;FnryNtw;gLk;. jghy; epiyaq;fspy; tupirapy; epw;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.fbjj;ij jghw;ngl;bapy; Nghl;l gpd;du; gjpy; fpilf;Fk; tiu gythuq;fs; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;btUk;. ePq;fs; mDg;gpa Kftupf;FupatuJtjptplk; khwpapUe;jhy; mNdfkhf mf;fbjk; kPz;Lk; cq;fSf;Nfte;jila my;yJ mf;fbjk; fhzhkw; Nghf ,lKz;L.

cq;fSnfd xU kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup ,Uf;Fkhapd; ,itahtw;wpw;Fk; cupa gjpy; fpilf;Fk;. cq;fs; fbjj;jpw;F ve;jtpj Nkyjpfr;nryTfSk; Vw;glhJ. kpff; Fiwe;j nryTlDk; kpff;FWfpa fhyj;jpy;ngWeUf;F fbjj;ij fpilf;fr; nra;ayhk;. ,jw;Fj; Njitg;gLtnjy;yhk;,izaj; njhlu;Gk;> cq;fSf;Nf cupa kpd;dQ;ry; KftupAk; khj;jpuNk.kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup gpuNjr mbg;gilapy; khw;wkiltjpy;iy. cjhuzkhfcq;fs; fzpdp xU mQ;ry; mYtyfk; Nghd;W ,izaj;jpy;nraw;gLtjhy; fbjg; gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak; fzpdpapd; %yk; ePq;fs;ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupia kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; khw;wNtz;bajpy;iy.


ePq;fs; cyfpd; vg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;jhYk; ,izaj;jpd; %yk; cq;fs;mQ;riy gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak; fzpdpapy; cs;s mQ;ry; mDg;Gjy;my;yJ ngWjy; Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,jw;fhf ePq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s njhiyNgrp Kiwik my;yJ ,izar; Nrittoq;FeUf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;lzk; kl;LNk nrythFk;.

ePq;fs; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupia vt;tifapy; ngWtJ vd;gJ gw;wpmwpe;Jf; nfhs;s Mu;tk; nfhz;ltuhf ,Ug;gPu;fs;. mJ ,yFthdJ.kpd;dQ;ry; Nritapid toq;ff;$ba xU fzpdpf;F jdpj;Jtkhd Xu;vz; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jid IP (Internet Protocol) ,yf;fk; vd miog;gu;. mj;Jld;mjw;F jdpj;Jtkhd ngaUk; ,Uf;Fk;. mJ Ms;fsg; ngau; (Domain

Name) vd miof;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf 'mail.colombo01.com' vd;gJ fzpdpMs;fsg; ngau; Mapd; mg;ngaupy; cq;fis ,dq;fhl;lf;$ba xUngaiu ,l;Lf; nfhs;syhk;. cjhuzkhf cq;fsJ ngau; utp vdf;fUJNthk;. mt;thwhapd; '[email protected]' vd;gJ cq;fsJkpd;mQ;ry; KftupahFk;. mf;fzpdpapd; xU ghtidahsuhf cq;fisgjpT nra;J nfhz;lhy; ,t;trjp cq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk;.

,f;fzpdp mQ;ry;; epiyak; vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; gzpepWj;jk;nra;tjpy;iy. fzpdpapy; Fiwfs; Vw;gl;lhy; mf;fzpf;Fg; gpujpaPlhfme;eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s fhg;Gf; (Backup); fzpdp nraw;gLk;.kpd;dQ;ry; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;tiu ghJfhg;ghf ,f;fzpdpapy;Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;. cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mQ;ry;fs; kl;Lkd;wpmtw;wpd; gpujpfisAk; ,f; fzpdp Nrkpj;J itf;Fk;. xU gyE}WmQ;riy ngWeUf;F mDg;Gtjw;F kpd;dQ;rYf;F vLf;Fk; cr;r Neuk;,uz;L my;yJ %d;W nrf;fd;fs; my;yJ epkplq;fshFk;.

,izak; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ mbg;gilahf vkf;F epidTf;FtUk; VO Kf;fpa gpuNahfq;fs; tUkhW.

1' kpd;dQ;ry; (Electronic mail)

2' /Nghuk; (Forums)

3' ciuahlw; FO (Chat Groups)

4' cyfshtpa tiyaikg;G (World Wide Web)

5' fye;Jiuahly; FO (Discussion Groups)

6' nra;jpf; FO (News Groups)

7' Nfhg;Gg; gupkhw;wk; (File transfer protocol)


kpd;dQ;ry;

kpd;dQ;ry; ehd;F Kf;fpa fhuzpfshy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.

,J ,aw;ifahd cyfpy; rhjhuz nraw;ghLfSf;Fr;rkkhdjhFk;. ep[tho;tpy; fhzf;$baJ.

,J fhyk; KOtJk; kf;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhFk;. ,izaj; njhlu;ghlypy; Kf;fpakhf epiwNtw;wg;gLtjhFk;. ,izak; gw;wpa mbg;gil mwpT ,d;wpAk; cq;fSf;F

,r;Nritiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.

,d;W gpy;ypad; fzf;fhd kf;fs; ,k; kpd;dQ;riyg;gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ehLfs; gw;wpa tiuaiw fhyNeuk; gw;wpatiuaiw vd;gtw;iw jfu;j;J ,r;Nrit cyfk; G+uhTk; gue;Js;sijf;fhzyhk;.

