- 1.Concepts of Development Chapter 26
2. What are some of the terms used to describe levels of
development?
- Developed/developing/underdeveloped
- North/South(vs. East/West)
- First/Second/Third/Fourth World
3. What is the distribution of MDCs and LDCs in the world?(The
Brandt Line) 4. How is development measured?
- Economic indicators of development--GNP/GDP, Per capita income,
value added, employment structure etc.
- Social indicators of development--education, literacy, health,
welfare (PQLI)
- Demographic indicators of development--life expectancy, infant
mortality, rate of natural increase, birth rate, doubling time
5. Positive correlation:
- Example:countries with higher literacy rates also have higher
percentage of employment in tertiary economic activities
6. Negative correlation
- Example:Countries with high GDPs have low infant mortality
rates.
7. Characteristics of Developing Countries
- Lower levels of living and productivity
8. Per capita GDP 9. Purchasing Power Parity 10. 11. Cycle of
Poverty Reversing the Cycle Of Poverty 12. Characteristics of
Developing Countries
- Lower levels of human capital
13. % of population considered literate 14. Student-Teacher
ratio (primary level) 15. Literacy rate of women 16. Health
Indicators: Caloric Intake as a percent of daily requirements 17.
Health Indicators: Persons per Physician 18. Life expectancy at
birth not just correlated with per capita income 19. Human
Development Index =( life expectancy at birth, GDP per capita,
indices of schooling & literacy) 20. Characteristics of
developing countries
- Higher levels of inequality and absolute poverty
Gini coefficient % below the poverty line 21. Characteristics of
developing countries
- Higher population growth rates
Fertility Rate 22. Characteristics of developing countries
23. but rapid rural-to-urban migration 24. Characteristics of
developing countries
- Lower levels of industrialization and manufactured exports
China factory World exports per capita 25. % of labor force in
agriculture 26. 27. Characteristics of developing countries
28. Characteristics of developing countries
- Underdeveloped financial and other markets
29. Characteristics of developing countries
- Lingering colonial impacts
- --economies based on resource extraction
- --continued economic dependence
- --weak governmental institutions
- --continued ethnic strife
30. Theories Regarding Development
- Liberal Models (Modernization Theory /Stages of Growth)
- Structuralist Models (Dependency Theory)
- World-Systems Theory Wallerstein
-
- Cores/peripheries/semi-peripheries
31. Modernization Theory Liberal model
- Holds that LDCs can develop economically if they follow a
Western path.
32.
- Liberal school of economics--
- Adam Smith in 1776 publishedWealth of Nationsin which he
advocated the abolition of government intervention in economic
matters.
- This was liberal in the sense of no controls.
33. Every country can be positioned at one of these stages.
Rostow viewed capitalism to be theproper typeof production system
for this development sequence. This theory hasits critics. 34. What
assumptions lie behind liberal models of development?
- that all countries will go through the same steps in
developing.
- that economic disparities are the result of short-term
inefficiencies.
35. Economic liberalism prevailed in the 1800s and early
1900s.
- Main points of neoliberalism today:
-
- 2.Cutting public expenditures for social services
-
- 5.Individual responsibility for well-being withinsociety
36. Dependency Theory (Structuralist model)
- Argues that the poor / periphery countries remain this way due
to colonialism, in which terms of trade were unequal, labor
remained unskilled and low-paid, and profit was extracted from
colonies(Circular and cumulative causation.)
- Development of core countries is dependent on the
underdevelopment of periphery countries
- Imports tend to be high-value goods from the core
- Criticism of dependency theory sweeping treatment of all
peripheral territory
37. World Systems Theory: dynamic capitalist relations,
hegemonic power 38. How does the core-periphery model and World
Systems Theory apply to development issues?
- The world has core, semi periphery, and periphery areas.
- Individual countries need to be viewed in the context of their
place within the world economic system.
39. 40. What is sustainable development?
- Loans to women and microcredit (such as the Grameen Village
Bank in Bangladesh).
41.