Ch.12 – World War I U.S. Involvement. Zimmerman Note Zimmerman Note –German foreign secretary to German ambassador in Mexico –Promises New Mexico, Texas.

Ch.12 – World War I

U.S. Involvement

U.S. InvolvementZimmerman Note

–German foreign secretary to German ambassador in Mexico

–Promises New Mexico, Texas and Arizona

–March 1, 1917 – Wilson makes note public

–Anti-German sentiment strong in America

The Russian Revolution–Russians overthrew the czar (autocrat)

Sinking of U.S. Ships – City of Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilancia

U.S. Goes to War

Wilson torn between keeping peace or war

Revolution in Russia makes them suitable ally

April 6, 1917 – Congress votes to go to war

1918 – more than a million U.S. troops in Europe

Turning Point of the War– With the help of Gen. Pershing and his

troops the Germans are stopped 50 miles from Paris

1 month – more ammo used than in 4 years of Civil War

U.S. Goes to WarSelective Service Act

–May 1917: ages 21-30, later 18-45

–24 million volunteer for draft, 3 million drafted

–Join the American Expeditionary Forces

Training for War–Learned how to use a bayonet, a rifle, dig a trench, put on a gas mask, and throw a grenade

–Needed several months for training but, never had the time

The Convoy System– Needed a way to transport all merchant and

troop ships– Consisted of a group of unarmed ships

surrounded by a ring of destroyers, torpedo boats, and other armed naval vessels (equipped w/hydrophones to track subs)

– Very successful – U-boats didn’t sink a single troopship traveling to Europe

Black Soldiers – only 10% saw action– Most were used for menial labor– 369th Infantry – “Harlem Hell Fighters,”

integrated w/French troops, entire 369th Infantry received the Croix de Guerre

U.S. Goes to War

The Home FrontOrganizing Industry

–War Industries Board: regulated supply of raw material to manufacturers

–89 million pairs of socks, 19 million blankets, 95 ships in one day

–Labor unions refused to strike–Women taking over necessary jobs

Financing the War–Liberty Bonds raised $20 billion – only

covered ¼ of costs–Boy Scouts & Girl Scouts sold them

on street corners

WWI Propaganda

Posters

Liberty Bonds & War Savings

Stamps

The Home FrontConservation

–Price Controls: a system of pricing determined by the government

–Rationing: Heatless, meatless, wheatless, & victory gardens

–Daylight Savings Time: increased the # of daylight hours for workers and reduced the need for artificial light (fuel conservation)

WWI Propaganda Poster displays price controls

WWI Propaganda Posters

Victory Gardens & Canning Food

The Home FrontEnforcing Loyalty

–Trading with Enemy Act – censored publications

–Sedition Act – no speech disloyal to gov’t., flag, constitution, or armed forces

–Espionage Act – punished guilty for helping the enemy, hindering recruitment or inciting revolt

Anti-German Sentiment–Hamburger = Salisbury Steak–German Shepard = Police Dog–German Measles = Liberty Measles

Impact on U.S.116,000 soldiersWartime production = richest

country in the worldReturn to isolationismKilled progressivism, big business

back inHigher wages, higher inflationBlacks still suffering from

inequalityWomen making gains and loses

–Voting rights–Forced to leave jobs when men

returned home (b/c of job shortage)

End of WarNovember 7, 1918

–Germans ask for armistice

November 11–Armistice signed–11th hour, 11th day,

11th month8 million soldiers

diedOttoman Empire

killed thousands of Armenians (genocide)

Peace AgreementWilson’s 14

Points–Creates the

League of NationsTreaty of

Versailles–Redrawing of map–Germany accepts

full responsibility, stripped of colonies, pay reparations, reduced armed forces

Ch.12 Review Sussex Pledge Versailles Treaty –

what did Germany have to do?

Allies Fourteen Points Sedition League of Nations Central Powers Alliances – reason

why Europe was drawn into the war

Armistice Self-

determination Liberty Bonds Zimmerman

Note U-boat – hidden

& fired w/o warning

Genocide Reparations Imperialism Selective Service

Act

Ch.12 Review Which event sparked World War I? Describe the first few years of the war. What was the purpose of the convoy

system? African Americans role in the war. Types of rationing Events that pushed the U.S. into war High casualties War Industries Board fixed prices on

certain products (price controls) Main economic problem after the war –

job shortages Turning Point – Pershing’s troops blocked

Germans from Paris invasion