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11: Multimedia Networking 11-1
Chapter 11
Multimedia Networking
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' urose and W +oss, All +ights +eserved
Computer Networking: A TopDown Approach
5thedition.Jim Kurose Keith !oss
Addison"#esle$ April %&&'.
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-.
Multimedia and (ualit$ o) *er+ice: #hat is it,
multimedia applications:network audio and +ideo-continuous media/0
network pro+idesapplication with le+el o)per)ormance needed )orapplication to )unction.
(o*
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-0
Chapter : goals
2rinciples classi)$ multimedia applications identi)$ network ser+ices applications need making the 3est o) 3est e))ort ser+ice
2rotocols and Architectures speci)ic protocols )or 3est"e))ort mechanisms )or pro+iding (o*
architectures )or (o*
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-
Chapter outline
.1 multimedia networkingapplications
.%streaming stored audioand +ideo
.4making the 3est out o)3est e))ort ser+ice
. pro+iding multipleclasses o) ser+ice
.5pro+iding (o*guarantees
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-2
MM Networking Applications
6undamentalcharacteristics: t$picall$ delaysensitive
end"to"end dela$
dela$ 7itter loss tolerant: in)re8uent
losses cause minorglitches
antithesis o) data whichare loss intolerant3utdela$ tolerant.
Classes o) MM applications:10 stored streaming
%0 li+e streaming
40 interacti+e real"time
Jitteris the +aria3ilit$o) packet dela$s withinthe same packet stream
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-
*treaming *tored Multimedia
*tored streaming: media stored at source transmitted to client streaming:client pla$out 3egins
3e)oreall data has arri+ed timing constraint )or still"to"3e transmitted
data: in time )or pla$out so collect 91& sec 3u))er 3e)ore pla$out starts
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-3
*treaming *tored Multimedia:#hat is it,
1. +ideorecorded
%. +ideosent
4. +ideo recei+edpla$ed out at client
Cumu
lati+edata
streaming:at this time clientpla$ing out earl$ part o) +ideowhile ser+er still sending laterpart o) +ideo
networkdela$
time
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-4
*treaming *toredMultimedia: nteracti+it$
;C!"like )unctionalit$:client canpause rewind 66 push slider 3ar 1& sec initial dela$
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-
*treaming =i+eMultimedia
>?amples: nternet radio talk show li+e sporting e+ent
*treaming -as with streaming storedmultimedia0 pla$3ack 3u))er pla$3ack can lag tens o) seconds a)ter
transmission timing constraint
nteracti+it$ )ast )orward impossi3le rewind pause possi3le@
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-1/
!eal"Time nteracti+e Multimedia
end"end dela$ re8uirements: audio: 15& msec good && msec
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-11
Multimedia
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-1.
Iow should the nternet e+ol+e to 3ettersupport multimedia,
ntegrated ser+ices philosoph$: )undamental changes in
nternet so that apps canreser+e end"to"end3andwidth
re8uires new comple?so)tware in hosts routers
=aisse")aire no ma7or changes more 3andwidth when
needed content distri3ution
application"la$er multicast application la$er
Di))erentiated ser+icesphilosoph$: )ewer changes to nternet
in)rastructure $et pro+ide1st and %nd class ser+ice
#hatEs $our opinion,
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-10
Chapter outline
.1 multimedia networkingapplications
.% streaming stored audioand +ideo
.4making the 3est out o)3est e))ort ser+ice
. pro+iding multipleclasses o) ser+ice
.5pro+iding (o*guarantees
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-1
*treaming *tored Multimedia
