Ch.3 Molecules of Life OCC Bio-161 Created by Dave Werner.

Ch.3 Molecules of LifeCh.3 Molecules of Life

OCC Bio-161OCC Bio-161

Created by Dave WernerCreated by Dave Werner

3.1 Carbon: The Framework of 3.1 Carbon: The Framework of Biological MoleculesBiological Molecules

Carbon VideoCarbon Video

Although water is the primary medium for Although water is the primary medium for life on Earth, most of the molecules from life on Earth, most of the molecules from which living organisms are made are which living organisms are made are based on the element carbon (C). based on the element carbon (C). Carbon's ability to form large and complex Carbon's ability to form large and complex molecules has contributed to the great molecules has contributed to the great diversity of life. diversity of life.

CarbonCarbon

What do the terms organic and inorganic What do the terms organic and inorganic mean?mean?

CARBON BONDINGCARBON BONDING

All of the many compounds discovered can be All of the many compounds discovered can be classified in TWO Broad Categories: classified in TWO Broad Categories: ORGANIC ORGANIC AND INORGANICAND INORGANIC. .         A. A. ORGANIC COMPOUNDSORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain contain CARBON ATOMS that are Covalently Bonded to CARBON ATOMS that are Covalently Bonded to other Carbon Atoms & to other Elements as well other Carbon Atoms & to other Elements as well - typically Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. - typically Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.         B. B. INORGANIC COMPOUNDSINORGANIC COMPOUNDS, with a few , with a few exception, do not contain carbon. More mineral exception, do not contain carbon. More mineral basedbased

Carbon Bonding continuedCarbon Bonding continued

A Carbon Atom has FOUR Electrons in its A Carbon Atom has FOUR Electrons in its outermost Energy Level.outermost Energy Level.To be stable a Carbon Atom needs EIGHT To be stable a Carbon Atom needs EIGHT Electrons in its outermost level, a Carbon Atom Electrons in its outermost level, a Carbon Atom therefore READILY forms FOUR COVALENT therefore READILY forms FOUR COVALENT BONDS with other Elements. BONDS with other Elements. Carbon also READILY bonds with other Carbon Carbon also READILY bonds with other Carbon Atoms, forming Straight Chains, Branched Atoms, forming Straight Chains, Branched Chains, or Rings.Chains, or Rings.This tendency of Carbon to Bond with itself This tendency of Carbon to Bond with itself results in an enormous Variety of results in an enormous Variety of ORGANIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS, i.e. sugars, fats, proteins., i.e. sugars, fats, proteins.

CARBON BONDINGCARBON BONDING

Carbon can Share Two or even Three Pair of Carbon can Share Two or even Three Pair of Electrons with another AtomElectrons with another Atom

        A. A. SINGLE BONDSINGLE BOND - A bond formed when two - A bond formed when two atoms share ONE pair of electrons. atoms share ONE pair of electrons.

        B. B. DOUBLE BONDDOUBLE BOND - Atoms share TWO pairs - Atoms share TWO pairs of electrons. of electrons.

        C. C. TRIPLE BONDTRIPLE BOND - Atoms Sharing THREE - Atoms Sharing THREE pairs of electronspairs of electrons

How Do Cells Build Organic How Do Cells Build Organic Compounds?Compounds?

In MOST Organic Compounds, Cluster of Atoms, called In MOST Organic Compounds, Cluster of Atoms, called FUNCTIONAL GROUPSFUNCTIONAL GROUPS, Influence the Properties of the , Influence the Properties of the molecule they Compose. (figure 3.1)molecule they Compose. (figure 3.1)The The FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP IS THE STRUCTURAL IS THE STRUCTURAL BUILDING BLOCK THAT DETERMINES THE BUILDING BLOCK THAT DETERMINES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOUND. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOUND. One Functional Group important to living things is the One Functional Group important to living things is the HYDROXYL GROUPHYDROXYL GROUP, represented by --OH. , represented by --OH. An An ALCOHOLALCOHOL is an Organic Compound with a Hydroxyl is an Organic Compound with a Hydroxyl Group attached to one of its Carbon Atoms. Group attached to one of its Carbon Atoms. The Hydroxyl Group makes Alcohol a Polar molecule The Hydroxyl Group makes Alcohol a Polar molecule that has Some Properties similar to Water, including the that has Some Properties similar to Water, including the Ability to Form Hydrogen Bonds. Ability to Form Hydrogen Bonds.