,iza kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit gpugy;akhtjw;fhd fhuzk;

1. nghJthd mQ;ry; Kiwia tpl ,J tpiuthdjhf fhzg;gly;.2. nryT FiwthapUj;jy;3. cyfpd; vg;gFjpapypUg;gtUlDk; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;j Kbjy;.4. rhjhuz mQ;rypy; mDg;g Kbahj rydg;glq;fs kw;Wk; Fuy;

xyp Nghd;wtw;iw ,jd;%yk; mDg;g Kbjy;.5. Mjhu> %y Mtzq;fis (Source Document) NtW xUtUf;F

tpidj;jpwdhf mDg;g Kbjy;6. kpd;dQ;ry; Fwpj;j egUf;F Nru;gpf;f KbahJ Nghdhy; fhuzj;ijf;

Fwpg;gpl;L kPz;Lk; vkf;F te;J Nru;jy;;.


kpd;dQ;riy mDg;Gjy;

Kjypy; cq;fsJ nkhnlk;kpYk;> fzpdpapYk; kpd;njhLg;igVw;gLj;jp fzpdpia ,af;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd rf;jpia ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;. mNefkhf ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhnlk;fspd; kpd;Rw;Wfs;fzpdpapDs;NsNa nghUj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy; nkhnlj;jpw;nfd jdpahdMsp xd;W Njitg;glhJ. kpddQ;riyg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ cq;fsJfzpdpia vg;nghOJk; nraw;gL epiyapy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.vkf;Fr; Nrit toq;Fk; Nrit Kftu; vkf;fhf fzpdpnahd;iwepue;jukhf nraw;gL epiyapy; itj;jpUg;ghu;. ,e;j gpujhd fzpdp 24kzp NeuKk; nraw;gl;L cq;fSf;Fk; Vidatu;fSf;Fk; mDg;gg;gLk;fbjq;fisr; Nrfupj;jiyAk; kw;Wk; gfpu;jiyAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. mjhtJcq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngWk; fbjq;fs; ahTk; cq;fs; fzpdpnraw;gLj;jg;gl;L fbjq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tiu my;yJ mopf;Fk;tiu cq;fSf;fhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.mLj;J ePq ;fs; njhlu ;ghly; fzpdpg ; gpuNahf njhFg;igr;n r a w ; g L j ; j N tz ; L k ; .,j ;njhlu ; ghly ; fzpd pg ;gpuNahf njhFg;Gf;fspy; kpfTk;g p u gy ;akhdJk ; k pfm j p f k h N d h u h y ;g a d ; g L j ; j g ; g L k ;g p uNahfj ;njhFg ;Gf ;fshfmiktJ 'Windows', 'Unix' , Linux'

vDk; fzpdpg ; g puNahfj ;njhFg;Gf;fshFk;. ,jpypUe;Jcq ;fSf ;F k pd ;dQ ; ry ;Nritia toq;Fk; Nrittoq ;FeUf ;F miog ; GtpLf;fg;gLk;. mg;NghJ Nrittoq;Feu; cq;fsplk; ,Utplaq;fisg; vjpu;ghu;g;ghu;.mjhtJ cq ;fSf ;fhd,dq;fhZk; ngau; (Identifica-

tion Name- ID) kw;Wk; flTr;nrhy; (Password) vd;gdthFk;.,dq;fhZk; ngauhdJ gadu;g; ngau; User name, Account name, login

name my;yJ Screen name vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJz;L. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;Nrit toq;Feupdhy; toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; njhiyNgrp miog;G ,yf;fk;>

cU 3.14 ,izaj;Jld; ,izg;igVw;gLj;j ngaiuAk; flTr; nrhy;iyAk;

nfhz;l ,ilKfk;


flTr;nrhy; vd;gtw;iw ePq;fs; fzpdpf;F mspf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.,f;fzpdpapy; xU tif xyp vOg;gp (njhiyefy; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; xypf;Fk;xypia xj;j) Nrit toq;FeUld; cq;fis ,izf;Fk;.

mbg;gilahf ePq;fs; ,izaj;Jld; ,iztjw;nfd Nrittoq;Feiu mZfpdhy; mtu; cq;fsJ gadu; ngaiuj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fr;re;ju;g;gk; mspj;jhy; ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa xU ngaiu mspf;fyhk; ePq;fs;cq;fsJ Kjw;ngaiu mspf;fyhk;. ,y;iyNay; cq;fsJ Kjw;ngaiu,d;ndhUtu; Vw;fdNt gad;gLj;jpapUg;gpd; mg;ngaiu cq;fSf;Fg;gad;gLj;j Kbahky; NghFk;. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cq;fs; ngaiuKjnyOj;Jf;fSld; gad;gLj;jyhk;. cjhuzkhf cq;fs; ngau;KjnyOj;Jf;fSld; K.L.Salman vdpd;>

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

,t;thW cq;fsJ kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupia mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.rpyNtisfspy; gy Nrit toq;Feu;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. mg;gbahapd;mtu;fs; xt;nthUtuplKk; cq;fSf;nfd jdpj;jdpahd mQ;ry;Kftupfisg; gjpT nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

mLj;J> ehq;fs; kpd;dQ;ry;fis vt;thW mDg;gyhk; vdg;ghu;g;Nghk;. ePq;fs; Vw;fdNt ,iza toq;FeUld; ,ize;jpUe;jhy;,U tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ cq;fSf;FmQ;ry;fis mDg;gNth Vw;fdNt cq;fSf;F mDg;gg;gl;Ls;s kpd;mQ;ry;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sNth KbAk;.