application"le+el streamingtechni8ues )or making the3est out o) 3est e))ortser+ice:
client"side 3u))ering use o) GD2 +ersus TC2 multiple encodings o)
multimedia
7itter remo+al
decompression error concealment graphical user inter)ace
wF controls )orinteracti+it$
Media 2la$er
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-12
constant 3itrate +ideo
transmission
Cumu
lati+edata
time
+aria3le
networkdela$
client +ideoreception
constant 3itrate +ideo
pla$out at client
client pla$out
dela$
3u))ere
d
+ideo
*treaming Multimedia: Client Hu))ering
client"side 3u))ering pla$out dela$ compensate)or network"added dela$ dela$ 7itter
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-1
*treaming Multimedia: GD2 or TC2,GD2 ser+er sends at rate appropriate )or client -o3li+ious to network congestion @0
o)ten send rate encoding rate constant rate then )ill rate constant rate " packet loss
short pla$out dela$ -%"5 seconds0 to remo+e network 7itter error reco+er: time permitting
TC2 send at ma?imum possi3le rate under TC2 )ill rate )luctuates due to TC2 congestion control larger pla$out dela$: smooth TC2 deli+er$ rate ITT2FTC2 passes more easil$ through )irewalls
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-13
Gser Control o) *treaming Media: !T*2
ITT2 does not target
multimedia content no commands )or )ast
)orward etc.!T*2: !6C %4%L client"ser+er application
la$er protocol
user control: rewind)ast )orward pauseresume repositioningetc
#hat it doesnEt do: doesnEt de)ine how
audioF+ideo isencapsulated )or
streaming o+er network doesnEt restrict how
streamed media istransported -GD2 or
TC2 possi3le0 doesnEt speci)$ how
media pla$er 3u))ersaudioF+ideo
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-14
Chapter outline
.1 multimedia networkingapplications
.%streaming stored audioand +ideo
.4 making the 3est out o)3est e))ort ser+ice
. pro+iding multipleclasses o) ser+ice
.5pro+iding (o*guarantees
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-1
nternet 2hone: 2acket =oss and Dela$
network loss:2 datagram lost due to networkcongestion -router 3u))er o+er)low0 dela$ loss:2 datagram arri+es too late )or
pla$out at recei+er
dela$s: processing 8ueueing in network end"s$stem -sender recei+er0 dela$s t$pical ma?imum tolera3le dela$: && ms
loss tolerance: depending on +oice encoding losses
concealed packet loss rates 3etween 1O and 1&Ocan 3e tolerated.
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-./
nternet 2hone: 6i?ed 2la$out Dela$
recei+er attempts to pla$out each chunk e?actl$ 8msecs a)ter chunk was generated. chunk has time stamp t: pla$ out chunk at tP8 . chunk arri+es a)ter tP8: data arri+es too late
)or pla$out data lost/ tradeo)) in choosing 8:
large 8:less packet loss small 8:3etter interacti+e e?perience
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-.1
6i?ed 2la$out Dela$
p a c k e t s
t i m e
p a c k e t s
g e n e r a t e d
p a c k e t s
r e c e i v e d
l o s s
rp p 5
p l a y o u t s c h e d u l e
p ' - r
p l a y o u t s c h e d u l e
p - r
sender generates packets e+er$ %& msec during talk spurt.
B)irst packet recei+ed at time rB)irst pla$out schedule: 3egins at pBsecond pla$out schedule: 3egins at pE
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-..
Adapti+e 2la$out Dela$ -10
packetithreceivingafterdelaynetworkaverageofestimated
acketpithfordelaynetworktr
receiveratplayedisipackettimethep
receiverbyreceivedisipackettimether
packetiththeoftimestampt
i
ii
i
i
i
=
=
=
=
=
d$namic estimate o) a+erage dela$ at recei+er:
)()1( 1 iiii trudud +=
where uis a )i?ed constant -e.g. u .&10.
Qoal:minimie pla$out dela$ keeping late loss rate low
Approach:adapti+e pla$out dela$ ad7ustment: estimate network dela$ ad7ust pla$out dela$ at 3eginning o)
each talk spurt. silent periods compressed and elongated. chunks still pla$ed out e+er$ %& msec during talk spurt.
