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1. When selecting an operating system, you must consider the
current and future requirements for application software to meet
the needs of the organization. In addition, your choice of a
particular operating system must be consistent with your choice of
hardware. Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two
basic kinds of software Outline the role of the operating system
and identify the features of several popular operating systems
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 2
2. Do not develop proprietary application software unless doing
so will meet a compelling business need that can provide a
competitive advantage Discuss how application software can support
personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives Identify
three basic approaches to developing application software and
discuss the pros and cons of each Principles of Information
Systems, Seventh Edition 3
3. Choose a programming language whose functional
characteristics are appropriate for the task at hand, taking into
consideration the skills and experience of the programming staff
Outline the overall evolution of programming languages and clearly
differentiate among the five generations of programming languages
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 4
4. The software industry continues to undergo constant change;
users need to be aware of recent trends and issues to be effective
in their business and personal life Identify several key issues and
trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 5
5. An Overview of Software Computer programs: sequences of
instructions for the computer Documentation: describes program
functions to help user operate computer system Systems software:
set of programs that coordinates the activities of hardware and
programs Application software: programs that help users solve
particular problems Principles of Information Systems, Seventh
Edition 6
6. Table 4.1: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of
Influence Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 7
7. Systems Software: Operating Systems Operating system (OS): a
set of computer programs that controls the computer hardware and
acts as an interface with application programs Kernel: ties all of
the components of the OS together and regulates other programs;
controls the most critical processes Principles of Information
Systems, Seventh Edition 8
8. Operating Systems (continued) Activities performed by the
operating system: Perform common computer hardware functions
Provide a user interface and input/output management Provide a
degree of hardware independence Manage system memory Principles of
Information Systems, Seventh Edition 9
9. Operating Systems (continued) Activities performed by the
operating system: Manage processing tasks Provide networking
capability Control access to system resources Manage files
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 10
10. Figure 4.2: Operating system as interface between
application software and hardware Principles of Information
Systems, Seventh Edition 11
11. Operating Systems (continued) Common hardware functions Get
input from the keyboard or some other input device Retrieve data
from disks Store data on disks Display information on a monitor or
printer Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 12
12. Operating Systems (continued) User interface and
input/output management User interface: allows individuals to
access and command the computer system Command-based user
interface: requires that text commands be given to the computer to
perform basic activities Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons
and menus displayed on screen to send commands to computer system
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 13
13. Operating Systems (continued) Application program interface
(API): allows applications to make use of the operating system
Memory management: control how memory is accessed and maximize
available memory and storage Principles of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition 14
14. Figure 4.3: Application Program Interface Links Application
Software to the Operating System Principles of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition 15
15. Operating Systems (continued) Processing tasks
Multitasking: capability allowing more than one program to run at
the same time Time-sharing: allows more than one person to use a
computer system at the same time Scalability: ability of the
computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users
smoothly Networking capability: features and capabilities of the OS
that aid users in connecting to a computer network Principles of
Information Systems, Seventh Edition 16
16. Operating Systems (continued) Access to system resources
Protection against unauthorized access Logins and passwords File
management: ensures that files in secondary storage are available
when needed and that they are protected from access by unauthorized
users Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 17
17. Table 4.3: Popular Operating Systems Cross All Three
Spheres of Influence Principles of Information Systems, Seventh
Edition 18
18. Current Operating Systems Microsoft PC operating systems
Apple computer operating systems Linux Principles of Information
Systems, Seventh Edition 19
19. Workgroup Operating Systems Windows Server UNIX NetWare
RedHat Linux Mac OS X Server Principles of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition 20
20. Enterprise Operating Systems z/OS MPE/iX and HP-UX Linux
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 21
21. Operating Systems for Small Computers and Special-Purpose
Devices Palm OS Windows Embedded Windows Mobile Principles of
Information Systems, Seventh Edition 22
22. Utility Programs Utility programs are used to: Merge and
sort sets of data Keep track of computer jobs being run Compress
data files before they are stored or transmitted over a network
Perform other important tasks Principles of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition 23
23. Utility Programs (continued) Hardware utilities
Virus-detection and virus-recovery utilities File-compression
utilities Spam and pop-up blocker utilities Principles of
Information Systems, Seventh Edition 24
24. Utility Programs (continued) Network and Internet utilities
Server and mainframe utilities Other utilities Principles of