Kjypy; kpd;dQ;ry; xd;iw vt;thW mDg;GtJ vdg; ghu;g;Nghk;.kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup gpujhdkhd ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,dq;fhZk;ngau; (Identification Name-ID), Ms;fsg; ngau; (Domain Name) vd;gdmitahFk;. ,t;tpU gFjpfisAk; Ntwhf;Ftjw;F '@' FwpaPLgad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,f;FwpaPl;il 'Shift' kw;Wk; '2' rhtpia mOj;jpg; ngw;Wf;


nfhs;syhk;. '@' vDk; FwpaPL ',iza Kftup" vDk; fUj;ijf;nfhLf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf ,yq;if nuypnfhk; epWtdj;jpd; %yk; ehk;kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupiag; ngw;wpUe;jhy; @sltnet.lk vDk; Ms;fsg; ngau;cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nritiag;ngw;why; @ cmb.ac.lk vdTk; yahoo epWtdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngw;why; yahoo.com

vDk; Ms;fsg; ngaUk; nkhwl;Litg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,Ue;JNritiag; ngw;wpUe;jhy; @mrt.ac.lk vdTk; Ms;fsg; ngaiug;ngw;wpUg;gPu;fs;. ePq;fs; ghlrhiy tiyaikg;gpy; ,Ue;J Nritiag;ngw;wpUe;jhy; @school.net vDk; Ms;fsg; ngaiug; ngw;wpUg;gPu;fs;.

cq;fsJ kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupapy; '@' FwpaPl;Lf;F Kd;dhy;,lJgf;fj;jpy; cs;s ahTk; cq;fis ,dq;fhl;Ltjw;fhd milahsvz; my;yJ ngauhFk;. '@' ,w;F gpd;du; cs;sit Nrittoq;Feu;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. mjd;gb ID@Domain_Name vOj;J mQ;ry;KftupahFk;. cjhuzk; : [email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

,e;j kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupfs; 'abc' vd;gtuhy; ,izar; Nrittoq;Fk; gy;NtW epWtdq;fspd; %ykhd xJf;fpa Ms;fsg; ngau;fs;nfhz;l KftupfshFk;. ,k; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupfisg; gad;gLj;jprhjhuz jghypy; nra;Ak; Ntiyiar; nra;ayhk;. [email protected] vd;w kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup %yk; ,yq;ifapy; ^lk&

mike;Js;s gy;fiyf;fofkhd nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; fPo; cs;sepWtdkhd fzpdpg; gpuptpy; (UCSC) njhopy;GupAk; xUtu; (abc)

kpd;dQ;riyg; ngWthu;.

Ms;fsg; ngaupd; jd;ik @ucsc.cmb.ac.lk Mapd; '@ucsc' vd;gJnfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fof fzpdpj;Jiw fw;ifg; gFjpiaAk; 'cmb' vd;gJnfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk; (,J ,izaj;js trjpAilaJk; topelj;jf;$baJkhd epWtdk;) vd;gijAk; ,dq;fhl;lg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;ngau;fshFk;.


1' ,k; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup mNj tbtj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.2' kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupapy; vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ,ilntsp (Space)

,Uf;ff; KbahJ.3' Mq;fpy NgnuOj;Jf;fs; ; (CAPITAL) gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lkhapd;

mJgw;wp Kd;dNuNa Fwpg;gpl;L mk;Kftupiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

4' cq;fSf;F xU ngaupd; xU gFjpia Ntwhf;fpf; fhl;lNtz;Lnkdpd; fPo;f;NfhL Underscore, Hyphen tilde my;yJ Period

vd;gtw ;iwg ; gad;gLj ;jyhk ; . cjhuzkhf abc_lanka-

[email protected]

Ms;fsg; ngaupd; ,Wjpg;gFjp kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd nghJg;gFjpahFk;. ,J Gtpapay; kw;Wk; murpay; mbg;gilapy; mt;tt; ehLfs;kw;Wk; tyaq;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fs; ,uz;lhy;cUthf;fg;gl;l xU FwpaPlhFk;. ,yq;iff;F '.lk' vDk; ,uz;LvOj;Jf;fSk; FwpaPlhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mnkupf;fhTf;F '.us' ck;rPdhTf;F '.ch' ck;> INuhg;ghTf;Fk; '.eu' ck;> Mrpag; gpuhe;jpaj;Jf;Fehd;F vOj;Jf;fshd asia vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLk;.

,t;thW ehl;il ,dq;fhZk; FwpaPLfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf gy;NtW,af;fq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F FwpaPLfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.cjhuzk; : com, edu, org, gov, mil. ,t;thwhd FwpaPl;Lg; ngau;fs; rpytw;wpd;tpguk; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

.com - fk;gdpfs; kw;Wk; thzpgj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l epWtdq;fs;

.edu - gy;fiyf;fofk; Nghd;w fy;tp epWtdq;fs;

.org - mur rhu;gw;w ,yhgNehf;fw;w epWtdq;fs;