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-.0
Adapti+e pla$out dela$ -%0
also use)ul to estimate a+erage de+iation o) dela$ +i:
||)1(1 iiiii dtruvuv +=
estimates di +icalculated )or e+er$ recei+ed packet-3ut used onl$ at start o) talk spurt
)or )irst packet in talk spurt pla$out time is:
iiii Kvdtp ++=
where K is positi+e constant
remaining packets in talkspurt are pla$ed out periodicall$
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-.
Adapti+e 2la$out -40
(:Iow does recei+er determine whether packet is)irst in a talkspurt, i) no loss recei+er looks at successi+e timestamps.
di))erence o) successi+e stamps R %& msec ""Rtalk spurt
3egins. with loss possi3le recei+er must look at 3oth time
stamps and se8uence num3ers. di))erence o) successi+e stamps R %& msec andse8uence
num3ers without gaps ""R talk spurt 3egins.
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-.2
!eco+er$ )rom packet loss -10
6orward >rror Correction
-6>C0: simple scheme )or e+er$ group o) n chunks
create redundant chunk 3$e?clusi+e
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-.
!eco+er$ )rom packet loss -%0
%nd 6>C schemepigg$3ack lower8ualit$ stream/send lower resolutionaudio stream asredundant in)ormatione.g. nominalstream 2CM at L k3psand redundant streamQ*M at 14 k3ps.
whene+er there is non"consecuti+e lossrecei+er can conceal the loss.can also append -n"10st and -n"%0nd low"3it ratechunk
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-.3
!eco+er$ )rom packet loss -40
nterlea+ing chunks di+ided into smaller units )or e?ample )our 5 msec units
per chunk packet contains small units )rom
di))erent chunks
i) packet lost still ha+e most
o) e+er$ chunk
no redundanc$ o+erhead 3ut
increases pla$out dela$
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-.4
Content distri3ution networks -CDNs0
Content replication challenging to stream large )iles
-e.g. +ideo0 )rom single originser+er in real time
solution:replicate content at
hundreds o) ser+ers throughoutnternet content downloaded to CDN
ser+ers ahead o) time placing content close/ to
user a+oids impairments-loss dela$0 o) sendingcontent o+er long paths
CDN ser+er t$picall$ inedgeFaccess network
origin ser+erin North America
CDN distri3ution node
CDN ser+er
in *. America CDN ser+er
in >urope
CDN ser+er
in Asia
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-.
Content distri3ution networks -CDNs0
Content replication CDN -e.g. Akamai0
customer is the contentpro+ider -e.g. CNN0
CDN replicatescustomersE content inCDN ser+ers.
when pro+ider updates
content CDN updatesser+ers
origin ser+er
in North America
CDN distri3ution node
CDN ser+er
in *. America CDN ser+er
in >urope
CDN ser+er
in Asia
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-0/
CDN e?ample
origin ser+er -www.)oo.com0
distri3utes ITM= replaces: http:**###foocom*sportsruthgif
withhttp:**###cdncom*###foocom*sports*ruthgif
6!!" re7uest for
###foocom*sports*sportshtml
89 7uery for ###cdncom
6!!" re7uest for
###cdncom*###foocom*sports*ruthgif
1
%
4
origin ser+er
CDNEs authoritati+eDN* ser+er
CDN ser+er near client
CDN compan$ -cdn.com0
distri3utes gi) )iles uses its authoritati+e
DN* ser+er to routeredirect re8uests
client
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-01
More a3out CDNs
routing re8uests CDN creates a map/ indicating distances )rom
lea) *2s and CDN nodes when 8uer$ arri+es at authoritati+e DN* ser+er:
ser+er determines *2 )rom which 8uer$ originates uses map/ to determine 3est CDN ser+er
CDN nodes create application"la$er o+erla$network
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-0.
