Ch01.Ppt (Ind)

GODFREYHODGSONHOLMESTARCACHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Overview of Accounting TheoryWhat is a theory? Hendriksens definition: the coherent set of hypothetical, conceptual and pragmatic principles forming the general framework of reference for a field of inquiry. (set koheren hipotetis, konseptual dan pragmatis prinsip membentuk kerangka acuan umum untuk bidang penyelidikan.)

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Overview of Accounting TheoryWhat is an accounting theory? Hendriksens definition: logical reasoning in the form of a set of broad principles that (penalaran logis dalam bentuk seperangkat prinsip luas yang)provide a general framework of reference by which accounting practice can be evaluated and (memberikan kerangka acuan umum dimana praktik akuntansi dapat dievaluasi dan)guide the development of new practices and procedures. (mengarahkan pengembangan praktik dan prosedur baru.)*

Overview of Accounting TheoryWhether a theory is accepted depends on how: (Apakah teori diterima tergantung pada bagaimana)well it explains and predicts reality (baik itu menjelaskan dan memprediksi realitas)well it is constructed both theoretically and empirically (baik itu dibangun baik secara teoritis dan empiris)acceptable its implications are (diterima implikasinya adalah)

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Overview of Accounting TheoryAccounting theory is a modern concept compared to mathematics or physics (Teori akuntansi adalah konsep modern dibandingkan dengan matematika atau fisika)Even Paciolis treatise on double-entry accounting focused on documenting practice and did not explain the underlying theoretical basis for it (bahkan buku Pacioli yang membahas dengan mendalam pada akuntansi double-entry berfokus pada mendokumentasikan praktek dan tidak menjelaskan dasar teoritis yang mendasari untuk itu)*

Overview of Accounting TheoryThe development of accounting (Perkembangan akuntansi)theory has been mostly unstructured (Teori telah banyak tidak terstruktur)

Chambers:Accounting has frequently been described as a body of practices which have been developed in response to practical needs rather than by deliberate and systematic thinking. (Akuntansi telah sering digambarkan sebagai tubuh praktik yang telah dikembangkan dalam menanggapi kebutuhan praktis bukan oleh pemikiran yang disengaja dan sistematis.)

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Overview of Accounting TheoryWas developed to resolve problems as they arose reactive (Dikembangkan untuk menyelesaikan masalah karena mereka muncul reaktif)Ad hoc approach (Pendekatan Ad Hoc)Led to inconsistencies in practice (Dipimpin inkonsistensi dalam praktek)e.g. different depreciation methods (misalnya metode penyusutan yang berbeda)Accounting standard setting (Akuntansi penetapan standar)Conceptual framework projects have not resolved inconsistency in practice (Proyek kerangka konseptual belum diselesaikan inkonsistensi dalam praktek)*

Pre-theory (1400s 1800)

Goldberg:No theory of accounting was devised from the time of Pacioli down to the opening of the nineteenth century. (Tidak ada teori akuntansi telah dibuat dari waktu Pacioli ke pembukaan abad kesembilan belas.)*

Pragmatic accounting (1800 1955)The general scientific period ('Periode ilmiah umum)based on empirical observation of practice (berdasarkan pengamatan empiris praktek)provided an explanation of accounting practice (memberikan penjelasan tentang praktik akuntansi)focused on the existing viewpoint of accounting (difokuskan pada yang ada 'sudut pandang' akuntansi)

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Normative accounting (1956-1970)Sought to establish norms for the best accounting practice (Berusaha untuk membangun 'norma' untuk praktik akuntansi terbaik)Focused on what should be (the ideal) v. what is(Berfokus pada apa yang seharusnya (ideal) v. Apa yang)

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Normative accounting (1956-1970)Degenerated into battles between competing viewpoints (Berubah menjadi pertempuran antara sudut pandang bersaing)Two groups dominated: (Dua kelompok yang didominasi)conceptual framework proponents (Kerangka pendukung konseptual)critics of historical cost (kritikus biaya historis)*

Normative accounting (1956-1970)Factors prompting the demise of the normative period include (Faktor-faktor yang mendorong runtuhnya periode normatif meliputi)the unlikelihood of one particular normative theory being generally accepted (unlikelihood satu teori normatif tertentu yang berlaku umum)the application of financial economic principles (penerapan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi keuangan)the availability of empirical data and new testing methods (ketersediaan data empiris dan metode pengujian baru)*