.gov - mur epWtdq;fs; .mil - gilazp Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; .int - ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs; .net - ,izaj;ijf; nfhz;l tiyaikg;Gj; njhopDl;g

epWtdq;fs;


mLj;J kpd;dQ;riy mDg;Gtjw;F my;yJ thrpg;gjw;F ePq;fs;jahuhtjhapd; mJ njhlu;ghd nghUj;jkhd kpd;dQ;ry; nkd;nghUs;cq;fsplk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. rpyNtisfspy; ,k; nkd;nghUs; ,izar;Nrit toq;Feuhy; mspf;fg;glyhk;. ,d;Nwy; nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;tpd;Nlh]; mTl;Yf; (Windows outlook) my;yJ ntg;nkapy; (Webmail) my;yJmt;thwhd xU nkd;nghUs; cq;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ vkJek;gpf;ifahFk;. mt;thwpd;Nwy; ePq;fs; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupia 'Yahoo'

my;yJ 'gmail' Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy; ngw;wpUe;jhy; kpd;dQ;riyg; ngwTk;mDg;gTk; mtu;fsJ nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

cq;fsJ tFg;G rf khzt khztpauJ kpd;dQ;ry;Kftupfspd; gl;banyhd;iwg; ngw;W mk;Kftupfspd;Ms;fsg; ngau;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; mlq;fpa Xu; mwpf;if

jahupf;Ff. mt;twpf;ifapy; Ms;fsg; ngau;fs; mike;Js;s epWtdk;>mJ ve;j ehl;Lf;F my;yJ ve;jg; gpuhe;jpaj;Jf;F> ve;j ,af;fj;Jf;Fmy;yJ epWtdj;Jf;F cupj;jhdJ vd;gjidAk; vOJf. ,Jtiukpd;dQ;ry; Kftupiag; ngw;Ws;s khztu;fs; jkJ Nritiag;gw;wp $Wk; fUj;Jf;fis tpku;rdj;Jf;F cl;gLj;Jf.

mLj;J ePq;fs; kpd;dQ;rnyhd;iw mDg;g Maj;jkhtjhff;fUJNthk;. mjw;nfd njupT nra;ag;gl;l nkd;nghUisr; nraw;gLj;jNtz;Lk; 'Google' my;yJ 'Yahoo' vDk; kpd;dQ;ry; nkd;nghUisr;nraw;gLj;jpdhy;. cU 3.1.5 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthwhd nkd;nghUs;Kfk; cq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk;. mq;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW ePq;fs; ,Jtiungw;Ws;s ,dq;fhZk; ngau; kw;Wk; flTr;nrhy; vd;gtw;iw Fwpf;fNtz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf cq;fsJ ,dq;fhZk; ngaiuAk; flTr;nrhy;iyAk; 'yahoo' kpd;dQ;ry; nkd;nghUspy; Fwpg;gpl;ljhff; fUJNthk;.mg;NghJ 'yahoo' kpd;dQ;ry; nkd;nghUspdhy; cq;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l,il Kfj;jpy; 'New' nghj;jid njupT nra;jjd; gpd;du; kpd;dQ;riymDg;Gtjw;F cupa Kfk; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. mjd; gpd;du; cU3.1.6 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW 'From' (vDk; mDg;Ggtupd; rupahd

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kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup) [3.1.6 cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW abc@yahoo'com]&

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Yesterday', 'Research and development' my;yJ l*M*P*O*R*T*A*N*T

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cU 3.15 Google kw;Wk; Yahoo epWtdq;fs; nraw;gLj;Jfpd;w kpd;dQ;ry; ,ilKfk;


mLj;J cq;fsJ nra;jpia cupa fl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,r;nra;jpiafzpdpr; rhtpg;gyifapy; Neubahfj; jl;lr;R nra;J nfhs;syhk; my;yJVw;fdNt jahupj;j Nfhg;gpypUe;J ngw;Wk; mDg;gyhk;. cjhuzkhfcq;fsJ nra;jpia cU 3.1.7 ,y; cs;sthW jahupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

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md;Gs;s utpnra;J ghu;g;gjw;F khj;jpuk;

jaT nra;J ngwg;gl;likia mwptpf;fTk;md;Gld;fkyh

cU 3.17 kpd;dQ;ry;

md;Gs;s utp

nra;J ghu;g;gjw;F khj;jpuk;.

jaT nra;J ngwg;gl;likia mwpaj;juTk;.

ed;wpfkyh


jw;NghJ cq;fshy; ,r;nra;jpia mDg;g KbAk;. 'Send'

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kpd;dQ;riy thrpj;jy;

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kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; nra;af;$ba NtW tplaq;fs;

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fpilj;j fbjj;Jf;Fg; gjpy; mDg;GtJ (Reply) kpfTk; ,yFthdJ.fbjj;ijg; ngwNtz;batupd; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup> tpla mikT vd;gdG+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mLj;J ePq;fs; cq;fs; nra;jpia khj;jpuk;gjpe;J 'Send' fl;lisiag; gpuNahfpj;J mjid mDg;g KbAk;.

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rpy kpd;dQ;ry; fzpdpg; gpuNahfq;fspy; ,t;tifahd trjpfs;cs;sd. ngwg;gLk; kpd;dQ;rYf;F gjpy; mspf;Fk;NghJ cjhuzkhf'Reply' fl;lis %yk; cq;fSf;F fpilj;j fbjj;jpw;F jhdhfNt gjpiymjpy; mlf;fp tpLk;. ,q;F ngwg;gl;l mQ;rypd; tpguk; gFjpia,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf xt;nthU tupapd; Muk;gj;jpy; '>' (Greater Than) vDk;Fwp ,lg;gLk;.


