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CH1019 Chemical Process Technology

Lecture3

Chapter2SulfurandSilicateIndustries

BalasubramanianSAssistantProfessor(OG)DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

Chapter2 SHULFURANDINDUSTRIES

SourcesofSulfur

MiningofSulfur

Manufactureofsulfuricacid

SilicateIndustries–Alum,andCeramics

GlassandCement

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2

Overview of topics

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Chapter2 SHULFURANDINDUSTRIES

SourcesofSulfur

MiningofSulfur

Manufactureofsulfuricacid

SilicateIndustries–Alum,andCeramics

GlassandCement

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2

Overview of topics

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Sulfur industries – Sulfur

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•  Sulfuristhebasicrawmaterialforthemanufactureofsulfuricacid

•  SulfurhasthechemicalformulaS

•  Itexistsinrhombiccrystalsandasmonocliniccrystals

•  ItisinsolubleinwaterbutsolubleinorganicsolventsandliquidammoniaSourcesofsulfur:

-  Sulfurbearingsaltdomes

-  Recoveryofelementalsulfurfrompetroleumrefinery(sourcrudeoil)

-  Hydrogensulfideinsourcrudeoil

Sulfur industries – Sulfur

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•  Elementalsulfurminingfromsaltdomes

Air

Sulfur industries – Sulfur

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Elementalsulfurminingfromsaltdomes

-  Wellsdrilledintofreesulfur-bearingsaltdomes.

-  Treatedhotwaterispumpedintodepositmeltsulfur;water

movesupwardandoutwardtobleederofcasingandisjet

pumpedwithcompressedairtosump-separa\onunitsand

shipmentorstorage.

-  Filtra\onisusedtoremovecarbonaceousandmineralma]er.

Sulfur industries – Sulfur

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Applica\onofSulfur

-  80-90%ofsulfur-containingmaterialsareconvertedinto

commercialoxidizedforms:

-  Sulfurdioxide,Sulfurtrioxide,Sulfuricacid,Oleum(H2SO4+SO3)

-  85-90%forsulfuricacidmanufacture

-  Rubbervulcaniza\onagents-  Sulfurdyes

-  Gunpowder,phosphatefer\lizers,copperleaching-  Pigments

Sulfur industries – Sulfuric acid

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ManufactureofSulfuricacid

-  MethodsemployedinthemanufactureofH2SO4includes

1.  Contactprocess2.  Chamberprocess

-  BoththeprocessarebasedonSO2.

-  Chamberprocesswasdevelopedfirst1746butproducedacid

ofconcentra\onlessthan80%

-  Contactprocessyields98%H2SO4

-  Chamberprocessisvirtuallyobsoletenow

Sulfur industries – Sulfuric acid

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ManufactureofSulfuricacid–Contactprocess

Air+SO2

Sulfur industries – Sulfuric acid

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ManufactureofSulfuricacid–Majorsteps

S+O2 SO2 SulfurisoxidizedtoSO2ΔH=-70.9KcalThisreac\onisaccomplishedintheburner

SO2+1/2O2 SO3V2O5 ConversionofSO2intoSO3inpresenceof

venadiumpentoxidecatalyst.Thisreac\onoccursintwostagecataly\creactor.ΔH=-23.0KcalTheresul\ngreactoreffluentiscooled,absorbedtogetOleumandSulfuricacid

Sulfur industries – Sulfuric acid

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ManufactureofSulfuricacid–Catalyst

AdvantagesofV2O5

-  Rela\velyimmunetopoisons

-  Lowini\alinvestmentDisadvantagesofV2O5

-  RequireshighO2/SO2conversionforeconomicopera\ons

-  Largeconvertersandini\alinvestmentonreactorsarehigh

Silicate industries

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SilicateIndustries–Ceramic,GlassandCementIndustries

Thetradi\onalceramicindustries,referredtoastheclayindustriesorsilicate

industries,haveastheirfinishedproductsthatreessen\allysilicates.

Someoftheproper\esofceramicproductsare:

1.  Whitewares–China,earthenware,po]ery,porcelain,stonewareand

vitreousware.

2.  Refractories–Firebricks,silica,chromite,magnesite,aluminumsilicateand

aluminaproducts

3.  Structuralclayproducts–Buildingbricks,sewerpipeanddrain\le.

4.  Enamelandenameledmetal

Silicate industries

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SilicateIndustries–Ceramic

Someoftheproper\esofceramicproductsare:

1.  Withstandhighertemperature

2.  Resistgreaterpressure

3.  Superiormechanicalproper\es

4.  Possesspecialelectricalcharacteris\cs5.  Protectagainstcorrosivechemicals

Silicate industries

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SilicateIndustries–Ceramic

-  Alumisadoublesulfateofaluminium.

-  Aluminiumsulfateisveryimportantindustriallyand,

althoughitisnotadoublesulfate,itisokencalledeither

alumorpapermakersalum.

-  Alumsareusedinwatertreatmentandsome\mesin

dyeing.

Silicate industries

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SilicateIndustries–Glass

Glass

-  Glassmaybedefines,physically,asarigid,havingnodefinitemel\ngpoint

andsufficientlyhighviscosity

-  Glassiscompletelyvitrifiedproduct.

-  Glasshasthefollowingproper\es:

I.  Posseshightransparency

II.  goodresistancetochemicala]ack

III.  Effec\veelectricalinsulator

IV.  Bri]leandhasgreatertensilestrength

Silicate industries

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SilicateIndustries–Glass

Glass

-  Ingeneral,commercialglassesfallsintothefollowingclass:

① Fusedsilica

② Alkalisilicates③ Soda-limeglass

④ Leadglass⑤ Borosilicateglass⑥ Glassfiber

⑦ Widowglassandplateglass.

Silicate industries

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SilicateIndustries–Glass

Glass

-  Ingeneral,commercialglassesfallsintothefollowingclass:

① Fusedsilica

② Alkalisilicates③ Soda-limeglass

④ Leadglass⑤ Borosilicateglass⑥ Glassfiber

⑦ Widowglassandplateglass.

Silicate industries

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SilicateIndustries–Cement

Cementisthegenericnameforpowderedmaterialswhich

ini\allyhaveaplas\cflowwhenmixedwithwaterorother

liquid,butformsolidstructureinseveralhourswithvarying

degreeofstrengthandbondingproper\eswhichcon\nueto

improvewithage.

Silicate industries

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SilicateIndustries–Cement

Generaltypesofcement

I.  Portlandcement

II.  Highalumina

III.  Hydraulichydratedlime

Silicate industries

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SilicateIndustries–Cement

Sulfur Industries

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References

1.  DrydenC.E,OutlinesofChemicaltechnology–forthe21stCentury,3rdedi\on,East-WestPress(2004)

2.  Aus\nG.T,Shreve’sChemicalProcessIndustries,5thedi\on,McGrawHillInterna\onaledi\ons(1984)