Ch12&13 ageofimperialismparti

Chapter 12 & 13The New Imperialism

(1800–1914), including the Spanish-

American War

World HistoryWorld History

One of several journalists in South Africa, British writer Rudyard Kipling (bottom right) considered imperialism to be beneficial to Africans.

Missionary prayer book in Korean

A Market for Goods A driving force behind imperialism was the desire for access to new markets in which to sell goods. This British propaganda poster boasts that Africa would become a gold mine for British-made products. Britain’s sense of national pride and aggressive foreign policy during this period came to be known as jingoism.

What does this poster show about the British attitude toward Africa?

Chapter 12The New Imperialism

(1800-1914)

Chapter 12: The New Imperialism (1800–1914)

Section 1: Building Overseas Empires

Section 2: The Partition of Africa

Section 3: European Challenges to the Muslim World

Section 4: The British Take Over India

Section 5: China and the New Imperialism

Imperialism

Imperialism in the 1800’s resulted from 3 key factors:

1. Nationalism prompted rival European nations to build empires in their competitive quests for power.

2. The Industrial Revolution created a tremendous demand for raw materials and expanded markets, which prompted industrialized nations to seek new territories.

3. Both religious fervor and feelings of racial and cultural superiority inspired Europeans to impose their cultures on distant lands.

Imperialism= One country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country

Political Rivalries

Belgium Italy Holland Spain Portugal

In the mid-1800’s European countries saw themselves as actors on the world stage, and each country wanted to play a starring role.

FranceGreat Britain

The key players were: Austria-Hungary, England, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire/Turkey.

Desire for New Markets• Factories ranging from The United States to Europe

consumed raw materials and churned out thousands of manufactured goods.

• The Colonies provided new markets for the finished products of the Industrial Revolution such as Tools, Weapons, and Clothing.

Africa

• Rubber• Copper• Gold• Diamonds

India

• Cotton • Jute• Opium

Southeast Asia • Tin

• Spices• Exotic

stuff

Seeking New Opportunities

• Throughout the 1800’s European leaders urged their citizens to move to far-off colonies.

• The British for example emigrated to the far corners of the globe in search of new jobs not available at home, like Australia, and New Zealand.

• Cecil Rhodes, most successful emigrant during this time, made a fortune from gold and diamond mining in southern Africa, where he then went on to find a colony that bore his name Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

Cecil Rhodes and De Beers Continue to Dominate Diamond Industry

Born in India, English writer Rudyard Kipling witnessed British imperialism firsthand. His 1899 poem “The White Man’s Burden” summarizes his view of the duties of imperial nations:“Take up the White Man’s burden—In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plain,To seek another’s profit,And work another’s gain.”

Zulu King Cetshwayo

A nephew of Shaka, Cetshwayo was the last of the great Zulu kings. He ruled a disciplined army of about 40,000 men until the British defeated him in 1879.

Why was Cetshwayo considered a threat to British colonial interests?

Favoring Imperialism“I contend that we are the first race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. I contend that every acre added to our territory provides for the birth of more of the English race, who otherwise would not be brought into existence . . . . I believe it to be my duty to God, my Queen and my country to paint the whole map of Africa red, red from the Cape to Cairo. That is my creed, my dream and my mission.”—Cecil Rhodes

Opposing Imperialism“A Pink Cheek man came one day to our Council. . . and he told us of the King of the Pink Cheek who . . . lived in a land over the seas. ‘This great king is now your king,’ he said. This was strange news. For this land was ours. . . . We had no king, we elected our Councils and they made our laws. With patience, our leading Elders tried to tell this to the Pink Cheek. . . . But at the end he said, ‘This we know, but in spite of this what I have told you is a fact. You have now a king . . . and his laws are your laws.’”—Chief Kabongo of the Kikuyu in Kenya

• Growing numbers of missionaries were delegated to the most remote corners of Africa and Asia by the Catholic and Protestants.

• The main aspect of these missionaries was thought that Christianity and Western civilization could benefit and transform the world.

• These missionaries were not military based, but did set out to change the people’s beliefs and practices, as by building schools and hospitals.

Missionaries Interesting thing on news 2/3/10@ stealing kids from Haiti

Missionaries at Work Missionaries conduct a baptism ceremony in the Lower Congo in 1907.

Send in the missionaries, followed by merchants, and then, …oh yes,

the military…

In 1890, Chief Machemba of the Yao people in East Africa wrote in Swahili to a German officer:“If it be friendship that you desire, then I am ready for it . . . but to be your subject, that I cannot be. . . . I do not fall at your feet, for you are God’s creature just as I am.”—Chief Machemba, Letter to Herman von Wissman

The Maxim GunSir Hiram Maxim with his invention, the Maxim machine gun.

Why were European armies often able to defeat African or Asian forces? Duh?

Indian princes and British army officers play polo in 1880.

Causes of Imperialism

Many westerners viewed European races as superior to all others.

They saw imperial conquest as nature’s way of improving the human species.

Many westerners felt concern for their “little brothers” overseas.Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread western civilization.

Merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world.

Western leaders were motivated by nationalism.

Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources.

Manufacturers hoped for new markets for factory goods.

Colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe’s growing population.

ECONOMIC INTERESTS POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS

HUMANITARIAN GOALS SOCIAL DARWINISM

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Forms of Imperialism

• Colony: territory that an imperial power ruled directly through colonial officials.

• Protectorate: Had its own government, but its policies were guided by a foreign power.

• Sphere of Influence: was a region of a country in which the imperial power had exclusive investment or trading rights.

Forms of Imperial Rule

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE

PROTECTORATESCOLONIES

In a protectorate, local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisers.

A protectorate costs less to run than a colony and usually did not require a large military presence.

A sphere of influence is an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges.

The United States claimed Latin America as its sphere of influence.

The French practiced direct rule, sending officials to administer their colonies.

The British practiced an indirect rule, using local rulers to govern their colonies.

The European belief that conquest was a way of improving the human species was an example of

a) colonization. b) imperialism.

c) Social Darwinism.

d) nationalism.

The United States claimed Latin America as

a) its colony. b) its sphere of influence.

c) its protectorate. d) part of its territory.

The European belief that conquest was a way of improving the human species was an example of

a) colonization. b) imperialism.

c) Social Darwinism.

d) nationalism.

The United States claimed Latin America as

a) its colony. b) its sphere of influence.

c) its protectorate. d) part of its territory.

The New Imperialism

•Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.•Between 1500 and 1800, European states won empires around the world. However, Europe had little influence on the lives of the people of these conquered lands.

•By the 1800s, Europe had gained considerable power. Encouraged by their new economic and military strength, Europeans embarked on a path of aggressive expansion that today’s historians call the “New Imperialism.”

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The Successes of ImperialismIn just a few decades, imperialist nations gained control over much of the world. Western imperialism succeeded for a number of reasons:

• 1. While European nations had grown stronger in the 1800s, several older civilizations were in decline.

• 2. Europeans had the advantages of strong economies, well-organized governments, and powerful armies and navies.

• 3. Europeans had superior technology and medical knowledge.

1

Locate(a) Algeria (b) Belgian Congo(c) Ethiopia

RegionIn which part of Africa were most of France’s colonies located?

Make ComparisonsHow did imperialism in Africa in 1850 compare with that in 1914?

Ethiopia SurvivesOne ancient Christian kingdom in East Africa, Ethiopia, managed to resist European colonization and maintain its independence. Like feudal Europe, Ethiopia had been divided up among a number of rival princes who ruled their own domains. In the late 1800s, however, a reforming ruler, Menelik II, began to modernize his country. He hired European experts to plan modern roads and bridges and set up a Western school system. He imported the latest weapons and European officers to help train his army. Thus, when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1896, Menelik was prepared. At the battle of Adowa , the Ethiopians smashed the Italian invaders. Ethiopia was the only African nation, aside from Liberia, to preserve its independence.

Menelik II

• Ethiopia is Abyssinia to Europe.

• Menelik II is direct ancestor of King Solomon and Queen of Sheba (and Emperor Haile Salassie later).

• He can see what is coming and so invests in modernization, including weaponry and warning his neighbors to be prepared.

Menelik IIBefore becoming emperor of Ethiopia, Menelik II (1844–1913) ruled the Shoa region in central Ethiopia. He ensured that he would succeed John IV as emperor by marrying his daughter to John’s son. After John died in 1889, Menelik took the throne.

Menelik used profits from ivory sales to buy modern weapons. He then hired European advisors to teach his soldiers how to use the new guns. Menelik’s army conquered neighboring lands and won a stunning victory over the Italians at Adowa. European nations rushed to establish diplomatic ties with Ethiopia. Around the world, people of African descent hailed Menelik’s victory over European imperialism.

How did Menelik preserve Ethiopian independence?

An Asante King A king of the Asante people in Ghana (center) sits surrounded by his people.

What do the clothes of the man to the left of the king suggest about his social rank?

“Why did you not stand up to Rhodes and prevent him from taking your country by strength? Why did you not fight?”“I thought that if I appealed to the white men’s sense of justice and fair play, reminding them how good I had been to them since I had never killed or ill-treated a white man, they might hear my word and return to their homes. . . .”

“Did you give that word?”“No.”“Were the soldiers keen to fight?”“Yes, they were dying to fight.”“Why did you not let them fight?”“I wanted to avoid bloodshed and war. . . .”“And you allowed them to flout your word as king of the Amandebele? You let them have their way. . . . Is that right?. . . .Why did you not . . . seek their protection and declare your country a British protectorate?”“. . . I knew that if I fought the white men I would be beaten. If I sought the white man’s friendship and protection, there would be opposition to me or civil war. So I decided to pretend to the white men that if they came into the country I would fight, and hoped that they would be afraid and not come. . . . [They called my bluff and came . . .”“Was there no other way out of your dilemma?”“I did consider marrying the Queen, but even though I hinted at this several times no one followed it up.”“I see!”

“I . . . told them that I had not given them the road to Mashonaland.”“Yes, and they replied and told you that they had been given the road by their Queen and would only return on the orders of their Queen. What did you do then?”“I mobilized the army and told them to wait for my word.” King Lobengula of the South

African Matabele nation We are not amused!

