Chapter 8
Fraud, Internal
Control, and Cash
Accounting Principles, Ninth Edition
* Study ObjectivesStudy Objectives* Study ObjectivesStudy Objectives
1. Menjelaskan kecurangan dan pengendalian internal
2. Mengidentifikasi prinsip-prinsip pengendalian internal
3. Menjelaskan penerapan prinsip-prinsip pengendalian pada penerimaan kas
4. Menjelaskan prinsip-prinsip pengendalian internal pada pengeluaran kas
5. Menguraikan operasional dana kas kecil
6. Mengindikasikan fitur pengendalian akun (rekening) bank
7. Membuat rekonsiliasi bank
8. Menjelaskan pelaporan kas
FraudFraud
The Sarbanes-The Sarbanes-Oxley ActOxley Act
Internal controlInternal control
Principles of Principles of internal controlinternal control
LimitationsLimitations
Cash equivalentsCash equivalents
Restricted cashRestricted cash
Compensating Compensating balancesbalances
Making depositsMaking deposits
Writing checksWriting checks
Bank statementsBank statements
Reconciling the Reconciling the bank accountbank account
Electronic funds Electronic funds transfer (EFT) transfer (EFT) systemsystem
Cash receipts Cash receipts controlscontrols
Cash Cash disbursements disbursements controlscontrols
Fraud and Fraud and Internal ControlInternal Control
Fraud and Fraud and Internal ControlInternal Control Cash ControlsCash ControlsCash ControlsCash Controls
Control Control Features: Use of Features: Use of
a Banka Bank
Control Control Features: Use of Features: Use of
a Banka BankReporting CashReporting CashReporting CashReporting Cash
Fraud, Internal Control, and CashFraud, Internal Control, and CashFraud, Internal Control, and CashFraud, Internal Control, and Cash
Tindakan tidak jujur yang dilakukan oleh karyawan yang hasilnya untuk keuntungan pribadi.
* Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control* Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control
FraudFraud
SO 1 Define fraud and internal control.SO 1 Define fraud and internal control.
Why does fraud occur?
Illustration 8-1
Perusahaan harus:
Mengembangkan aturan-aturan pengendalian melalui laporan keuangan.
Menguji secara berkala bahwa pengendalian internal bekerja dengan baik.
* Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control* Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control
The Sarbanes-Oxley ActThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Independent auditors harus menguji kecukupan pengendalian internal.
SOX created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)DPR AS.
SO 1 Define fraud and internal control.SO 1 Define fraud and internal control.
Metode dan penerapan digunakan untuk:
1. Mengmankan aset
2. Memberikan informasi bisnis yang akurat
3. Meningkatkan efisiensi operasi
4. Memastikan telah mematuhi hukum dan peraturan yang berlaku.
* Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control* Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control
SO 1 Define fraud and internal control.SO 1 Define fraud and internal control.
Internal ControlInternal Control
Internal control systems have five primary components
1. Lingkungan pengendalian
2. Penilaian risiko
3. Prosedur pengendalian
4. Informasi dan komunikasi
5. pengawasan
* Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control* Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control
SO 1 Define fraud and internal control.SO 1 Define fraud and internal control.
Internal ControlInternal Control
mengukur
Penilaian manajemen terhadap risiko yang mungkin terjadi.
Ukuran dan sifat perusahaan.
SO 2 Identify the principles of internal control.SO 2 Identify the principles of internal control.
Principles of Internal Control Principles of Internal Control ActivitiesActivities
Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control
6 prinsip aktivitas pengendalian internal:
Pembentukan tanggung jawab Pemisahan tugas Prosedur dokumentasi Pengendalian fisik Verifikasi internal independen Pengendalian sumber daya manusia
SO 2 Identify the principles of internal control.SO 2 Identify the principles of internal control.
ESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBILITYESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY
Pengendalian yang paling efektif ketika seseorang Pengendalian yang paling efektif ketika seseorang bertanggung jawab ats tugas yang diberikan.bertanggung jawab ats tugas yang diberikan.
SEGREGATON OF DUTIESSEGREGATON OF DUTIES
Berkaitan dengan tugasBerkaitan dengan tugas, , bagian penghitungan fisikbagian penghitungan fisik bagian pencatatanbagian pencatatan, , harus dilakukan oleh orang yang harus dilakukan oleh orang yang berbedaberbeda..
DOCUMENTATION PROCEDURESDOCUMENTATION PROCEDURES
Perusahaan harus menggunakan penomoran dokumen Perusahaan harus menggunakan penomoran dokumen dan semua dokumen harus dapat dipertanggung dan semua dokumen harus dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.jawabkan.
Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control
Principles of Internal Control Principles of Internal Control ActivitiesActivities
SO 2 Identify the principles of internal control.SO 2 Identify the principles of internal control.
PHYSICAL CONTROLS Illustration 8-2
Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control
Principles of Internal Control Principles of Internal Control ActivitiesActivities
SO 2 Identify the principles of internal control.SO 2 Identify the principles of internal control.
INDEPENDENT INTERNAL VERIFICATION
1. Verifikasi catatan secara periodik atau secara surprise.
2. Catatan harus diverifikasi oleh karyawan independen.
3. Jika terjadi perbedaan harus dilaporkan kepada mnajemen.
Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control
Illustration 8-3
Principles of Internal Control Principles of Internal Control ActivitiesActivities
SO 2 Identify the principles of internal control.SO 2 Identify the principles of internal control.
Pengendalian sumber daya manusia
1. Mengikat karyawan yang memegang kas.
2. Merotasi tugas karyawan dan meminta karyawan untuk mengambil cuti.
3. Lakukan pemerikasaan latar belakang karyawan.
Fraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal ControlFraud and Internal Control
Principles of Internal Control Principles of Internal Control ActivitiesActivities
Pengendalian penerimaan kasPengendalian penerimaan kas
SO 3 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash SO 3 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash receipts.receipts.
Verifikasi internal independen
Supervisor menghitung
penerimaan kas harian, bendahara
membandingkan total penerimaan dengan setoran bank harian
Pembentukan tanggung jawab
Hanya ditujukan kepada pihak yang memiliki wewenang untuk menerima kas
Pemisahan tugas
Individu yang berbeda menerima
kas, mencatat penerimaan kas, dan
memegang kas.
Prosedur dokumentasi
Gunakan slip pembayaan, pita
mesin kas, dan slip setoran.
Pengendalian fisik, mekanik, dan elektronik
Simpan kas ditempat yang
aman dan dijaga oleh bank, batasi
akses ke area penyimpanan;
gunakan mesin kas
Pengendalian SDM
Pantau pihak yang memegang kas; minta karyawan
untuk mengambil cuti; setor ke bank
secara harianIllustration 8-4
Cash ControlsCash ControlsCash ControlsCash Controls
* Cash ControlsCash Controls* Cash ControlsCash Controls
Kas meliputi uang logam, uang kertas, cek, giro, wesel, dan simpanan dalam bank.
Penerimaan kas diperoleh dari:
Penjualan secara tunai
Pelunasan piutang dari pelanggan
Menerima bunga, sewa, dan mendapat dividen
Investasi dari pemilik
Pinjaman daribank
Proses from penjualan aset tidak lancar.SO 3 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash SO 3 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash
receipts.receipts.
* Over-Over-the-the-Counter Counter ReceiptsReceipts
* Over-Over-the-the-Counter Counter ReceiptsReceipts
SO 3 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash SO 3 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash receipts.receipts.
Illustration 8-4
*Mail ReceiptsMail Receipts*Mail ReceiptsMail Receipts
Prosedur pengendalian:
Penerimaan surat harus dibuka oleh dua orang, siapkan daftar cek, and periksa pendukungnya (nama penerbit cek, tujuan pembayaran, dan jumlah cek.
Buat salinan cek, dan kirim kebagian kasir.
Kasir menambahkan cek ke penerimaan over-the-counter dan buat laporan kas secara harian dan kirimkan ke bank secara harian.
Salinan daftar dikirim ke bendahara sebagai pembanding dengan jumlah surat (cek) yang ditujukan pada laporan harian kas.SO 3 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash SO 3 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash
receipts.receipts.
Umumnya, pengendalian internal atas pengeluaran kas lebih efektif melalui pembayaran cek, dari pada dengan uang tunai.
penerapannya:
Sistem voucher
Dana kas kecil (petty cash)
* Cash ControlsCash Controls* Cash ControlsCash Controls
SO 4 Explain the applications of internal SO 4 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash control principles to cash disbursements.disbursements.