LARGE CARBON MOLECULESLARGE CARBON MOLECULES

Large Carbon Compounds are built up Large Carbon Compounds are built up from Smaller Simpler Molecules called from Smaller Simpler Molecules called MONOMERSMONOMERS (MONO = ONE). (MONO = ONE). Monomers can Bind to one another to Monomers can Bind to one another to form Complex Molecules known as form Complex Molecules known as POLYMERSPOLYMERS. (POLY = MANY). . (POLY = MANY). A Polymer consist of repeated, linked A Polymer consist of repeated, linked units, forming Large Polymers called units, forming Large Polymers called MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES. (MACRO = . (MACRO = LARGE) LARGE) Monomers link to form Polymers through Monomers link to form Polymers through a Chemical Reaction called a Chemical Reaction called CONDENSATION REACTIONCONDENSATION REACTION.  During .  During the formation of Polymers, Water, H2O, is the formation of Polymers, Water, H2O, is Released or is By Product of the Released or is By Product of the Reaction. (Figure 3.5)Reaction. (Figure 3.5)Example During the Formation of the Example During the Formation of the Sugar SUCROSE, which is Table Sugar, Sugar SUCROSE, which is Table Sugar, GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE CombineGLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE Combine

LARGE CARBON MOLECULESLARGE CARBON MOLECULES ContCont

In the Chemical Reaction the In the Chemical Reaction the Glucose Molecule Releases a Glucose Molecule Releases a Hydroxide Ion, OH-, and the Hydroxide Ion, OH-, and the Fructose Molecule Releases a Fructose Molecule Releases a Hydrogen Ion, H+.  The OH- and Hydrogen Ion, H+.  The OH- and H+ Ions that are Released H+ Ions that are Released Combine to Produce a Water Combine to Produce a Water Molecule = Molecule = CONDENSATION CONDENSATION REACTION. REACTION. The BREAKDOWN of some The BREAKDOWN of some Complex Molecules, such as Complex Molecules, such as Polymers, occurs through a Polymers, occurs through a process known as process known as HYDROLYSISHYDROLYSIS. . HydrolysisHydrolysis is the Reversal of a is the Reversal of a Condensation Reaction.  The Condensation Reaction.  The ADDITION of Water, to some ADDITION of Water, to some Polymers can Break the Bonds Polymers can Break the Bonds that hold them together.that hold them together.

What are the four main classes of Organic What are the four main classes of Organic Compounds that are essential to the life Compounds that are essential to the life

processes of All Living Things?processes of All Living Things?

MOLECULES OF LIFEMOLECULES OF LIFE

CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS (FAT), PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS (FAT), PROTEINS, and NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA).  and NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA). 

These Compound are built from Carbon, These Compound are built from Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, the Atoms occur in Hydrogen, and Oxygen, the Atoms occur in different Ratios in each class of Compound.  different Ratios in each class of Compound. 

