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APUSH
Chapter 23
By Molly Siebert
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The Political Machine
Organized group that controlled theactivities of a political party in a city and
offered services to voters and businesses
in exchange for political or financialsupport.
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The Political Machine Cont.
Closely connected to urban growth was the
emergence of the powerful city machine
The machines traded services with votes
Streets
Buildings
Public services
Immigrants were in need of even more services
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Organization of Political Machine
Precinct WorkersWorked to gain voters supporton a city block or in a neighborhood and reported to
the ward boss.
Ward BossHelped the poor and gained votes bydoing favors or providing services. In return for votes
they would provide city jobs, contracts or
appointments.
City BossControlled thousands of municipal jobs,including police, fire and sanitation departments.
Controlled business licenses and inspections. Had a
lot of influence over courts and other municipal
agencies.
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William Marcy Tweed
Became head of New York Citys
Tammany Hall in 1863
Tammany Hall was the powerful
Democratic political machine
Between 1869 and 1873, the Tweed Ring
pocketed as much as $200 million from thecity in kickbacks and payoffs
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Examples of
Tweeds work
Construction of New York County
Courthouse (cost taxpayers $11 million, but
actually cost $3 million rest was pocketed
by Tweed Ring)
Some came out ofTammany Hall Brooklyn Bridge and Central Park
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Fall ofTweed
Tweed ring broken in 1871 Tweed fell from power in 1872
Political cartoonist, Thomas Nast ridiculed
Tweed in the New YorkTimes and inHarpers Weekly
Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud
and ex
tortion In 1873 he was sentences to 12 yrs in jail
After serving 2 yrs, he escaped
He was later captured in Spain
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Can the Law Reach Him? by
Thomas Nast
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Spoils vs. Merit in Republican Party
Stalwarts opposed changes in the spoils
system
Reformers
Mugwumps wanted civil service reform
Half-Breeds wanted reform, but wanted to
remain loyal to Republicans
Republicans settled on independentcandidate Garfield
Garfield had ties to reformers
Arthur had ties to Roscoe Conkling (Stalwart)
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Presidents and Reform Hayes (1876 election) started reform and
caused some division between Stalwarts and
Reformers
Garfield (1880 election) assassinated right
away and was replaced by Stalwart Chester
Arthur Chester Arthur passed the Pendleton Act in
1883
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Presidential Political Reformers Cont.
Cleveland (1884) Tried to lower tariff
rates due to the large Treasury surplus
Harrison (1888) He passed the McKinleyTariff Act of 1890 which raised Tariffs to
their highest level ever
Cleveland (1892) He supported bill for
lowering McKinley Tariff, but refused to
sign it b/c it allowed Federal Income tax.
The Wilson-Gorman Tariff became law in
1894 w/o Cleveland signing bill
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The Rise of Populism
After Civil War, country faced majordeflation
Deflation caused cost of goods and services
to fall Good news for consumers, bad news for
farmers
F
armers believed solution = increasing themoney supply to force prices up. This
would result in Cheap Money (when
money is cheap, the prices of goods and
services tend to rise)
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Rise of Populism Cont.
Farmers tried to persuade govt to increase money supplyby printing more greenbacks
When govt refused, farmers demanded unlimited coinage
of silver (in hopes of producing cheaper money)
Bland-Allison Act 1878 called for govt to purchase $2mill - $4 mill in silver each month
During Hayes presidency, he purchased the bare
minimum
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 replaced Bland-Allison act and doubled amt to be purchased
Cleveland repealed the Sherman Act
Cost of shipping grain on Railroads was extremely high
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The Rise of Populism Cont.
In 1867, Oliver Kelley started the Grange
Original purpose was to provide social
outlet and educational forum for isolated
farmers By 1870s, most Grange members spent time
fighting railroads
Grange gave rise to other organizations(such as Farmer alliances included
teachers, preachers, writers who
sympathized with farmers)
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The Rise of Populism Cont.
Leaders of alliance movement moved to
political means to make change
Populism the movement of the people
Populist (Peoples) Party was born in 1892
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The Populist Party
Demanded reforms to lift the burden of debt
from farmers and other workers and to give
the people a greater voice in their govt.
Financial Reform
Increase money supply
A graduated income tax
Federal loan program
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The Populist Party Cont.
Political Reform
Election of U.S. Senators by popular vote
Single term for President and Vice President
Secret ballot to end vote fraud
To represent labor as well as farming interests
Called for an 8 hour work day
Restrictions on immigration
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The Populist Party Cont.
In 1892 election, Populist candidate won
more than 1 million votes (almost 10% of
total vote) Elected 5 Senators, 3 Governors, and about
1,500 state legislators
Programs eventually became platform forDemocratic Party
Kept alive the concept that govt is
responsible for reforming social injustices
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Gold vs. Silver Gold (Gold bugs)
Bankers and businessmen
tight money less money in circulation
Loans would be repaid in stable money
Prices fall, value of money increases and fewer
people have money
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Gold vs. Silver Silver (Silverites)
Bimetallism (govt. would give gold or silver in
exchange for paper currency)
Cheap Money Silver was plentiful, thus
more currency is available for circulation
Products would be sold at higher prices Prices rise, value of money decreases, more
people have money
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William Jennings Bryan