Africa in the Early 1800s

Islam had long influenced the coast, where a profitable slave trade was carried on.

Slave trade will continue and Imperialism will separate men from their families--***

Zulu aggression caused mass migrations and wars and created chaos across much of the region.

On the grasslands, Islamic leaders preached jihad, a holy struggle, to revive and purify Islam. In the forest regions, the Asante controlled smaller states. These smaller tributary states were ready to turn to Europeans to help them defeat their Asante rulers.

Since long before 1800, the region had close ties to the Muslim world. In the early 1800s, much of the region remained under the rule of the declining Ottoman empire.

To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at Africa in the early 1800s, before the scramble for colonies began.

NORTH AFRICA WEST AFRICA

SOUTH AFRICA EAST AFRICA

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European Contacts Increased From the 1500s through the 1700s, difficult geography and disease prevented European traders from reaching the interior of Africa. Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in the 1800s.

Explorers were fascinated by African geography, but had little understanding of the people they met.

Catholic and Protestantmissionaries sought to win people to Christianity. Most took a paternalistic view of Africans. They urged Africans to reject their own traditions in favor of western civilization.

EXPLORERS MISSIONARIES

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Berlin Conference

• To avoid bloodshed, European powers met at an international conference in 1884. It took place not in Africa but in Berlin, Germany. No Africans were invited to the conference.

• At the Berlin Conference, European powers recognized Leopold’s private claims to the Congo Free State but called for free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers. They further agreed that a European power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had set up a government office there. This principle led Europeans to send officials who would exert their power over local rulers and peoples.

• The rush to colonize Africa was on. In the 20 years after the Berlin Conference, the European powers partitioned almost the entire continent. As Europeans carved out their claims, they established new borders and frontiers. They redrew the map of Africa with little regard for traditional patterns of settlement or ethnic boundaries.

African soldiers in German uniforms

A Scramble for Colonies

King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the CongoRiver basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders.

King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scrambleamong other European nations. Before long, Britain, France, and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region.

European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent.

At the Berlin Conference in 1884, European powers agreed on how they could claim African territory without fighting amongst themselves.

The Scramble for Africa• The Scramble for Africa, also

known as the Race for Africa was a process of invasion, attack, occupation, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period, between 1881 and World War I in 1914.

• As a result of the heightened tension between European states in the last quarter of the 19th century, the partitioning of Africa may be seen as a way for the Europeans to eliminate the threat of a Europe-wide war over Africa.

The Rhodes Colossus, a caricature of Cecil Rhodes after announcing plans for a telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo. For Punch by Edward Linley Sambourne.

• The last 59 years of the nineteenth century saw transition from ‘informal imperialism’ of control through military influence and economic dominance to that of direct rule. Attempts to mediate imperial competition, such as the Berlin Conference (1884–1885), failed to establish definitively the competing powers' claims.

• Many African polities, states and rulers (such as the Ashanti, the Abyssinians, the Moroccans and the Dervishes) sought to resist this wave of European aggression. However, the industrial revolution had provided the European armies with advanced weapons such as machine guns, which African armies found difficult to resist. Also, unlike their European counterparts, African rulers, states and people did not at first form a continental united front although within a few years, a Pan-African movement did emerge.

Western AdvantagesEuropean powers had the advantages of strong economies, well-organized governments, and powerful armies and navies. Superior technology, including riverboats and the telegraph, as well as improved medical knowledge also played a role. Quinine and other new medicines helped Europeans survive deadly tropical diseases. And, of course, advances such as Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, and steam-driven warships were very strong arguments in persuading Africans and Asians to accept Western control.

The Maxim GunSir Hiram Maxim with his invention, the Maxim machine gun.

Why were European armies often able to defeat African or Asian forces?

2

Imperialism in Africa to

1914

African Resistance

• Europeans met armed resistance across the continent.• Algerians battled the French for years.

• The Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa battled the British.

• East Africans fought wars against the Germans.

• In Ethiopia, King Menelik II modernized his country. When Italy invaded, Ethiopia was prepared. Ethiopia was the only nation, aside from Liberia, to preserve its independence.

2

European missionaries urged Africans to

a) reject their own traditions.b) strengthen their ties with the Muslim world.

c) seek independence.d) attend the Berlin Conference.

Which of the following African nations was able to preserve its independence?e) Congof) Algeriag) Egypth) Ethiopia

European missionaries urged Africans to

a) reject their own traditions.b) strengthen their ties with the Muslim world.

c) seek independence.d) attend the Berlin Conference.

Which of the following African nations was able to preserve its independence?e) Congof) Algeriag) Egypth) Ethiopia

David Livingstone

David Livingstone is a famous Scottish explorer, who first went to Africa in 1840. He was a doctor and missionary. While he explored central and east Africa he set up missions and sent back reports of his findings. He was the first recorded European to see the Victoria Falls, to which he gave the English name in honor of his monarch, Queen Victoria. Believing he had a spiritual calling for exploration rather than mission work, and encouraged by the response in Britain to his discoveries and support for future expeditions, in 1857 he resigned from the London Missionary Society after they demanded that he do more evangelizing and less exploring. The qualities and approaches which gave Livingstone an advantage as an explorer were that he usually traveled lightly, and he had an ability to reassure chiefs that he was not a threat. He lost touch in 1860 and Henry M. Stanley was sent to find him.