Normative accounting (1956-1970)The major criticisms of normative theories were (Kritik utama dari teori normatif adalah)they do not necessarily involve empirical hypothesis testing (mereka tidak selalu melibatkan pengujian hipotesis empiris)they are based on value judgements (mereka didasarkan pada pertimbangan nilai)*

Positive accounting (1950 to the present day)A shift to a new form of empiricism called positive theory (Pergeseran ke bentuk baru empirisme yang disebut 'teori positif)Had its origins in the general scientific period (Memiliki asal-usul dalam 'periode ilmiah umum)It seeks to explain the accounting practices being observed (Ini berusaha untuk menjelaskan praktik akuntansi yang diamati)

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Positive accounting (1950 to the present day)Its objective is to explain and predict accounting practice (Tujuannya adalah untuk menjelaskan dan memprediksi praktik akuntansi)e.g. the bonus plan hypothesis (misalnya rencana bonus hipotesis)

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Positive accounting (1950 to the present day)It helps predict the reactions of players, such as shareholders, to the actions of managers and to reported accounting information (Ini membantu memprediksi reaksi dari 'pemain', seperti pemegang saham, untuk tindakan manajer dan informasi akuntansi yang dilaporkan)

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Positive accounting (1950 to the present day)Major deficiencies are (Kekurangan utama adalah)wealth maximisation has become the answer to explain all accounting practices and reported information ('maksimalisasi kekayaan' telah menjadi jawaban untuk menjelaskan praktik-praktik akuntansi dan melaporkan informasi)it relies excessively on agency theory and dubious assumptions about the efficiency of markets (hal itu bergantung berlebihan pada teori keagenan dan asumsi meragukan tentang efisiensi pasar)*

Positive accounting (1950 to the present day)Behavioural research: (Penelitian Perilaku)concerned with the sociological implications of accounting numbers and the associated actions of key players (prihatin dengan implikasi sosiologis angka akuntansi dan tindakan terkait 'pemain kunci)

emerged in the 1950s (muncul pada 1950-an)

despite growing acceptance since the 1980s, positive accounting theory still dominates (meskipun tumbuh penerimaan sejak tahun 1980-an, teori akuntansi positif masih mendominasi)

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Recent developments (perkembangan terakhir)Academic and professional developments in accounting theory have tended to take different approaches (Perkembangan akademik dan profesional dalam teori akuntansi cenderung untuk mengambil pendekatan yang berbeda)Academic research focuses on capital markets, agency theory and behavioural aspects (Penelitian akademik berfokus pada pasar modal, teori keagenan dan aspek perilaku)The profession has sought a more normative approach what accounting practices should be adopted (Profesi telah mencari pendekatan yang lebih normatif - apa akuntansi praktek harus diadopsi)*

Recent developments*

Recent developmentsConceptual framework resurrected in 1980s (Kerangka konseptual - dibangkitkan di 1980)states the nature and purpose of financial reporting (menyatakan sifat dan tujuan pelaporan keuangan)Establishes criteria for deciding between alternative accounting practices (Menetapkan kriteria untuk memutuskan antara praktik akuntansi alternative)SACs 14*

Recent developmentsConceptual framework Recent DevelopmentsJoint project between IASB & FASB (Proyek bersama antara IASB & FASB)International harmonisation of accounting practices through a single consistent set of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) (Harmonisasi internasional praktek akuntansi melalui serangkaian konsisten tunggal standar pelaporan keuangan internasional (IFRS))

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Recent developmentsThe conceptual framework underpinning the IFRS favours a move toward (Kerangka konseptual yang mendasari IFRS nikmat bergerak ke arah)accounting practices that provide information for enhancing decision making by investors and others (praktik akuntansi yang menyediakan informasi untuk meningkatkan pengambilan keputusan oleh investor dan lain-lain)recognising all gains and losses in the accounting periods in which they occur (mengakui semua keuntungan dan kerugian dalam periode akuntansi di mana mereka terjadi)measurement using exit values (pengukuran menggunakan nilai exit)

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Content outlinePart 1: Accounting theory (chapters 1 3)Part 2: Theory contributing to practice (chapters 4 10)Part 3: Accounting and research (chapters 11 14)*

SummaryAccounting theoryMajor periods of accounting theory developmentNormative accountingPositive accountingConceptual frameworkIFRS

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Key terms and conceptsTheoryAccounting theoryNormative theoryPositive theoryBehavioural theoryConceptual frameworkIFRS*

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