Chapter outline
.1 multimedia networkingapplications
.%streaming stored audioand +ideo
.4making the 3est out o)3est e))ort ser+ice
. pro+iding multipleclasses o) ser+ice
.5pro+iding (o*guarantees
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-00
2ro+iding Multiple Classes o) *er+ice
thus )ar: making the 3est o) 3est e))ort ser+ice one"sie )its all ser+ice model
alternati+e: multiple classes o) ser+ice partition tra))ic into classes
network treats di))erent classes o) tra))icdi))erentl$ -analog$: ;2 ser+ice +s regular ser+ice0
/111
granularit$:di))erential ser+iceamong multipleclasses not amongindi+idualconnections
histor$: To* 3its
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-0
Multiple classes o) ser+ice: scenario
!1 !%I1
I%
I4
I1.5 M3ps link!1 output
inter)ace8ueue
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-02
*cenario 1: mi?ed 6T2 and audio
>?ample: 1M3ps 2 phone 6T2 share 1.5 M3ps link. 3ursts o) 6T2 can congest router cause audio loss want to gi+e priorit$ to audio o+er 6T2
packet marking needed )or router to distinguish3etween di))erent classes and new router polic$to treat packets accordingl$
2rinciple 1
!1 !%
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-0
2rinciples )or (
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-03
2rinciples )or (
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-04
*cheduling And 2olicing Mechanisms
scheduling:choose ne?t packet to send on link 66< -)irst in )irst out0 scheduling:send in order o)
arri+al to 8ueue real"world e?ample,
discard polic$:i) packet arri+es to )ull 8ueue: who to discard,B Tail drop: drop arri+ing packet
B priorit$: dropFremo+e on priorit$ 3asis
B random: dropFremo+e randoml$
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-0
*cheduling 2olicies: more
2riorit$ scheduling:transmit highest priorit$ 8ueuedpacket multiple classes with di))erent priorities
class ma$ depend on marking or other header in)o e.g. 2sourceFdest port num3ers etc..
!eal world e?ample,
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-/
*cheduling 2olicies: still moreround ro3in scheduling: multiple classes
c$clicall$ scan class 8ueues ser+ing one )rom each class -i) a+aila3le0 real world e?ample,
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-1
*cheduling 2olicies: still more
#eighted 6air (ueuing: generalied !ound !o3in each class gets weighted amount o) ser+ice in each
c$cle
real"world e?ample,
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-.
2olicing Mechanisms
Qoal:limit tra))ic to not e?ceed declared parametersThree common"used criteria o) tra))ic rate: -=ong term0 A+erage !ate:how man$ packets can 3e
sent per unit time -in the long run0
crucial 8uestion: what is the inter+al length: 1&& packets persec or L&&& packets per min ha+e same a+erage@
2eak !ate:e.g. L&&& pkts per min. -ppm0 a+g. 15&&&ppm peak rate
-Ma?.0 Hurst *ie:ma?. num3er o) packets sentconsecuti+el$ -with no inter+ening idle0
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-0
2olicing Mechanisms
Token Hucket:limit input to speci)ied Hurst *ie andA+erage !ate.
3ucket can hold 3 tokens
tokens generated at rate r tokenFsecunless 3ucket )ull o+er inter+al o) length t: num3er o) packets admitted
less than or e8ual to -r t P 30.
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-
>dge router: per")lowtra))ic management
marks packets as in"pro)ileand out"pro)ile
Core router:
per classtra))ic management
3u))ering and scheduling 3asedon marking at edge
pre)erence gi+en to in"pro)ilepackets
Di))ser+ Architecture
scheduling
.
.
.