“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

Henry M. Stanley

• Henry Morton Stanley was the British journalist and explorer, hired to find Livingstone. He is best remembered for his quote when he met Livingstone, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?", although there is some question as to authenticity of this now famous greeting. Stanley also explored on his own. He was tricked by the Belgian King into getting Congo for him, but he remained on the king’s payroll even after he found out.

• Publicity around the explorations of Africa caused a mad European scramble for Africa between 1880-1914, and by 1914 90 percent of Africa was under European control.

Shortly afterward, King Leopold II of Belgium hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders. Publicly, Leopold spoke of a civilizing mission to carry the light “that for millions of men still plunged in barbarism will be the dawn of a better era.” Privately, he dreamed of conquest and profit. Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scramble by other nations. Before long, Britain, France, and Germany were pressing rival claims to the region.

North Africa

North Africa is the northern most of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the UN definition of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Mauritania, and Western Sahara. Most people in North Africa live on a fertile and mild strip of land north of the Sahara along the Mediterranean coast.

The French In North Africa In 1830 King Charles X of France ordered an invasion of

Algiers, in order to colonize it. This was the true beginning of he second French colonial empire. After about ten years the 100,000 French soldiers beat the Algerians and their leader Abd al -Qadir.

They established a protectorate on Tunisia in 1881 (Bardo Treaty). In 1904 France secured special trading rights in Morocco. During the Agadir Crisis in 1911, Britain supported France and Morocco

became a French protectorate.

Britain and

Egypt In the 1880s Ottoman Egypt was almost independent under Governor (Pasha)Muhammad Ali. Egypt was a

power in the eastern Mediterranean under Ali. Ali reformed tax and land systems, encouraged industry and supported irrigation projects, but unfortunately the rulers after him increased debt and European influence.

Ferdinand de Lesseps was a French entrepreneur who set up a company to build the Suez Canal (it would become a

vital short cut).In 1875 GB gains control of canal and,

In 1882 Egypt becomes a British protectorate after British forces put down a nationalist revolt.

The Sudan

• In the Sudan there was a Muslim revival that stirred nationalist feelings. The Sudanese had challenged British exploration since the

1880s. At the Battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898), an army commanded by the British General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the army of Abdullah al-Taashi. Around 10,000 Ansar were killed, 13,000

were wounded, and 5,000 were taken prisoner. Kitchener's force lost 48 men with 382 wounded. Soon after the British confronted the French at

Fashoda, bringing the two countries to the brink of war. War was avoided when the French withdrew from Sudan and Britain recognized

French control of Morocco.

Sir Herbert Kitchener

Italy Seizes Libya

Libya was known as Tripoli in the 1800s and had almost no economic value but Italy, the closest European nation, wanted it because, they were starting late in the race to build an African empire.

In 1911, after the other European nations promised neutrality, Italy declared war on the ruling Ottoman Empire and easily won. Libya was the last North African country to be conquered by Europeans.

West, Central and East Africa

During the 1800s there many territories with varied landscapes, histories and traditions. Europeans swallowed up the lands in the late 1800s.

West Africa -In the1500s and 1600s there was European slave trade on the coast. Salt, gold and ironware were also traded. When European countries stopped trading slaves in the 1800s west African countries traded natural products for manufactured goods. European countries push inland in 1870s to expand coastal holdings and control trade. Steam ships allowed for easier travel over difficult terrain and quinine provided protection from malaria. By 1900 European powers had acquired vast new territories. Leaders in the 1890s, such as Samory Toure and Behanzin, fought against the expansion but were defeated by well armed European forces.

The only independent state in West Africa by 1900 was Liberia, founded as a colony by the American Colonization Society in 1821-22. It was created as a place for slaves freed in the United States to emigrate to in Africa, on the premise they would have greater freedom and equality there.

Slaves freed from slave ships also were sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries of origin. These freed slaves formed an elite group in Liberian society, and, in 1847, they founded the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled on that of the United States. Liberia's ties to the US made it off limits for expansion.

Central and East Africa

Belgium's King Leopold II claimed the Congo river region as his own as a result of Henry Stanley's explorations. He enslaved the people, forced them to cut down the forests and kill the elephants. doing that stripped the area of many people and resources. In 1903 in exchange for a large loan Leopard gave the Congo Basin to the Belgian government and it became the Belgian Congo. The British, Italians and Germans were claiming East Africa at this time. The only independent country was Ethiopia. Liberia was repopulated with freed American slaves.

In the 1880s Italy attempts to conquer Ethiopia and its Emperor Menelik II, but underestimate their determination, and lose devastatingly at the Battle of Adowa. Italy and Ethiopia signed a provisional treaty of peace on 26 October 1896. The Italian defeat scares away the other European counties and protects Ethiopia.