Despite their similarities, the different classes of Despite their similarities, the different classes of compounds have different properties (Table compounds have different properties (Table 3.1)3.1)

3.2 The Most Abundant Ones - 3.2 The Most Abundant Ones - CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

The cells of the human body obtain MOST of their The cells of the human body obtain MOST of their ENERGY from CARBOHYDRATES. ENERGY from CARBOHYDRATES. CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES ARE COMPOUNDS MADE OF ARE COMPOUNDS MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN IN A RATIO OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN IN A RATIO OF ABOUT TWO HYDROGENS TO ONE OXYGEN ATOM.  ABOUT TWO HYDROGENS TO ONE OXYGEN ATOM.  THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS VARIES. THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS VARIES. There are THREE TYPES of Carbohydrates, grouped There are THREE TYPES of Carbohydrates, grouped according to complexity: MONOSACCHARIDES, according to complexity: MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, AND POLYSACCHARIDES.DISACCHARIDES, AND POLYSACCHARIDES.Come up with three items that you eat on a daily Come up with three items that you eat on a daily basis that are composed of carbohydrates.basis that are composed of carbohydrates.

VideoVideo

Organic Molecules - CarbohydratesOrganic Molecules - Carbohydrates

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Sugars, Starches and Cellulose are Sugars, Starches and Cellulose are Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates.

Identify CarbohydratesIdentify Carbohydrates

Identify an example of each of these that Identify an example of each of these that you ingest on a daily basis?you ingest on a daily basis? MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides DisaccharidesDisaccharides PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

Carbohydrates Cont.Carbohydrates Cont.MONOSACCHARIDESMONOSACCHARIDES ARE ARE SINGLE SUGARS (Simple SINGLE SUGARS (Simple Sugar) SUCH AS GLUCOSE, Sugar) SUCH AS GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, A SUGAR GALACTOSE, A SUGAR FOUND IN MILK,  AND FOUND IN MILK,  AND FRUCTOSE, A SUGAR FRUCTOSE, A SUGAR FOUND IN FRUITS. (CFOUND IN FRUITS. (C66 H H1212 OO66). ). Glucose, Fructose, and Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose have the same Galactose have the same Molecular Formula, CMolecular Formula, C66HH1212OO66, , but their Differing Structures but their Differing Structures determine the different determine the different Properties.  Properties.  Compounds like these sugars, Compounds like these sugars, with a Single Chemical with a Single Chemical Formula but Different Forms, Formula but Different Forms, are called are called ISOMERSISOMERS. (Fig.3.7). (Fig.3.7)

Carbohydrates ContCarbohydrates Cont

DISACCHARIDESDISACCHARIDES, OR DOUBLE SUGARS, CONSIST OF TWO , OR DOUBLE SUGARS, CONSIST OF TWO SINGLE SUGARS (Monosaccharides) LINKED TOGETHER.  SINGLE SUGARS (Monosaccharides) LINKED TOGETHER.  Common disaccharides include SUCROSE, OR TABLE Common disaccharides include SUCROSE, OR TABLE SUGAR; LACTOSE, OR MILK SUGAR; AND MALTOSE; A SUGAR; LACTOSE, OR MILK SUGAR; AND MALTOSE; A SUGAR CONTAINED IN CEREAL GRAINS. SUGAR CONTAINED IN CEREAL GRAINS. POLYSACCHARIDEPOLYSACCHARIDE IS A CARBOHYDRATE MADE OF LONG IS A CARBOHYDRATE MADE OF LONG CHAINS OF SUGARS ("Many Sugars", Three or More CHAINS OF SUGARS ("Many Sugars", Three or More Monosaccharides).  The prefix POLY means "Many".  Starches, Monosaccharides).  The prefix POLY means "Many".  Starches, such as those in BREAD, PASTA, AND POTATOES, ARE such as those in BREAD, PASTA, AND POTATOES, ARE POLYSACCHARIDES. POLYSACCHARIDES. How do animals utilize sugars? Why is this important?How do animals utilize sugars? Why is this important?Why do plant cells contain cellulose?Why do plant cells contain cellulose?

