By Alex Angelo Chapter 9 urinary system terms
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By Alex Angelo
Chapter 9
�urinary system terms
Urinary Tract Infection UTI
* An infection that affects any part of the unary tract. * Most common pathogen is E Coli accounting for 80%-‐85% * 2nd most common is Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Symptoms of UTI"
* Burning during Urination (dysuria) * Frequency to urinate * Cloudy or foul smelling urine * Blood in urine (hematuria)
* lower abdomen discomfort"* low-grade fever"* pelvic pressure"* Malaise"""
Risk Factors for UTI
* Intercourse: for young women sexual intercourse accounts for 75% to 90% of infections; * Gender: Women are more prone to UTI due to the close proximity of the urethra to the anus.
* Urinary Catheters: An unsterile catheter can cause a UTI * Others: heredity and diabetes can also cause UTI
Diagnosis and Treatment of UTI
* In most case a diagnosis can be made by symptoms alone. * A Urinalysis is used in more complicated cases.
* Oral antibiotics are used and clear up the infection it a couple of days.
Urine Culture UC
* A urine culture is a laboratory test to detect the presence of bacteria in urine. * A urine culture is used in the diagnosis of a urinary tract infection.(UTI)
* Urine is collected midstream into a into a container. Usually around 2 fl oz
Results of a UC
* Normal: No presence of bacteria in urine. The culture is negative.
* Abnormal: Presence of bacteria in urine. A count of 100,000 or more bacteria per a milliliter is an infection. A count of 100,000 or less is possibly a contamination of the sample.
Retrograde Pyelogram RP
* Retrograde Pyelogram is a uretic procedure where a physician uses dye to visualize the urinary tract.
* A retrograde pyelogram is often used to determine if a kidney stone is blocking the urinary tract.
Procedure for a RP
* Fist a local or regional anesthetic is applied to numb the area. Next cytoscope is insertened into the patients urethra. Then a catheter is inserted through the cytoscope. Finally a dye is injected through the cytoscope and x-‐rays are taken.
Results of a RP
* Normal: Kidneys, blotter and ureters show now blockage and appear normal
* Abnormal: The flow of the dye is blocked. Revealing the location of a stone.
Blood Urea Nitrogen BUN
* Blood urea nitrogen is a measurement of the amount of nitrogen in the blood stream in the form of urea.
A BUN is done to test the function of the kidneys.
Procedure of a BUN
* First an elastic band is wrapped around the upper arm to stop the flow of blood. Next a sterile needle is inserted into the vain. Blood is collected through the needle into a tube. Then, the needle is removed and pressure is applied to the site.
Results of a BUN
* Normal: 6-‐20 milligrams per deciliter or 2.1-‐7.1 millimoles per liter
* A high reading may be caused by a damaged or infected kidney. * A low reading may be caused by a poor diet or a damaged liver.
Results of a BUN
* Normal: 6-‐20 milligrams per deciliter or 2.1-‐7.1 millimoles per liter
* A high reading may be caused by a damaged or infected kidney. * A low reading may be caused by a poor diet or a damaged liver.
Acute Renal Failure ARF
* Acute renal failure is a rapid lose of kidney function.
Symptoms and Causes of ARF
* Fatigue * Headaches * Loose of appetite * Lower back pain * Dehydration * Irregular heart beat
* Perenal: A decrease of blood flow to the kidney * Intrinsic: Damage to the kidney itself * Postrenal: An obstruction of the tract
Diagnosis and treatment of ARF
* Can be detected by a decrease in urine output. * Blood can be tested for presence of substances that are eliminated by the kidneys.
* A patient my never recover full renal function and will require dialysis
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