Congo

Liberia

Ethiopia

Southern Africa

The Dutch arrived in Southern Africa in 1652 and established a port called Cape Town and for the next 150 years the Afrikaners, what the settlers were called, conquered land around port, the lands became

known as Cape Colony. The British seize Cape Colony, in the early 1880s, because of its strategic value. The Afrikaaners believed that God had ordained slavery and that they were superior, and they resented the

British laws that forbade slavery. In the 1830s 100,000 Afrikaaners that the British called Boers left Cape Colony. They migrated north

east on The Great Trek, and established the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

Conflicts

The Afrikaners fought constantly with their neighbors. They fight with the Zulu for a large empire conquered by the Zulu in the early 1800s. The Boers couldn't win a victory, in 1879 the British become involved, the British win against the Zulu, especially their great king Shaka.

The Boers also fought with the British, when, in the 1880s, British settlers moved to Transvaal and searched for gold and diamonds. the Boers were pushed to give the British civil rights. Growing hostility erupted into the Anglo-Boer War, also known as the Second Boer War, it was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902, between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the South African Republic. The British win. 

On 31 May 1910 the British unite the previously separate colonies of Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal and the Orange Free State, into the Union of South Africa. Its constitution made it almost impossible for non-whites to win the right to vote.

Racial Equality

Racial equality becomes a major issue. Many non-white South African groups tried to advance their civil rights. Mohandas K. Gandhi a lawyer from India, was one man. He worked for equality for Indians, and he urged them to disobey laws that discriminated against them. His efforts worked.

Following Gandhi’s pattern, the black majority in Africa went into action against racial injustices. They founded the organization of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein to increase the rights of the black South African population. In 1923, its name was shortened to the African National Congress.

Gandhi's principles of nonviolent protest were called satyagraha, which he loosely translated as "truth-force."[

Effects of Imperialism

1. The effects mainly centered on economic and social life.

2. Imperialists profit from building mines, factories and ports and plantations.

3. Africans were hired at low wages and taxed.

4. Men were housed in dormitories away from their families and disciplined brutally. Prostitution and HIV/STDs spread.

5. European schools taught that European ways are best.

6. Sometimes African traditions declined, but most held on to their cultures and accepted some European ways, including Christianity.

7. By the early 1900s there were groups that condemned imperialism as contrary to western ideas of liberty and equality.

8. They founded nationalist groups to push for self-rule and Africa's peoples were politically independent from Europe by end of 20th century.

Railroads and TradeBy building thousands of miles of railroads, the British opened up India’s vast interior to trade. The British also encouraged Indians to grow tea and jute. Today, tea is one of India’s biggest crops. What were some of the benefits of British rule?

By 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte felt that Europe offered too few chances for glory. Setting his sights toward Africa in 1798, he invaded Egypt, a province of the Ottoman empire.“Europe is a molehill. . . . We must go to the East. . . . All great glory has been acquired there.”

Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign highlighted Ottoman decline and opened a new era of European contact with Muslim regions of the world. European countries were just nibbling at the edges of Muslim countries. Before long, they would strike at their heartland.

The Suez Canal linked

a) the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. b) the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

c) the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

d) the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran? a) Britain and France

b) France and the United States c) Britain and Russia d) Russia and Germany

The Suez Canal linked

a) the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. b) the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

c) the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

d) the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran? a) Britain and France

b) France and the United States c) Britain and Russia d) Russia and Germany

The Ottoman Empire

By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges.• Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their

power.• As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal

revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.• European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the

Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control. • Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers

increased tensions. Many officials objected to changes that were inspired by foreign cultures.

• A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan. • Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the

Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire.

3

General Ismail Pasha (center) fought for the British army in the Crimean War.

In the 1890s, a group of liberals formed a movement called the Young Turks. They insisted that reform was the only way to save the empire. In 1908, the Young Turks overthrew the sultan. Before they could achieve their planned reforms, however, the Ottoman empire was plunged into the world war that erupted in 1914.

Armenian GenocideTraditionally, the Ottomans had let minority nationalities live in their own communities and practice their own religions. By the 1890s, however, nationalism was igniting new tensions, especially between Turkish nationalists and minority peoples who sought their own states. These tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people concentrated in the eastern mountains of the empire. Genocide is a deliberate attempt to destroy a racial, political, or cultural group.The Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman empire. When Armenians protested repressive Ottoman policies, the sultan had tens of thousands of them slaughtered. Over the next 25 years, between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians were killed or died from disease and starvation.

The Modernization of Egypt

During his reign, Muhammad Ali:• improved tax collection• reorganized the landholding system• backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output • expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry,

thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade • brought in western military experts to modernize the army• conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan

Called the “father of modern Egypt,” Muhammad Ali introduced political and economic reforms. Before he died in 1849, he had set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power.

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As the following examples demonstrate, advances in transportation technology always have the potential of changing society.

Iran and the European PowersThe importance of Iran was its location! Oil was later.

Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia.Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India.

For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south.

The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region.

Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.

3

Iran =Persia Iraq is where we were fightingIran are shiia; Iraq are mostly sunnis; Hardliner, strict sharia-followers are the Taliban

Oil flows out of one of the first oil wells to be drilled in Persia, around 1910.