Cash Disbursements ControlsCash Disbursements Controls
* Cash ControlsCash Controls* Cash ControlsCash Controls
Independent Internal
Verification
Bandingkan cek dengan faktur, rekonsiliasikan
laporan bank secara bulanan
Establishment of Responsibility
Hanya ditujukan kepada pihak yg
memiliki wewenang untuk
menandatangani cek (bendahara)
Segregation of Duties
Individu yang berbeda
mengesahkan dan melakukan
pembayaran; penanda tangan cek
tidak mencatat pengeluaran
Documentation Procedures
Gunakan cek yg diberi penomoran sebelumnya
(prenumbered) dan diurutkan, setiap cek
harus memiliki tagihan yg disetujui; meminta
karyawan utk menggunakan kartu kredit
perusahaan utk penggantian biaya yg
dikeuarkan.
Physical ControlsSimpan cek kosong di tempat yang aman,
dengan akses terbatas; tulis jumlah cek dengan menggunakan tinta yang
tidak bisa dihapus.
Illustration 8-6Cash Disbursements ControlsCash Disbursements Controls
Human Resource Controls
Mengikat karyawan yang menghandel
uang;Meminta karyawan untuk mengambil
cuti;Periksa latar
belakang karyawan.
The use of prenumbered checks in disbursing cash is an application of the principle of:
a. establishment of responsibility.
b. segregation of duties.
c. physical, mechanical, and electronic controls.
d. documentation procedures.
Review QuestionReview Question
* Cash ControlsCash Controls* Cash ControlsCash Controls
SO 4 Explain the applications of internal SO 4 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash control principles to cash disbursements.disbursements.
Sistem Voucher
Jaringan persetujuan oleh individu yang berwenang secara independen untuk memastikan bahwa seluruh pengeluaran melalui cek adalah tepat.
Voucher adalah formulir yang telah dipersiapkan dan telah diotorisasi untuk semua transaksi pengeluaran.
* Cash ControlsCash Controls* Cash ControlsCash Controls
SO 4 Explain the applications of internal SO 4 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash control principles to cash disbursements.disbursements.
Cash Disbursements ControlsCash Disbursements Controls
Dana kas kecil (petty cash) – digunakan untuk membayar jumlah pengeluaran yang relatif kecil.
Meliputi:
1. Pembentukan dana,
2. Melakukan pembayaran dari dana, dan
3. Mengisi ulang dana.
* Cash ControlsCash Controls* Cash ControlsCash Controls
SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.
Cash Disbursements ControlsCash Disbursements Controls
Illustration: jika Laird company memutuskan untuk membentuk dana sebesar $100 pada tanggal 1 maret, maka ayat jurnalnya:
* Cash ControlsCash Controls* Cash ControlsCash Controls
SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.
Petty cash 100Mar. 1
Cash 100
Illustration: asumsikan tgl 15 maret penjaga (kustodian) kas kecil meminta cek sebesar $87, dana terdiri dari uang tunai $13 dan tanda terima kas kecil untuk beban pos $44, biaya angkut $38, dan beban lain-lain $5. ayat jurnal umum yang diperlukan adalah:
* Cash ControlsCash Controls* Cash ControlsCash Controls
SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.
Postage expense 44Mar. 15
Cash 87
Freight-out 38
Miscellaneous expense 5
Illustration: Occasionally, the company may need to recognize a cash shortage or overage. Asumsikan pada contoh sebelumnya bahwa penjaga (kustodian) kas hanya memiliki uang tunai $12 ditambah tanda terima sebagaimana dituliskan di atas. Dengan demikian, permintaan reimbursement menjadi $88. ayat jurnal yang diperlukan:
* Cash ControlsCash Controls* Cash ControlsCash Controls
SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.
Postage expense 44Mar. 15
Cash 88
Freight-out 38
Miscellaneous expense 5
Cash over and short 1
Kontribusi pengendalian internal yang baik terhadap kas:
Meminimalisasi jumlah uang yang ada di tangan.
Membuat catatan ganda (rangkap) atas transaksi bank.
Rekonsiliasi bank.
* Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank* Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
SO 6 Indicate the control features of a bank account.SO 6 Indicate the control features of a bank account.
Membuat setoran bankOtorisasi karyawan harus menyetokan ke bank.
SO 6 Indicate the control features of a bank account.SO 6 Indicate the control features of a bank account.
Nomor kode bank
Bagian depan
Bagian belakang
Illustration 8-8
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
Writing ChecksCatatan yang dibuat depositor untuk meminta bank membayar sejumlah uang kepada penerima.
SO 6 Indicate the control features of a bank account.SO 6 Indicate the control features of a bank account.
pembuat
penerima
Illustration 8-9
Pembayar/bank
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
Laporan Bank
Memorandum Debit
Biaya adminstrasi bak (Bank service charge)
Dana tidak mecukupi/NSF (not sufficient funds)
SO 6 Indicate the control features of a bank account.SO 6 Indicate the control features of a bank account.