mNefkhf cq;fSf;F> xt;nthUtiuAk; mtutuJ ngaupy;epidtpy; itj;jpUf;f Kbahky; ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk; ePq;fs; nrd;W te;j>fye;J nfhz;l fye;Jiuahly;fs;> ciufs;> my;yJ fspahl;lq;fspd;mbg;gilapy; mtu;fsJ Kfq;fs; epidtpw;F nfhz;Ltug;glyhk;. NkYk;>rpyNtis mtu;fs; Ntiynra;Ak; epWtdk; my;yJ tu;j;jfepWtdq;fSf;F Vw;g mtu;fs; epidTf;F tUtu;. mt;thwpUf;Fk;NghJcq;fsJ ngau; khj;jpuk; vg;gbAk; cq;fis epidTgLj;Jtjw;FNghJkhdjy;y. vdNt> cq;fisg; gw;wpa KOtpguk; mQ;rypd; ,Wjpapy;Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. kpd;mQ;ry; Kiwapy; ,t;thwhd tplaq;fs; mNdfkhff;fhzyhk;.

cjhuzkhfK.L.Salman

University of Colombo

Tel. +94-11-2503150 Fax. +94-11-2587239

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

vd cl;gLj;jg;glyhk;.,Wjpahf cq;fsJ kdepiy vd;d vd;gij> cq;fsJ gjpypy;

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:-) my;yJ ;-& ,J nghJthf kfpo;r;rpahd Kfj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg;gad;gLj;Jk; FwpaPlhFk;.

:-( my;yJ ;-( ,J Jf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lk; FwpaPlhfg; gad;gLk;. 8-) fz;zhb gad;gLj;Jtjhapd; gad;gLj;jyhk;. :-) # jhb tsu;e;Js;s Kfj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; # -0 mjpu;r;rpia my;yJ Mr;rupaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. # -1 ve;jtpj czu;Tk; Vw;gltpy;iy vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. 8-( ftiyia my;yJ mOifiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.


,t;thwhf gy ;NtW Fwpa PLfs ; ,izar ; r%fj ;j py ;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thNw rpy FWf;fq;fSk; kpd;dQ;ry;fspy;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;fhd tpjpKiwfs; VJkpy;iy cq;fsJfbjj;ijr; RUf;fpf; nfhs;tNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mjw;fhdcjhuzq;fs; tUkhW.

WRT - With respect to / with regard to

FYI - For you information

BTY - By the way

IMHO - In My Humble Opinion

IMO - In My Opinion

FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions

FOAF - Friend of a friend

AFK - Away from keyboard

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Xu; gbkj;jpy; kpy;ypad; fzf;fpy;; epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.ez;gUf;F gpwe;jehs; tho;j;J> jpUkztho;j;J Nghd;w ve;jnthUtho;j;ijAk; mDg;Gtjw;F kpd;dQ;riyg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ePq;fs;nra;aNtz;banjy;yhk; ,izaj;jpD}lhf Vw;fdNt jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;stho;j;Jg; gj;jpuk; xd;iwj; njupTnra;J mjd;kPJ cq;fs; nra;jpiaFwpj;jy; khj;jpuNk. mJ kl;Lkd;wp cq;fsJ tho;j;J klYld; cq;fs;FuiyAk; fzpdpapy; ,yf;f Kiwapy; gjpTnra;J kpd;dQ;ry; Clhfcq;fs; ez;giuf;; Nfl;fr; nra;ayhk;. ,jid rhjhuz mQ;rypy;


epiwNtw;w KbahJ. mLj;J ,izak; %yk; mDg;gg;gLk; ,r;nra;jpia,ileLtpy; xUtu; Nfl;fNth ngw;Wf;nfhs;sNth KbahJ. Vnddpy;,izaj;jpy; jfty;fis mDg;Gk;NghJ mj;jfty; rpWrpWnghl;lyq;fshf gy;NtW topfspy; mDg;gg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf nghl;lykhw;wp (Packet Switching) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F rpW gFjpfshfcilf;fg;gl;l nghl;lyj;jpy; ngWeu; gw;wpa tpguKk; mg;nghl;lyk;vj;jidahtJ vd;gJk; fhl;lg;gLk;. nghl;lyq;fs; ahTk; gy;NtW topfspy;nrd;W ,Wjpapy; ngwNtz;ba mQ;ry; fzpdpia NrUk;. gpd;du; me;jxt;nthU nghl;lyKk; ngwg;gl;L mit ngwg;gl;l xOq;F Kiwapy;mikf;fg;gl;L ngwNtz;batUf;F mspg;gjhy; mit ghJfhg;ghfNrkpf;fg;gLk;. nghl;lyq;fis mDg;Gk;NghJ mg;nghl;lyj;jpy; ahJk;Fiw ,Ug;gjhf mwpe;J nfhz;lhy; mf;fbjj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lmQ;ry; fzpdp, kPz;Lk; Fiwfs; ,y;yhj nghl;lyj;ij ngw;Wj; jUk;gbMuk;g fzpdpiaf; NfhUk;. mf;fbjj;ij ngwNtz;batuJ Kftupiaf;fzpdpapy; Njl KbahJ Nghdhy; mf;fzNk mf;fbjj;ij Nru;g;gpf;fKbatpy;iy vd;w nra;jpia mDg;gpatUf;F fpilf;fr; nra;Ak;.