Like the Ottoman empire, Persia faced major challenges in the 1800s. The Qajar shahs, who ruled Persia from 1794 to 1925, exercised absolute power. Still, they did take steps to introduce reforms. The government helped build telegraph lines and railroads and experimented with a liberal constitution. Reform, however, did not save Persia from Western imperialism. Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia. Britain wanted to protect its interests in India.For a time, each nation set up its own sphere of influence in Persia. The discovery of oil in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region. Both Russia and Britain plotted for control of Persian oil fields. They persuaded the Persian government to grant them concessions, or special rights given to foreign powers. To protect their interests, they sent troops into Persia. Persian nationalists were outraged. The nationalists included two very different groups. Some Persians wanted to move swiftly to adopt Western ways. Others, led by Muslim religious leaders, condemned the Persian government and Western influences.

Queen Victoria writes letters as her Indian servant waits for his orders.

British East India Company’s coat of arms

For more than 200 years, Mughal rulers governed a powerful empire in India. By the mid-1700s, however, the Mughal empire was collapsing from a lack of strong rulers. Britain then turned its commercial interests in the region into political ones.

The British Take Over India

• What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion?

• How did British rule affect India?

• How did Indians view western culture?

• What were the origins of Indian nationalism?

4

The British in India

European trade with Asia opened up in the 1500s. In 1600 some English traders formed the East India

Company Which later became the richest and most powerful trading

companies the world has ever knownBuilt trading post and forts throughout India

French tried to challenge the British, but they were later crushed by Robert Clive, a East India

Company Agent, along with an army of British and Indian troops at the Battle of Plassey 1757.

Angry sepoys rose up against their British officers. The Sepoy Rebellion swept across northern and central India. Several sepoy regiments marched off to Delhi, the old Mughal capital. There, they hailed the last Mughal ruler as their leader. In some places, the sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. But the British soon rallied and crushed the revolt. They then took terrible revenge for their earlier losses, torching villages and slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians.The Sepoy Rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides. It also brought major changes in British policy. In 1858, Parliament ended the rule of the East India Company and put India directly under the British crown. It sent more troops to India, taxing Indians to pay the cost of these occupying forces. While it slowed the “reforms” that had angered Hindus and Muslims, it continued to develop India for Britain’s own economic benefit.

The Sepoy Rebellion

The East Indian Company quickly controlled most of India in 1857. Later that year, Sepoys rebelled against their British commanders and it began to spread across the Northern and Central India.

Indians had massacred British men, children, and women.In response, they killed thousands of unarmed Indians.In 1858 Parliament ended the East Indian Company. They had sent

a viceroy to rule as the monarch's representative and India became “the Jewel in the Crown”—Queen Victoria claimed India as a crown colony and

became an Empress. Sepoys-Indian Troops The new rifles’ casings were

supposedly greased/made with beef or pork fat in the cartridge papers.

The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and Effects

The British East India Company:•required sepoys, or Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, including overseas, which violated Hindu religious law•passed a law allowing Hindu widows to marry, (avoiding sutee/sati) which undermined Hindu beliefs •Ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of animal fat when loading their rifles, which violated both Hindu and Muslim religious law.

•The Sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. •The British took terrible revenge, slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians. •Both sides were left with a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust.•The British put India directly under British rule, sent more troops to India, and taxed Indians to pay for the cost of the occupying forces.

CAUSES EFFECTS

4

British Colonial Rule

After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India.

• The British built roads and an impressive railroad network. • The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining

India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry. • Britain transformed Indian agriculture. • Better health care and increased food production led to rapid

population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines. • The British revised the Indian legal system. • British rule brought peace and order to the countryside. • Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools.

4

Indian Nationalism • British built paved roads and an extensive railroad; installed

telegraph lines and dug irrigation canals; and established schools and universities

• They forced Indians to grow cotton instead of wheat which led to the lack of wheat and resulted in severe food shortages that killed millions of Indians during 1800s

• Huge taxes and inflated prices made it hard to afford certain products—example: tax on salt.

• In 1885 a group of Indian business and professional leaders formed the Indian National Congress who tried to peacefully protest to urge British to grant more power to the Indians

– Also the group that led the long struggle for complete independence—Gandhi will lead with non-violent, passive resistance. (Satyagraha)

Imperialism in India to 1858

4

The Jewel in the Crown—as the British

Raj Queen Victoria gained the title of Empress (to match Russia).

The Great Game• The Great Game was introduced into mainstream consciousness

by British novelist Rudyard Kipling in his novel Kim (1901). In a phrase coined by Captain Arthur Connolly an intelligence officer of the British East India Company's Sixth Bengal Light Cavalry, before he was beheaded in Bokhara for spying in 1842, a "Great Game" was played between Tsarist Russia and Victorian England for supremacy in Central Asia. The classic Great Game period is generally regarded as running approximately from the Russo-Persian Treaty of 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907.

• At stake was the security of India, key to the wealth of the British Empire. When play began early in the 19th century, the frontiers of the two imperial powers lay two thousand miles apart, across vast deserts and almost impassable mountain ranges; by the end, only 20 miles separated the two rivals.