Illustration 8-10
Memorandum kredit
Menagih puitang wesel.
Mendapatkan bunga.
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
The control features of a bank account do not include:
a. having bank auditors verify the correctness of the bank balance per books.
b. minimizing the amount of cash that must be kept on hand.
c. providing a double record of all bank transactions.
d. safeguarding cash by using a bank as a depository.
Review QuestionReview Question
SO 6 Indicate the control features of a bank account.SO 6 Indicate the control features of a bank account.
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
Rekonsiliasi rekening bank
SO 7 Prepare a bank reconciliation.SO 7 Prepare a bank reconciliation.
rekonsiliasi saldo per buku dan saldo per bank untuk menyesuaikan (mengoreksi) saldo kas.
Item-item dalam rekonsiliasi:
1. Deposits in transit/setoran dalam perjalanan.
2. Outstanding checks/cek yang masih beredar.
3. Errors/kesalahan.
4. Bank memoranda/memorandum bank.
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
Reconciliation Procedures
SO 7 Prepare a bank reconciliation.SO 7 Prepare a bank reconciliation.
+ Deposit in Transit
- Outstanding Checks
+- Bank Errors
+ Notes collected by bank
- NSF (bounced) checks
- Check printing or other service charges
+- Company Errors
CORRECT BALANCE CORRECT BALANCE
Illustration 8-11
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
Illustration: Illustration: laporan bank utk Laird Company (Illustration 8-11), menunjukkan saldo per bank of $15,907.45 pada 30 april 2010. pada tanggal ini saldo kas per buku $11,589.45. menggunakan 4 langkah rekonsiliasi, tentukan rekonsiliasi berdasarkan item-item dibawah ini:
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
Illustration: Illustration: a) Prepare a bank reconciliation at April 30.
SO 7 Prepare a bank reconciliation.SO 7 Prepare a bank reconciliation.
Cash balance per bank statement $15,907.45
Add: Deposit in transit 2,201.40
Less: Outstanding checks (5,904.00)
Adjusted cash balance per bank $12,204.85
Cash balance per books $11,589.45
Collection of notes + interest - fee 1,035.00
Add: Error in recording check no. 443 36.00
Less: NSF check (425.60)
Bank service charge (30.00)
Adjusted cash balance per books $12,204.85
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
Illustration 8-12
Catatan perusahaan tiap item rekonsiliasi yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan penyesuaian saldo kas per buku.
Penagihan piutang wesel: diasumsikan bungan $50 belum diakui dan biaya penagihan dibebankan ke beban lain-lain, maka ayat jurnalnya:
SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.
Cash 1,035.00Apr. 30
Miscellaneous expense 15.00
Notes receivable1,000.00Interest revenue
50.00
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
Book Error: jurnal pengeluaran kas menunjukkan bahwa cek no.443 merupakan pembayaran ke andrea company. Ayat jurnal koreksinya adalah:
SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.
Cash 36.00Apr. 30
Accounts payable-andrea company36.00
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
NSF Check: Cek kosong/NSF menjadi piutang bagi pihak deposan. Jurnalnya:
SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.SO 5 Describe the operation of a petty cash fund.
Accounts receivable 425.60Apr. 30
Cash425.60
Bank Service Charges: biaya pencetakan cek (DM) dan biaya jasa bank lainnya (SC) didebit ke beban lain-lain. jurnalnya:
Miscellaneous 30.00Apr. 30
Cash30.00
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
The reconciling item in a bank reconciliation that will result in an adjusting entry by the depositor is:
a. outstanding checks.
b. deposit in transit.
c. a bank error.
d. bank service charges.
Review QuestionReview Question
SO 7 Prepare a bank reconciliation.SO 7 Prepare a bank reconciliation.
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
Electronic Funds Transfers (EFT)
Disbursement systems that uses wire, telephone, or computers to transfer cash balances between locations.
EFT transfers normally result in better internal control since no cash or checks are handled by company employees.
Control Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a BankControl Features: Use of a Bank
SO 7 Prepare a bank reconciliation.SO 7 Prepare a bank reconciliation.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the reporting of cash?
a. Cash cannot be combined with cash equivalents.
b. Restricted cash funds may be combined with Cash.
c. Cash is listed first in the current assets section.
d. Restricted cash funds cannot be reported as a current asset.
Review QuestionReview Question
Reporting CashReporting CashReporting CashReporting Cash
SO 8 Explain the reporting of cash.SO 8 Explain the reporting of cash.