,t;thwhf kpd;dQ;ry; Kiw%yk; cq;fsJ nra;jpfisnrhw;fshf> xypahf fzpdpapy; Nrkpj;J itj;J mDg;GtJ my;yJePq;fs; xspg;gjpT nra;j xspehlhtpd; xU gFjpia kpd;dQ;ry; %yk;mDg;GtJ ,d;W mNdfuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mJ khj;jpukd;wpkpd; mQ;rypid mofhd mikg;gpy; epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJmt;thwd;wp ml;ltiz tbtpy; mDg;gKbtJ NkYk; xU tpNrl,ay;ghFk;. mNdfu; jkJ kpd;dQ;riy HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

I gad;gLj;jp myq;fhuk; nra;J mDg;gTk; Kay;tu;. vdNt> vjpu;fhyj;jpy;ePq;fs; ahtUk; ,iza topelhj;jy; HTML ,idg; gad;gLj;jy; gw;wpamwpitg; ngw;wtuhf ,Ug;gJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj xd;whFk;.


cyfshtpa tiyaikg;G gw;wpa mwpKfk; (World WideWeb)

,izaj; jsk; (Web Site)

jw;fhyj;jpy; jfty; gwpkhw;wj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpujhdClfkhf ,izaj;jsNk cs;sJ. vdNt ehk ; ,g ;NghJ,izaj;jsj;jpD}lhd jfty; gupkhw;wk; gw;wp rpwpJ Muha;Nthk;.

,izaj;jsq;fspy; cyhTjy;

ePq;fs; ,izaj;(Internet) njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l gpd;,izaj;jsk; xd;wpid ghu;itapLtjw;F gpd;tUtdit mtrpakhFk;:

1' tiyNkNyhb (Web Browser)

2' ,izaj; js Kftup (Web Address/Address)

1. tiyNkNyhb (Web Browser)

,izaj; jsj;jpy; tiyg;gf;fq;fis ghu;itapLtjw;fhfgad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdp nkd;nghUNs tiyNkNyhb vdg;gLk;. gy;NtWtiyNkNyhbfs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit rpy fPNojug;gl;Ls;sd.

,d;unew; vf;];GNshuu; Internet Explorer - cU 3.18nkhrpyh gau;nghf;]; Mozilla Firefox - cU 3.19$fps; FNuhk; Google Chrome - cU 3.20xg;Nguh Opera

xt;nthU tiyNkNyhbAk; mtw;Wf;NfAupa mE$yq;fs;kw;Wk; gpujp$yq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gpDk; Njitf;Nfw;g rpwe;jtiyNkNyhbiaj; njupT nra;J nfhs;syhk;.


cU - 3.18,d;unew;

vf;];GNshuu;(Internet Explorer)

cU - 3.19nkhrpy;yhgau;ghf;];

Mozilla Firefox

cU - 3.20$fps; FNuhk;Google Chrome


2. ,izaj;js Kftupfs; / Kftup Web Addresses/Address

,izaj;jsj;jpy; vy;iyaw;w jfty; gf;fq;fs;(tiyg; gf;fq;fs;)Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUg;gNjhL mtw;iw xOq;F Kiwapy; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; mtw;wpw;F jdpj;Jtkhd xt;nthU Kftuptoq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

,izaj;js Kftupia cs;spLk;NghJ Kjypy; www vd;gijFwpg;gNjhL gpd;du; Fwpj;j ,izaj; jsj;jpd; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.mjd; gpd;du; ,izaj; jsf; FOkk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. ,it midj;ijAk;NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf Fw;W ^'& ghtpf;fg;gLk;.cjhuzk; :

www.schoolnet . lk

,izaj;js Kftupapy; ,ilntsp tplg;glhJ. ,q;F tpNrlkhdrpy milahsq;fs; kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

vt;thnwdpDk; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpiuthd etPdj;Jtj;jpd;fhuzkhf Nkw;$wg;gl;l Kiwfis tpl khWghlhd ,izaj;jsKftupfis jw;NghJ ,izaj;jpy;; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

tiyNkNyhbapy; cupa ,lj;jpy; vkJ Kftupia cs;spl;lTld;vk;khy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,izaj; jsj;ij nrd;wila KbAk;. mq;Fvk;khy; Fwpj;j ,izaj; jsj;jpd; Kfg;Gg; gf;fj;ij fhzf;$baNjhLmq;Fs;s kP ,izg;Gf;fis (Hyperlinks) cgNahfpj;J mg;gf;fj;jpd;NtW gFjpfspw;Nfh, mj;jsj;jpd; NtW gf;fq;fspw;Nfh my;yJ NtWjsq;fspw;Nfh nry;y KbAk;. ,izag;; gf;fj;jpd; kP ,izg;Gf;F mUfpy;Rl;biaf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;NghJ Rl;bahdJ ifapd; cUg;ngw;W fhl;rpjUk;.

�

,izaj; jsj;jpd;ngau;

,izaj; jsf; FOkk;


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,izaj;js Kftup njupahjtplj;J jfty;fisg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kiw

www.gov.lk www.moe.gov.lk

www.edupub.gov.lk www.doenets.lk

;

,izakhdJ kpf Ntfkhf tsu;e;J tUfpd;wJ. epkplj;Jf;F epkplk;,izaj;jpy; Gjpa Kftupfs; Nru;tjdhy; Njitahd ,izaKftupfis Nru;j;J itg;gJ ,yFthd fhupakd;W.

vdNt Njitahd ,izaj; jsj;ijj; NjLtjw;fhf Njlw;;nghwpia cgNahfg;gLj;JtJ kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. Njlw; nghwpfspy;;NjlYf;F mtrpakhd tpguq;fis Fwpj;jTld; mt;tpguq;fSld;njhlu;Gila mjw;Fupa ,izaj; js Kftupfspid fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk;.

gpugy;akhd Njly; ,ae;jpuq;fs; rpy fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

www.google.com

cU 3.21www.yahoo.com

cU 3.22www.ask.com

cU 3.23www.altavista.com

cq;fSila mwpit Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,izaj;jsq;fspYs;s jfty;fis xg;gpl;L Ma;T nra;f.