r
b
marking
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-2
>dge"router 2acket Marking
class"3ased marking: packets o) di))erent classes markeddi))erentl$ intra"class marking: con)orming portion o) )low marked
di))erentl$ than non"con)orming one
pro)ile: pre"negotiatedrate A 3ucket sie H
packet marking at edge 3ased on per")lowpro)ile
2ossi3le usage o) marking:
Gser packets
!ate A
H
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-
Classi)ication and Conditioning
2acket is marked in the T$pe o) *er+ice -T
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-3
Classi)ication and Conditioning
ma$ 3e desira3le to limit tra))ic in7ection rate o)some class: user declares tra))ic pro)ile -e.g. rate 3urst
sie0
tra))ic metered shaped i) non"con)orming
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-4
6orwarding -2IH0
2IH result in a di))erent o3ser+a3le -measura3le0)orwarding per)ormance 3eha+ior 2IH does not speci)$ what mechanisms to use to
ensure re8uired 2IH per)ormance 3eha+ior
>?amples: Class A gets ?O o) outgoing link 3andwidth o+er time
inter+als o) a speci)ied length Class A packets lea+e )irst 3e)ore packets )rom class H
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-
6orwarding -2IH0
2IHs 3eing de+eloped: >?pedited 6orwarding:pkt departure rate o) a
class e8uals or e?ceeds speci)ied rate logical link with a minimum guaranteed rate
Assured 6orwarding: classes o) tra))ic each guaranteed minimum amount o) 3andwidth each with three drop pre)erence partitions
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-2/
Chapter outline
.1 multimedia networkingapplications
.%streaming stored audioand +ideo
.4making the 3est out o)3est e))ort ser+ice
.pro+iding multipleclasses o) ser+ice
.5 pro+iding (o*guarantees: nt*er+!*;2
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-21
2rinciples )or (
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-2.
(o* guarantee scenario
!esource reser+ation call setup signaling -!*;20 tra))ic (o* declaration per"element admission control
(o*"sensiti+escheduling -e.g.
#6(0
re8uestFrepl$
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-20
>T6 ntegrated *er+ices
architecture )or pro+iding (
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-2
Call Admission
Arri+ing session must : declare its (
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-22
ntser+ (o*: *er+ice models Sr)c%%11 r)c %%1%
Quaranteed ser+ice: worst case tra))ic arri+al:leak$"3ucket"policed source
simple -mathematicall$pro+a3le0 3oundon dela$
S2arekh 1''% Cru 1'UU
Controlled load ser+ice: Va 8ualit$ o) ser+ice closel$appro?imating the (o* thatsame )low would recei+e)rom an unloaded networkelement.V
#6(
token rate r
3ucket sie 3
per")lowrate !
D 3F!ma?
arri+ingtra))ic
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-2
*ignaling in the nternet
connectionless-stateless0
tra))ic )orwarding3$ 2 routers
3est e))ortser+ice
no network
signaling protocolsneeded in initial
2 design
P
New re8uirement:reser+e resources along end"to"endpath -end s$stem routers0 )or (o* )or multimediaapplications
!*;2:!esource !eser+ation 2rotocol S!6C %%&5 allow users to communicate re8uirements to network in
ro3ust and e))icient wa$./ i.e. signaling @
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-23
!*;2 Design Qoals
1. accommodate heterogeneous recei+ers-di))erent3andwidth along paths0
%. accommodate di))erent applications with di))erentresource re8uirements
4. make multicast a )irst class ser+ice with adaptationto multicast group mem3ership
. le+erage e?isting multicastFunicast routing withadaptation to changes in underl$ing unicastmulticast routes
5. control protocol o+erheadto grow -at worst0 linearin W recei+ers
L. modular design)or heterogeneous underl$ingtechnologies
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-24
!*;2: does not
speci)$ how resources are to 3e reser+ed rather: a mechanism )or communicating needs
determine routes packets will take
thatEs the 7o3 o) routing protocols
signaling decoupled )rom routing
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11: Multimedia Networking 11-2
!*;2: o+er+iew o) operation
senders recei+er 7oin a multicast group done outside o) !*;2 senders need not 7oin group
sender"to"network signaling path message:make sender presence known to routers
path teardown: delete senderEs path state )rom routers recei+er"to"network signaling
reser+ation message:reser+e resources )rom sender-s0 torecei+er
reser+ation teardown: remo+e recei+er reser+ations
network"to"end"s$stem signaling path error reser+ation error
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Chapter : *ummar$
2rinciples classi)$ multimedia applications making the 3est o) 3est e))ort ser+ice
2rotocols and Architectures speci)ic protocols )or 3est"e))ort mechanisms )or pro+iding (o* architectures )or (o*
multiple classes o) ser+ice (o* guarantees admission control