Kim by

Rudyard Kipling

• Kim is a picaresque novel by Rudyard Kipling. It was first published serially in McClure's Magazine and in Cassell's Magazine from in 1901.

• The story unfolds against the backdrop of The Great Game, the political conflict between Russia and Britain in Central Asia. It is set after the Second Afghan War which ended in 1881, but before the Third, perhaps in the 1890s.

• The novel is notable for its detailed portrait of the people, culture, and varied religions of India. "The book presents a vivid picture of India, its teeming populations, religions, and superstitions, and the life of the bazaars and the road."

Different Views on Culture

•Some educated Indians were impressed by British power and technology and urged India to follow a western model of progress.

•Other Indians felt the answer to change lay with their own Hindu or Muslim cultures.

•Most British knew little about Indian achievements and dismissed Indian culture with contempt. Ethnocentricity.

•Few British admired Indian theology and philosophy and respected India’s ancient heritage.

During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed different views of each other’s culture.

INDIAN ATTITUDES

BRITISH ATTITUDES

Indian Nationalism•The British believed that western-educated Indians would form an elite class which would bolster British rule.

•As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement.

•In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. Its members looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization.

•In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state.

In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the following except

a) place India directly under British rule.b) send more troops to India.c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule.d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British military presence.

Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress?a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim state.

b) Its members favored continued British rule.c) Its members supported western-style modernization.

d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the British.

Mangel Pandey, Sepoy Martyr

In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the following except

a) place India directly under British rule.b) send more troops to India.c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule.d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British military presence.

Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress?a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim state.

b) Its members favored continued British rule.c) Its members supported western-style modernization.

d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the British.

Mangel Pandey, Sepoy Martyr

“The White Man’s Burden” •Take up the White Man’s burden—

–Send forth the best ye breed—

•Go, bind your sons to exile

–To serve your captives’ need; •To wait, in heavy harness,

–On fluttered folk and wild— •Your new-caught sullen peoples, •Half-devil and half-child. •Take up the White Man's burden—

–In patience to abide, •To veil the threat of terror

–And check the show of pride; •By open speech and simple,

–An hundred times made plain,

•To seek another's profit

–And work another's gain.

by Rudyard Kipling

Lin Zexu, Chinese official

Britain’s Union Jack

By the 1830s, British merchant ships were arriving in China loaded with opium to trade with the Chinese for tea. In 1839, Chinese government official Lin Zexu wrote a letter to Britain’s Queen Victoria condemning the practice: “We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity—this is strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is . . . . Since . . . you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country.”

Trading Opium for Tea

In the 1700s, China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade.

China

The Power of Opium

•By 1779, the British East India Company was importing opium into China•Within a generation, opium addiction in China became widespread

Mandarin with Opium Pipe

The East India Company’s opium factory stacking room

This slide gives an impression of the huge volume of opium imported into China by the British. The East India Company developed a monopoly on opium cultivation in India, but disengaged itself legally and officially from the illicit trade with China by using vessels owned by private merchants (the boats were known as “country ships”) to transfer and sell the opium in China.

China and Britain Clash over Opium

Chinese unloading opium from a British ship

In 1839, the emperor of China sent a commissioner to Canton to put an end to the opium trade. The British ignored this demand, and the Chinese government responded by having the commissioner destroy 20,291 chests of opium.

In 1839, a Chinese official demanded that the opium trade in Guangzhou (Canton) stop. The British refused, and war ensued.

The British navy attacks

The Opium War: 1839–1842Britain, with its powerful navy, occupied several Chinese ports, including Hong Kong. British armies also met with success, coming within miles of Peking, the Chinese capital. In 1842, the Chinese conceded and Britain forced them to sign a treaty.

The Opium War

During the late 1700s, British merchants began making huge profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea, which was popular in Britain. Soon, many Chinese had become addicted to the drug. Silver flowed out of China in payment for the drug, disrupting the economy.The Chinese government outlawed opium and executed Chinese drug dealers. They called on Britain to stop the trade. The British refused, insisting on the right of free trade.In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants, triggering the Opium War. British gunboats, equipped with the latest in firepower, bombarded Chinese coastal and river ports. With outdated weapons and fighting methods, the Chinese were easily defeated.

The Treaty of Nanjing

Britain gained •Control of Hong Kong•The right to trade in five major cities•Extraterritoriality•The legalization of opium in China•The treaty forced China to accept some major concessions and further opened the country to European trade. •It was an Unequal Treaty The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing

aboard the British ship Cornwallis

Unequal Treaties

In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing Britain received a huge indemnity, or payment for losses in the war. The British also gained the island of Hong Kong. China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality, the right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts.The treaty was the first of a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make concessions to Western powers. A second war, lasting from 1856 to 1858, ended with France, Russia, and the United States pressuring China to sign treaties stipulating the opening of more ports to foreign trade and letting Christian missionaries preach in China.

Treaty Ports

U.S. Secretary of State John Hay

• Turmoil in China• “Spheres of influence”

and • “Open Door” policy--

formulated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay.

• No nations formally accepted Hay’s proposal, but they didn’t counter the Open Door policy’s provisions either.

The Open Door Policy

Internal Problems

• Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley.