cU 3.21 : Google Kfg;Gg; gf;fk;


Njlw;nghwpapy; NjLjiy Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd gy trjpfs;cs;sd. cjhuzkhf Njlw; nghwpapy; Njitahd ,izaj;jsq;fisAk; gbkq;fisAk; (Images) jdpj; jdpahf NjLjy; nra;aKbAk;.

cU 3.22 Yahoo Kfg;Gg; gf;fk;

cU 3.23 Ask Kfg;Gg; gf;fk;


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Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa Njly; ,ae;jpuq;fs;,uz;ilg; gad;gLj;jp fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s jiyaq;fspd;fPo; jfty;is Nrfupf;Ff. mq;F ,j;Njly; ,ae;jpuq;fshy;toq;fg;gLk; ngWNgWfspy; fhzf;$ba NtWghLfisml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

1' fzpdpapd; gbKiw tsu;r;rp (The Evolution of the Computer)

2' fzpdpapd; gzpj;jpwdpay; (Computer Ergonomics)

3' fzpdpj; jha;g;gyifapd; gbkk; xd;iw ,uz;L NjLjy;,ae;jpuq;fspYk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.

1' ,izag; gf;fj;jpypUf;Fk; gbkk; xd;iw cq;fs;fzpdpapy; gjptpwf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

2' ,izag; gf;fnkhd;wpypUf;Fk; gbkk;> jfty;fs;/Mf;fq;fis Word gf;fk; xd;wpy;; cs;spLk; Kiw gw;wpf;fye;JiuahLf.

kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit

njhlu;ghlypw;fhf kpd;dQ;rypid fbjq;fis cgNahfpf;Fk; Kiwgw;wpg; Kd;du; ghu;j;Njhk;. ,izaj; jsq;fs; Kyk; kpd;dQ;rypidcgNahfpf;Fk; Kiwfs; gw;wp ,g;NghJ ghu;g;Nghk;.

kpd;dQ;ry; Kiwik

kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLk;NghJ gpujhdkhf,uz;L kpd;dQ;ry; Nritfisf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

• fl;lzk; nrYj;jpg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit• ,ytrkhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit

nraw;ghL 3.6

nraw;ghL 3.7


fl;lzk; nrYj;jpg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit,izar; Nritia toq;Fk; epWtdnkhd;wpd; %yNkh my;yJ

kpd;dQ;ry; Nritia toq;Fk; epWtdnkhd;wpd; %ykhfNth ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;lxU Kiwikapd; mbg;gilapy; kpd;dQ;ry; Nritiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdj;jpw;F fl;lzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,ytr kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit

jw;NghJ mNef ,izaj;jsq;fspd; %yk; kpd;dQ;ry; Nrittrjpfs; nghJthf ,ytrkhfNt toq;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf ,ytrkpd;dQ;ry; Nrit trjpia toq;Fk; Nrit epWtdq;fspy; HOTMAIL,

YAHOO kw;Wk; GMAIL Mfpad Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wd.,ytr kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit eltbf;iffs; mNefkhf xNu khjpupahf

,Ug;gjdhy; YAHOO kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit gw;wp ,q;F Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.( vt;thnwdpDk; ,izaj; jsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Jupj Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd;fhuzkhf jw;NghJ cq;fshy; fhzf;$ba rpy tplaq;fs; ,d;Dk;rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; ,d;Dk; gy klq;F Kd;Ndw;wkile;jjhf khw;wkilayhk;vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;f.)

,ytr kpd;dQ;ry; Nritapd;NghJ cq;fshy; Kjyhtjhf Fwpg;gpl;l,izaj;jsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W kpd;dQ;ry; Nritf;fhd fzf;F xd;wpidxOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf Fwpj;j ,izaj; jsj;jpYs;scs;s kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;if Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd tiyg;gf;fj;ij njupTnra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.(cUf;fs; 3.24, 3.25, 3.26)

cU 3.24

cU 3.24 HOTMAIL ,y; cU 3.25 YAHOO ,y;

cU 3.26 GMAIL ,y;


ngwg;gLk; tyg;gf;fj;jpy; Gjpa kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupiag;ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cq;fs; tpguq;fis ,t;tpz;zg;ggbtj;jpy; toq;fNtz;Lk;.(cU 3.27)

,q;F cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupia(,Jtiume;j kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupia NtW xUtu; ngwhjpUg;gpd;) ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAk;.

,e;j tpz;zg;gtj;jpy; fPNo fhzg;gLk; tpNrl milahsj;ijcl;gLj;jp cq;fSila cWjpg;gLj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tJ fl;lhakhFk;.