AnswersAnswers

Animals store Glucose in the form of Animals store Glucose in the form of Polysaccharide Glycogen in the Liver and Polysaccharide Glycogen in the Liver and Muscles to be used as Quick Energy.  Muscles to be used as Quick Energy.  Glycogen consist of hundreds of Glucose Glycogen consist of hundreds of Glucose Molecules strung together in a highly Molecules strung together in a highly branched chain. branched chain. Plants convert excess sugars into Starches Plants convert excess sugars into Starches for long-term storage. Cellulose is a for long-term storage. Cellulose is a Polysaccharide contained in the cell walls of Polysaccharide contained in the cell walls of plants. Cellulose gives Strength and Rigidity plants. Cellulose gives Strength and Rigidity to plant cells and makes up about 50 to plant cells and makes up about 50 percent of wood. percent of wood.

3.3 Nucleotides - DNA and the 3.3 Nucleotides - DNA and the RNAsRNAs

Define DNA & RNADefine DNA & RNA

Where are they found?Where are they found?

What are their functions?What are their functions?

Draw and label a nucleotide.Draw and label a nucleotide.

Video – DNA & RNAVideo – DNA & RNA

3.3 Nucleotides - DNA and the 3.3 Nucleotides - DNA and the RNAsRNAs

Nucleic Acids are very Large and Nucleic Acids are very Large and Complex Organic Molecules that Complex Organic Molecules that STORE Important Information in STORE Important Information in the Cell. (Genetic or Heredity the Cell. (Genetic or Heredity Information) Information) Nucleic Acids use a System of Nucleic Acids use a System of FIVE Compounds to store FIVE Compounds to store Heredity Information.  Heredity Information.  A Sequence of the four A Sequence of the four compounds arranged in a certain compounds arranged in a certain order acts as a Code for Genetic order acts as a Code for Genetic Instructions of the Cell.  (adenine, Instructions of the Cell.  (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine - they guanine, cytosine, thymine - they make up the nitrogen-containing make up the nitrogen-containing bases found in DNA, uracil bases found in DNA, uracil replaces thymine in RNA) Figure replaces thymine in RNA) Figure 3.143.14

DNA & RNADNA & RNA

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID, OR DNA,DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID, OR DNA,  contains   contains information that is essential for almost all Cell information that is essential for almost all Cell Activities, Including Cell Division. Activities, Including Cell Division. RIBONUCLEIC ACID, OR RNA,RIBONUCLEIC ACID, OR RNA,  Stores and   Stores and Transfers Information essential for the Transfers Information essential for the Manufacturing of Proteins. Manufacturing of Proteins. Both DNA and RNA are Polymers, composed of Both DNA and RNA are Polymers, composed of thousands of linked Monomers called thousands of linked Monomers called NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES. . Each Nucleotide is made of Each Nucleotide is made of THREE Main THREE Main Components: A PHOSPHATE GROUP, A FIVE-Components: A PHOSPHATE GROUP, A FIVE-CARBON SUGAR, AND A RING SHAPED CARBON SUGAR, AND A RING SHAPED NITROGEN BASENITROGEN BASE.  (Figure 3.13).  (Figure 3.13)

Purines vs PyrimidinesPurines vs PyrimidinesPurines = large, double-ring molecules Purines = large, double-ring molecules (DNA & RNA) = Adenine & Guanine(DNA & RNA) = Adenine & Guanine

Pyrimidines = single-ring = cytosine DNA Pyrimidines = single-ring = cytosine DNA & RNA) & thymine (DNA only), uracil & RNA) & thymine (DNA only), uracil (RNA only)(RNA only)

Energy CurrencyEnergy Currency

What is the main energy currency of the What is the main energy currency of the cell?cell?

What are the 3 main components of this What are the 3 main components of this compound?compound?

