Ch.7

CH. 7 The Abbasid Decline and the

Diffusion of the Islamic Religion to South/Southeast Asia

The Downfall of the Abbasid

The Major Reasons of Decline› Peasant Revolts due to high taxes› Al-Mahdi and successors› civil wars -succession ( al-Amin vs. al-

Ma'mun)› Turkish slaves as army ›  imperial treasury running out of funds› Invasion of the Buyids fallowed by Seljuk

Turks and then finally Mongols.› Tension between Shiite and Sunni

Move of power from Syria to Iraq. (a motive

to independize)

Revolts in Persia

Harun al-Rashid dies and sons go to civil

war against each other

Financial crisis More taxes on peasants and Turkish

slave armies are made for protection.

Authority started to fade in Persia due to

successions.

Tahirid Dynasty led by an ex- general from al-

Ma’mun’s army. Inspires more

succession from others.

The rise in power of the Turkish army led

the caliphates to being puppet governments.

Many areas broke off due to week internal

government

Buyid Dynasty

Seljuk Turks Dynasty

Mongols

Causes of Decline connected...

The First Islamic invasion and the Second Islamic Invasion

Most Indians stayed Hindu/Buddhist

Religious tolerance with lower taxes than the Hindu

Indians had a great influence with dress and building structure

Mathematical, scientifical, and medical advance brought to the Muslim region

Mahmud of Ghazni started a series of violent conquest

Sultans of Delhi ruled for 300 years with the assistance of the Hindu people

Converts to Islam were not won over by force but by trade and the Sufi mystics.

The Hindus saw the Muslims as a threat ( cults)

Effaces on the superiority of Hinduism over Islam.

The First Islamic Invasion The Second Islamic Invasion

Trade in Southeast Asia and the Spread of the Islamic Religion

Merchants and Islam• Most converts were from port cities such as Sumatra•Malacca, Malaya, Demark, Javanese ports, Celebes, and the south Philippines were some of the places that Islam gained ground.

Locations NOT converted to Islam•Mainland Asia (due to Buddhism ) •Bali (Hinduism)

ThemesThemes:  Academic improvement- towards the end of the Abbassid caliphate, Islamic trade with the Middle East and Western Europe sparked new scientific, artistic, and literary improvements. Religion and War- The crusades were taking place in Muslim lands from 1096 to 1291 Movement of Ideas: The invasion in India of the Muslims brought many scienetific and mathematical information to Arabia which later went to Western Europe.

Vocabulary Al-Mahdi – Third of Abbasid caliphs.   Harun al-Rashid – Most famous Abbasid caliphs; his death started a civil war over succession.   Buyids – Regional splinter dynasty of the mid- 10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad.   Seljuk Turks – Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persian.   Crusades – Military adventures that were launched by western Christians to free the Holy Land the

Muslims.   Saladin – Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader

outposts for Islam.   Shah-Nama – Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries.   Ulama –Orthodox religious scholars within Islam.   Al- Ghazali – A talented Islamic theologian; attempted to combine Greek and Qur’anic traditions.   Sufis – Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeast Asia and other regions.   Mongols – Central Asian nomadic peoples.   Chinggis Khan – Was born in the 1170s in decades after the death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all

Mongol tribes in 1206; conquered northern kingdoms of China, and as far as the Abbasid regions.

Vocabulary (con…) Hulegu – Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan.   Mamluks – Muslim slave warriors; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and stopped Mongol advance.   Muhammad ibn Qasim – was an Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region an the Indus valley to

be part of Umayyad Empire.   Mahmud of Ghazni – led a series of expeditions that began nearly two centuries of Muslim raiding and conquest in

northern India.   Muhammad of Ghur – Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled a small mountain kingdom in

Afghanistan.   Qutb-ud-din Aibak – Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi.   Bhaktic cults – Hindu groups that were dedicated to gods and goddesses; they also stressed the importance of

strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration.   Mira Bai – Famous Hindu writer religious poetry.   Kabir – Mslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam.   Shrivijaya – Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra.   Malacca – Was a Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula.   Demak – Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java, and was converted to Islam.  

Key Events 661- 750 C.E.- Umayyad Caliphate (Damascus)   750 C.E. – Establishment of the Abbasid caliphate (Baghdad)   777 C.E. – Independent dynasty formed in Algeria   788 C.E. – Independent dynasty formed in Morocco   809 C.E. – First war of succession between Abbasid princes   945 C.E. – Persian Buyids capture Baghdad; the caliphs become puppet rulers   998 C.E. – Beginning of Ghanzi raids into western India   1055 C.E. – Seljuk Turks overthrow Buyids, control caliphate   1096 C.E.- 1099 – First Christian Crusade in Palestine   1290s C.E. – Beginning of the spread of Islam in southeast Asia   1258 C.E. – Fall of Baghdad to Mongols; end of Abbasid caliphate

Doing World HistoryDiffusion The invention of faster trading vessels (dhows) assisted with movement of the

Muslim culture, which helped the spread of it through south and southeast portions of Asia.

The Crusades brought many technological advances, as well as manufactured goods. Chess, building fortification, Greek learning, Oriental rugs and mathematical advances all came from the results of the Crusades.

Contrast The ulama wanted to ban any influence that could not be tied with the Qur’an while

al- Ghazali wanted to fuse both the Greek and the Qur’an traditions. Hinduism in India was more lenient than Islam which was a more committing religion

with strict ideals that affected its converts. Common Phenomena The Sufis shared many traits with the Buddhist and Hindu ascetics. They all

practiced the denial of the body and they were considered nomadic mystics. Syncretism The bhaktic cults, which included the lower caste members, had a great impact on

the lower classes that were most likely to convert to Islam. The higher involvement of the people in addition to the wide access to religious songs and poems led to the postponement to conversion to Islam.

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APS The coperacen between the expantion and spread of Islam from 661 c.e. up to

the last days of the Ottoman Empire.

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) The Abbasid Caliphate was at its hight under Harun al- Rashid’s reign. His administration had reached all the way to north Africa and south Asia.

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The trade routes helped move the Islamic religion