Fwpj;j tptuq;fis toq;fpaTld; cq;fSila kpd;dQ;ry;Kftupf;Fupa fzf;F Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L kpd;dQ;ry; Nritapidgad;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,q;F cq;fshy; Nfhug;gl;l kpd;dQ;ry;Kftup fpilj;jikiaf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. (cU 3.28)

cU 3.27 kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupia ngWtjw;fhd gbtk;


kpd;dQ;ry; Nritfspy; xt;nthU tplak;; rk;ge;jkhfTk;jdpj;jdpNa mQ;ry; ngl;bfs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbAk;. nghJthffhzf;$ba ,t;thwhd mQ;ry; ngl;bfs; gw;wpa tptuq;fspd; RUf;fk;fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

Inbox -- vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; kpd;dQ;ry;fs; ,q;F te;J NrUk;.Drafts - mDg;Gtjw;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;L Kbtilahj fbjq;fs;

,q;F Nru;j;J itf;fg;gLk;.Sent -- vk;khy; mDg;gg;gl;l fbjq;fis Nrkpj;J itf;f ,J

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.Spam / Junk -- vkf;F fpilf;Fk; Ntz;;lg;glhj fbjq;fs; ,q;F

itf;fg;gLk;.Trash / Deleted -- mopf;fg;gLk; fbjq;fs; ,jpy; itf;fg;gLk;.

cU 3.28 : kpd;mQ;ry; Nritg;gf;fk;


mQ;ry;fs; fpilj;Js;sdth vdg; guprPypj;jy;

nghJthf kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;fpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jTld; vkf;FmDg;gg;gl;Ls;s midj;J mQ;ry;fisAk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.mt;thNw mq;;F cs;s Check Mail nghj;jhid gad;gLj;jp vkJkpd;dQ;ry; Kftupf;F fpilf;Fk; Gjpa mQ;ry;fisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAk;. mNef kpd;dQ;ry; Nritfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l Nritfspy; njhlu;gpy;cs;sNghJ mg;NghJ fpilf;Fk; Gjpa mQ;ry;fs; "Inbox" ,y;RahjPdkhfNt Nrkpj;J itf;fg;;gLk;.

kpd;dQ;ry; fbjq;fis mDg;Gjy;

Gjpa kpd;dQ;ry; fbjnkhd;iw mDg;Gtjw;fhf New

nghj;jhidNah my;yJ Compose mail nghj;jhidNah gad;gLj;j KbAk;.Gjpa fbjnkhd;iw mDg;Gtjw;fhf ,e;jg; nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;Ak;NghJfPNo cs;sthW nrhy;yhlw; ngl;bnahd;W Njhd;Wk;. mq;F Njitahdtpguq;;fis toq;f KbAk;.(cU 3.29)

cU 3.29 : kpd;dQ;ry; xd;iw jahu;g;gLj;jy;


To: - kpd;dQ;ry; ngWeUila Kftupia ,q;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.fbjj;jpd; jfty;fis gyUf;F mDg;g Ntz;ba re;ju;g;gj;jpy;(xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l Kftupfs; Nru;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpd;);fhw;Gs;sp (>) milahsj;ij ,l;L xt;nthd;whfNru;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

Cc: - fbjnkhd;wpd; efy; Fwpg;gpl;l egiu jtpu Vida rpyUf;Fk;mDg;g Ntz;ba re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fsJ Kftupfis,q;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Bcc: - fbjnkhd;iw gy egu;fSf;F mDg;Gtjw;fhf ,J cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. MdhYk; To: kw;Wk; Cc: fspy; Kftupfiscl;gLj;JtjpYk; ghu;f;f ,q;F Kftupfis toq;Ftjw;fhdNehf;fk; tpj;jpahrkhdjhFk;.

To: kw;Wk; Cc: ,y; cl;gLj;jg;gLk; Kftupfs; fbjk;fpilf;fg;ngWk; midtupdhYk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNtFwpg;gpl;l fbjk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w midtupdJk; Kftupfis midtUNkfhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. Mdhy; Bcc: ,y; ,lg;gLk; KftupfisFwpg;gpl;l egiuj; jtpu NtW Kftupf;F nrhe;jkhd xUtuhYk;fhzKbahJ. ,jd;NghJ Fwpg ;g pl ;l fbjk; ahu ; ahUf;FmDg;gg;gl;Ls;snjd;gij NtW xUtuhYk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.Subject: - fbjk; njhlu ;ghf jiyaq;fk; ,Ltjw;fhf ,J

cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. vg;NghJNk nghUj;jkhd RUf;fkhdjiyaq;fk; ,Ltjw;F Kaw;rpf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; fbjk;fpilg;gtUf;F cq;fSila fbjj;ij tifg;gLj;jp itf;f,yFthf ,Uf;Fk;.

kpd;dQ;rypd; clw; gFjpapy; fbjj;ij jl;nlOj;Jr; nra;aKbAk;.Njitahd tptuq;fis toq;fpagpd; Send nghj;jhid

nrhlf;Ftjd;; %yk; fbjj;ij Fwpj;j egUf;F mDg;gKbAk;.

,izg;G (Attachments) - jfty; gjpT nra;ag;glNtz;ba ,lj;jpy;rhtpg; gyifapd; cjtpAld; fbjj;ijjl;lr;R nra;J kpd;dQ;ry; Mtzk;jahupf;fg;gLk;. kpd;dQ;ry; fbjj;Jld;Gifg;glk; my;yJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xyp/xsp tbtq;fis ,izg;g pd ; Kyk;mDg;gyhk;.


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kpd;dQ;ry; fbjj;Jld; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; ,izg;gpy; fzpdpapy;jahupf;fg;gLk; ve;j xU Mtzj;jpidAk; mDg;gKbAk;. vk;khy;jahupf;fg;gLk; fbjk;> gzpj;jhs;fs;> xyp> xsp epfo;r;rpfs; Nghd;w ve;jxU Nfhg;Gf;fisAk; ,izg;ghf kpd;dQ;ry; fbjj;Jld; Nru;j;JmDg;g KbAk;.

vt;thnwdpDk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; ,izg;ig jpwg;gjw;fhf Fwpg;gpl;lnkd;nghUshdJ fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwpd;Nwy;Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhg;ig ghu;itapl Kbahky; ,Uf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf Word

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