ENERGY CURRENCY - ATPENERGY CURRENCY - ATP

Life Processes require a constant supply of ENERGY.  This Energy Life Processes require a constant supply of ENERGY.  This Energy is available to Cells in the form of Compounds that contain a Large is available to Cells in the form of Compounds that contain a Large amount of Energy in their overall Structure. amount of Energy in their overall Structure. The Most common Energy Compound used by Cells is The Most common Energy Compound used by Cells is ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE OR ATP.ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE OR ATP. (TRI = 3) (TRI = 3) An ATP Molecule is made of a Sugar (RIBOSE, A FIVE-CARBON An ATP Molecule is made of a Sugar (RIBOSE, A FIVE-CARBON SUGAR), and Adenine Molecule, and a Chain of THREE SUGAR), and Adenine Molecule, and a Chain of THREE Phosphates groups (TRIPHOSPHATE GROUP).  When the Bonds Phosphates groups (TRIPHOSPHATE GROUP).  When the Bonds between the outermost Two Phosphate Groups of ATP is broken, between the outermost Two Phosphate Groups of ATP is broken, ATP becomes ADP (ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE). (DI = 2) ATP becomes ADP (ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE). (DI = 2)

ATP cont.ATP cont.

The term diphosphate means TWO Phosphate The term diphosphate means TWO Phosphate Groups. Groups. The Reaction that Forms ADP from ATP Releases a The Reaction that Forms ADP from ATP Releases a sizable amount of energy. sizable amount of energy. The hydrolysis of ATP: The hydrolysis of ATP: EQUATION:  ATP + H 2O  = EQUATION:  ATP + H 2O  = ADP  +  P  +  ENERGYADP  +  P  +  ENERGY The Transfer of this Energy Fuels most The Transfer of this Energy Fuels most BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS.  This Conversion of BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS.  This Conversion of Energy is USED by the Cell to drive the Chemical Energy is USED by the Cell to drive the Chemical Reactions that enable an Organisms to Function. Reactions that enable an Organisms to Function.

ProteinsProteins

What are proteins made of?What are proteins made of?

Where are proteins found in the body?Where are proteins found in the body?

What are the functions of proteins?What are the functions of proteins?

3.4 PROTEINS – Diversity in 3.4 PROTEINS – Diversity in Structure & FunctionStructure & Function

Proteins are Organic Compounds Proteins are Organic Compounds Composed mainly of Carbon, Composed mainly of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen. Hydrogen, and Nitrogen. PROTEINS ARE THE PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR THE BODY PARTS SUCH AS FOR THE BODY PARTS SUCH AS MUSCLES, SKIN, AND BLOOD. MUSCLES, SKIN, AND BLOOD. Our cells need proteins to make Our cells need proteins to make other proteins, such as enzymes. other proteins, such as enzymes. Proteins are made up of smaller Proteins are made up of smaller units called units called AMINO ACIDSAMINO ACIDS.  The .  The Monomer Building Blocks of Protein. Monomer Building Blocks of Protein. Our bodies contain thousands of Our bodies contain thousands of different proteins.  All these proteins different proteins.  All these proteins are made from about 20 Different are made from about 20 Different Amino Acids. Amino Acids. Amino Acids Differ ONLY in the type Amino Acids Differ ONLY in the type of R Group they Carry.  The of R Group they Carry.  The difference among the Amino Acid R difference among the Amino Acid R Groups gives different Proteins Very Groups gives different Proteins Very Different Shapes. Different Shapes.

Protein Cont.Protein Cont.The Different shapes allow Proteins The Different shapes allow Proteins to perform many different roles in the to perform many different roles in the Chemistry of Living Things. Chemistry of Living Things. Two Amino Acids bond to form a Two Amino Acids bond to form a DIPEPTIDEDIPEPTIDE, during a Condensation , during a Condensation Reaction, Two Amino Acids form a Reaction, Two Amino Acids form a Covalent Bond, called a Covalent Bond, called a PEPTIDE PEPTIDE BONDBOND. 9. Amino Acids can Bond to . 9. Amino Acids can Bond to Each Other one at a time, forming a Each Other one at a time, forming a long chain called a long chain called a POLLYPEPTIDEPOLLYPEPTIDE. . Proteins are compose of one or Proteins are compose of one or more polypeptides. Some proteins more polypeptides. Some proteins are very large molecules, containing are very large molecules, containing hundreds of Amino Acids. hundreds of Amino Acids. ENZYMESENZYMES - RNA or Protein - RNA or Protein molecules help control Chemical molecules help control Chemical Reactions by acting as  Reactions by acting as  BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTSBIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS, they , they are essential for the functioning of are essential for the functioning of Cells.  Catalysts can Speed up some Cells.  Catalysts can Speed up some reactions by more than a billion fold. reactions by more than a billion fold.