• The population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants.

• An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden.

• The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals. • Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping

Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.

By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.

5

The Taiping Rebellion Weakens China

China Faces the West– During the 1500s, Chinese civilization had been highly

advanced and had little interest in European goods– China's political, economic, and military position weakened

under the Qing dynasty who ruled from 1644-1912

– The Unequal Treaties• In early 1800s, British merchants found a way to break China's trade barriers

and earned huge profits. In exchange of tea, silk, and porcelain, the merchants smuggled a drug called opium, which they obtained from India and Turkey, into China.

• In 1839 Chinese troops tried to stop the smuggling and war broke out and was fought for three years.

• In 1842 British won the Opium War, which led to the Treaty of Nanking which forced China to yield many of its rights to western powers and Hong Kong was given to Great Britain.

• Over the next 60 years the unequal treaties increased foreign influence in China and weakened the Qing dynasty. Civil war, such as the Taiping rebellion(1850-1864), also eroded the dynasty's power, and in 1890s, European powers as well as Japan claimed large sections as

• Spheres of Influence -areas where they had exclusive trading rights

The Trade Issue

•Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders. • China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported.• Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them. **** We do so now, too!•In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make concessions to western powers. • China paid a huge indemnity to Britain. Reparations now • The British gained the island of Hong Kong.• China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality. Rights as if they were exempt from local law; like diplomatic immunity.

Chinese Responses

• During late 1800s reformers began the "self-strengthening" movement involved importing both Western technology and educational methods. It also improve agriculture, strengthen the armed forces, and ended the European practice of extraterritoriality

• Chinese weakness was furthered by modernizing Japan that ended in China's defeat and loss of territory. (Sino-Japanese War)

• Japan gained the island of Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula as well as trading benefits in Chinese territory, and also Korea.

Reformers gained influence from Emperor Guang Xu and launched the Hundred Days of Reform to modernize the government and encouraged new industries. However his mother, Ci Xi, returned to power, arrested her son, and halted the reform.

Reform Efforts•In the 1860s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening movement” in an effort to westernize and modernize China.

•The movement made limited progress because the government did not rally behind it.

•After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform.

•Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the emperor was imprisoned.

5

The Revolution

of 1911

– Ci Xi struggled to hold power. She agreed to give in to some of her people's demands for change. She established school and reorganized the government. Even in these efforts people began to believe in the modern republic.

– Revolutionaries wanted China to regain its former power and influence. On of them, a doctor named Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) and others formed the United League.

– Their goal was to modernize China on the basis of the "Three Principles of the People“:

• Nationalism: freedom from Foreign control• Democracy: representative government• Livelihood: economic well-being for all Chinese

control– The revolutionary cause was strengthened in 1908 when

Ci Xi died, and two-year-old Prince Pu Yi became emperor. The Last Emperor

– Revolution swept China as peasants, soldiers, workers, and court officials turned against the weak dynasty and on January 1912, Sun Yat-sen became the first president of the new Chinese republic.

•

Fall of the Qing Dynasty

As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.

Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms.

Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.

When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.

In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.

Sun Yixian (Yatsen) was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.

5

In response to the European presence in China, nationalist groups emerged and organized in the hopes of removing foreign influence from the country.

One group named the “Harmonious Fists” (called the “Boxers” by Europeans) attacked foreign missionaries, Chinese Christians, and government officials whom they held responsible for allowing Europeans to dominate China. In mid-1900, close to 150,000 Boxers occupied Beijing.

An international force composed of European, American, and Japanese soldiers occupied Beijing and defeated the Boxers.

The Boxer Rebellion, 1899

American, Japanese, and British troops storming Beijing

The Boxer RebellionSuffering from the effects of floods and famine, poverty, and foreign aggression, Boxers (below) participated in an anti-foreign movement. In 1900, some 140,000 Boxers attempted to drive Westerners out of China. An international force eventually put down the uprising. Why were Westerners and Western influences a source of discontent for the Boxers?

Signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901.

• China was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol• Required to

pay damages to Europeans

• Forced to allow foreign soldiers to live in Beijing

The Boxer Protocol

Imperialism in

China to 1914

5

Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West?

a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West

c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade.

d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.

What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.

b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.

Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West?

a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.

b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West.

c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade.

d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.

What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.

b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.

Sun YixianSun Yixian (1866–1925) was not born to power. His parents were poor farmers. Sun’s preparation for leadership came from his travels, education, and personal ambitions. In his teen years, he lived with his brother in Hawaii and attended British and American schools. Later on, he earned a medical degree.Sun left his career in medicine to struggle against the Qing government. After a failed uprising in 1895, he went into exile. Sun visited many nations, seeking support against the Qing dynasty. When revolution erupted in China, Sun was in Denver, Colorado. He returned to China to begin his leading role in the new republic.

How did Sun’s background prepare him to lead? Also known as Sun Yat-sen

The Qing Dynasty Falls

The political cartoon below shows a French soldier (left) and a British soldier (right) ripping apart a map. How do you think the situation depicted in the cartoon affected relations between Britain and France?

The Big 60: Happy Birthday Communist China!The Big 63:

2012