Information Systems, Seventh Edition 25
25. Table 4.4: Examples of Utility Programs Principles of
Information Systems, Seventh Edition 26
26. Application Software Primary function is to apply the power
of the computer to give individuals, workgroups, and the entire
enterprise the ability to solve problems and perform specific tasks
Application programs interact with systems software; systems
software then directs the computer hardware to perform the
necessary tasks Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition
27
27. Types and Functions of Application Software Proprietary
software: a one-of-a-kind program for a specific application,
usually developed and owned by a single company Off-the-shelf
software: existing software programs that are purchased Principles
of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 28
28. Table 4.5: A Comparison of Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf
Software Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 29
29. Table 4.5: A Comparison of Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf
Software (continued) Principles of Information Systems, Seventh
Edition 30
30. Personal Application Software Serve the needs of an
individual user Include personal productivity software, which
enable users to improve their personal effectiveness Principles of
Information Systems, Seventh Edition 31
31. Table 4.6: Examples of Personal Productivity Software
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 32
32. Table 4.6: Examples of Personal Productivity Software
(continued) Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition
33
33. Workgroup Application Software Workgroup application
software: designed to support teamwork, whether people are in the
same location or dispersed around the world Groupware: software
that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and
effectively Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition
34
34. Table 4.8: Ernst & Youngs Three Cs Rule for Groupware
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 35
35. Enterprise Application Software Software that benefits an
entire organization Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: a
set of integrated programs that manage a companys vital business
operations for an entire multisite, global organization Principles
of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 36
36. Table 4.9: Examples of Enterprise Application Software
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 37
37. Programming Languages Programming languages: sets of
keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing
statements Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed
by a computer Different languages have different characteristics
Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 38
38. Table 4.11: The Evolution of Programming Languages
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 39
39. First Generation Machine language Required use of binary
symbols (0s and 1s) Principles of Information Systems, Seventh
Edition 40
40. Second Generation Assembly languages Use symbols rather
than binary digits Assemblers: programs that translate assembly
languages into machine code Principles of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition 41
41. Third Generation Greater use of symbolic code Examples:
BASIC, COBOL, C, and FORTRAN Compiler: a software program that
converts the programmers source code into the machine-language
instructions consisting of binary digits Principles of Information
Systems, Seventh Edition 42
42. Figure 4.18: How a Compiler Works Principles of Information
Systems, Seventh Edition 43
43. Fourth Generation 4GLs: fourth-generation languages Easier
to use, and more English-like, than third generation languages
Programs tell the CPU the desired results, not how to get them
Examples: SQL, SAS Principles of Information Systems, Seventh
Edition 44
44. Languages Beyond the Fourth Generation Artificial
intelligence, visual, and object-oriented languages Easier for
nonprogrammers to use Programming languages used to create
artificial intelligence or expert systems applications are called
fifth-generation languages (5GLs) Visual languages use a graphical
or visual interface for program development Object-oriented
programming languages are based on objects (data and the actions
that can be performed on it) Principles of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition 45
45. Software Issues and Trends Software bugs: defects in a
computer program that keep it from performing in the manner
intended Copyrights and licenses Open-source software: software
that is freely available to anyone in a form that can be easily
modified Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 46
46. Software Issues and Trends (continued) Shareware and
freeware: software that is very inexpensive or free, but whose
source code cannot be modified Multiorganizational software
development Software upgrades Global software support Principles of
Information Systems, Seventh Edition 47
47. Summary Computer programs: sequences of instructions for
the computer Systems software: coordinates the activities of
hardware and programs Applications software: helps users solve
particular problems Operating system (OS): a set of computer
programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an
interface with application programs Principles of Information
Systems, Seventh Edition 48
48. Summary (continued) Graphical user interface (GUI): a user
interface that uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send
commands to the computer system Time-sharing allows more than one
person to use a computer system at the same time Proprietary
software: a one-of-a-kind program designed for a specific
application, usually developed and owned by a single company
Off-the-shelf software: existing software program that is purchased
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 49
49. Summary (continued) Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
software: manages a companys vital business operations for an
entire multisite, global organization Programming languages allow
humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer
Programming languages can be classified as first generation, second
generation, third generation, fourth generation, and languages
beyond the fourth generation Principles of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition 50