Protein Cont.Protein Cont.

Enzymes work by a Physical Fit c Enzymes work by a Physical Fit c (Lock and Key) between the (Lock and Key) between the Enzyme Molecule and its Enzyme Molecule and its SUBSTRATESUBSTRATE, the Reactant , the Reactant being Catalyzed. (Figure) being Catalyzed. (Figure) The Fit of Enzymes on a The Fit of Enzymes on a Substrate Weakens some Substrate Weakens some chemical bonds, which reduces chemical bonds, which reduces the Activation Energy for the the Activation Energy for the Chemical Reaction to occur. Chemical Reaction to occur. Refereed to an the Refereed to an the Induced Fit Induced Fit ModelModel. (Figure) . (Figure) After the Reaction, the Enzyme is After the Reaction, the Enzyme is Released and is Unchanged, so it Released and is Unchanged, so it can be used many timescan be used many times

Why is Protein Structure so Why is Protein Structure so Important?Important?

4 polypeptides make up 4 polypeptides make up GlobinsGlobins = hemoglobin = hemoglobin moleculemolecule

DNA mutation switches 6DNA mutation switches 6thth amino acid from amino acid from Glutamine to Valine Glutamine to Valine

Can lead to Sickle-Cell AnemiaCan lead to Sickle-Cell Anemia

A protein’s structure dictates its functionA protein’s structure dictates its function

LipidsLipids

What are lipids? What are lipids?

What are lipids composed of?What are lipids composed of?

What are the structural and physical What are the structural and physical differences between a saturated and an differences between a saturated and an unsaturated fat?unsaturated fat?

Some people claim that margarine is better Some people claim that margarine is better for you than butter. Is this true?for you than butter. Is this true?

Video – LipidsVideo – Lipids

Video to StudyVideo to Study

3.5 Greasy, Oily – Must Be 3.5 Greasy, Oily – Must Be LIPIDSLIPIDS

Lipids are Large, nonpolar Organic Molecules Lipids are Large, nonpolar Organic Molecules that DO NOT Dissolve in Water. that DO NOT Dissolve in Water.

Lipid molecules have a HIGHER Ratio of Carbon Lipid molecules have a HIGHER Ratio of Carbon and Hydrogen Atoms To Oxygen Atoms than and Hydrogen Atoms To Oxygen Atoms than Carbohydrates have. Carbohydrates have.

Lipids store Energy Efficiently.  They have Large Lipids store Energy Efficiently.  They have Large Numbers of Carbon to Hydrogen Bonds, which Numbers of Carbon to Hydrogen Bonds, which store More Energy than Carbon to Oxygen store More Energy than Carbon to Oxygen Bonds common in other Organic Compounds. Bonds common in other Organic Compounds.

FATTY ACIDSFATTY ACIDS

FATTY ACIDSFATTY ACIDS are Unbalanced are Unbalanced Carbon Chains that make up most Carbon Chains that make up most Lipids. (Figure) Lipids. (Figure) The Two Ends (HEAD AND TAIL) The Two Ends (HEAD AND TAIL) of a Fatty Acid molecule have of a Fatty Acid molecule have different properties: different properties:         A. A. The Carboxyl End (HEAD) The Carboxyl End (HEAD) of the Fatty Acid Molecule is of the Fatty Acid Molecule is POLAR, and Attracted to Water POLAR, and Attracted to Water Molecules. IT IS SAID TO BE Molecules. IT IS SAID TO BE HYDROPHILICHYDROPHILIC, WHICH MEANS , WHICH MEANS "WATER LOVING""WATER LOVING". .         B. B. The Hydrocarbon End The Hydrocarbon End (TAIL)(TAIL) of the Fatty Acid Molecule of the Fatty Acid Molecule is Nonpolar, and tends Not To is Nonpolar, and tends Not To Interact with Water. IT IS SAID TO Interact with Water. IT IS SAID TO BE BE HYDROPHOBICHYDROPHOBIC, OR , OR "WATER FEARING""WATER FEARING". . Figure 3.29 & 3.30Figure 3.29 & 3.30

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids

Fatty Acids are Classified as either Fatty Acids are Classified as either SATURATED OR SATURATED OR UNSATURATEDUNSATURATED.  The classification depends on the .  The classification depends on the proportion of Hydrogen Atoms to Carbon - Carbon proportion of Hydrogen Atoms to Carbon - Carbon Bonds in the molecule. Bonds in the molecule. The FEWER the Hydrogen Atoms the MORE Double The FEWER the Hydrogen Atoms the MORE Double Bonds there will be connecting the Carbons.  Double Bonds there will be connecting the Carbons.  Double Bonds can be broken and more Hydrogen's Added. Bonds can be broken and more Hydrogen's Added. FATS WITH DOUBLE BONDS ARE CALLED FATS WITH DOUBLE BONDS ARE CALLED UNSATURATED FATUNSATURATED FAT.  MOST UNSATURATED FATS .  MOST UNSATURATED FATS ARE A LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, AND ARE ARE A LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, AND ARE USUALLY REFERRED TO AS OILS. USUALLY REFERRED TO AS OILS. FATS WITH MANY DOUBLE BONDS IS A FATS WITH MANY DOUBLE BONDS IS A POLYUNSATURATED FATPOLYUNSATURATED FAT. .

Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThree Classes of Lipids important to Living Three Classes of Lipids important to Living

Things contain Fatty Acids:  Things contain Fatty Acids:        A. A. TRIGLYCERIDESTRIGLYCERIDES - Composed of Three - Composed of Three

Molecules of Fatty Acids joined to One Molecules of Fatty Acids joined to One Molecule of Alcohol Glycerol. Molecule of Alcohol Glycerol. B.B. PHOSPHOLIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPIDS - Have TWO Fatty - Have TWO Fatty Acids joined by a Molecule of Glycerol.  The Acids joined by a Molecule of Glycerol.  The Cell Membrane is composed of Two Layers of Cell Membrane is composed of Two Layers of Phospholipids called Phospholipids called LIPID BILAYERLIPID BILAYER and and forms a Barrier between the inside and forms a Barrier between the inside and outside of the Cell. outside of the Cell. 

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids

C. C. WAXWAX - Consists of a Long Fatty Acid Chain - Consists of a Long Fatty Acid Chain Joined to a Long Alcohol Chain.  Waxes are highly Joined to a Long Alcohol Chain.  Waxes are highly Waterproof, in Plants and Animals they provide Waterproof, in Plants and Animals they provide Protective Coatings.  Earwax prevents Protective Coatings.  Earwax prevents Microorganisms from entering the middle ear. Microorganisms from entering the middle ear. The Last Group of Lipids are The Last Group of Lipids are STEROIDSSTEROIDS,  ,  Molecules that are composed of Four Fused Carbon Molecules that are composed of Four Fused Carbon Rings with various functional Groups attached to Rings with various functional Groups attached to them. them.   -Steroids make many Human Hormones,   -Steroids make many Human Hormones, Testosterone in Males. One of the most Familiar Testosterone in Males. One of the most Familiar Steroids in humans is Steroids in humans is CHOLESTEROLCHOLESTEROL, which is , which is needed by the body for nerve cells and other cells to needed by the body for nerve cells and other cells to function normally. function normally.

Trans FatsTrans Fats

Hydrogenated fats – Video ClipHydrogenated fats – Video Clip

Why are they harmful?Why are they harmful?