CH01

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions:An Interactive Journey, 1eBruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.

Anatomy &Physiologyfor Health Professions:An Interactive Journey

Chapter 1

Anatomy and Physiology:Learning the Language

Bruce J. ColbertJeff AnkneyKaren Lee




Chapter 1Anatomy and Physiology: Learning the Language

Multimedia Asset Directory

Slide 25 Medical Specialties Video

Slide 32 Vital Signs Video

Slide 46 Medical Assisting Video

Slide 47 Health Information Management Video

Slide 48 Medical Transcription Video




Introduction• Health professionals speak a foreign language

called Medical Terminology.• This chapter will lay the foundation for learning

this new language.• Future chapters will build upon the foundation

that begins here, so at journey’s end you will not only understand anatomy and physiology, but be fluent in the language.




Learning Objectives• Understand the term “Anatomy and Physiology”

and its various related areas• Relate the importance and purpose of medical

terminology to anatomy and physiology• Construct and define medical terms using word

roots, prefixes, and suffixes• Explain the concept and importance of

homeostasis• Contrast the metabolic processes of anabolism

and catabolism




Pronunciation Guide

Anabolism

Anatomy

Catabolism

Diagnosis

Etiology

Homeostasis

Macroscopic Anatomy

Metabolism

Microscopic Anatomy

Pathology

(ah NA bow lizm)

(ah NA tom ee)

(ka TA bow lizm)

(Dye ahg NOH siss)

(ee tee ALL oh jee)

(hoh mee oh STAY siss)

(MAK roh scop ic ah NA tom ee)

(me TA bow lizm)

(MY kroh scop ic ah NA tom ee)

(path ALL oh jee)

Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.




Pronunciation Guide (cont’d)

Physiology

Prognosis

Syndrome

(fiz ee ALL oh jee)

(prog NOH siss)

(SIN drohm)

Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.




Anatomy

• Anatomy is the study of the internal and external structures of the human body.

• The human body is complex and amazing; to truly understand it you must know how it is put together.

• Anatomy is a Greek word meaning “to cut apart.”• Specialties within the field of anatomy include

Microscopic Anatomy and Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy.




Microscopic Anatomy

• Specialized field of anatomy• The study of structures that can only be seen

and studied with magnification aids such as a microscope The study of cellular structures is called cytology. The study of tissue samples is called histology.




Macroscopic Anatomy

• Also called gross anatomy• The study of the structures of the body visible to

the naked, or unaided, eye• Examples include:

The study of the skeletal system Looking at an X-ray (radiology)




Physiology

• Focuses on the function and vital processes of the various structures making up the human body

• Closely related to anatomy because it is the study of how an anatomical structure actually functions

• Deals with all the vital processes of life and is more complex, with more sub-specialties




Subspecialties of Physiology• Human physiology• Animal physiology• Cellular physiology• Neurophysiology




Putting It All Together

• Anatomy focuses on structures and how something is put together.

• Physiology is the study of how these different structures work together to make the body function as a whole.

• The design of the structure is often related to its function.




Putting It All Together (cont’d)

• Human anatomy and physiology forms the foundation for all medical practice.

• Anything that upsets normal structure or function can be called pathology or pathophysiology.




Figure 1-1 A. Normal red blood cells (RBCs) are flexible and donut shaped and move with ease through blood vessels. B. The anatomical distortion of the structure of RBCs in sickle cell anemia affects its normal function to carry oxygen. In addition, the sickle cells lose their ability to bend and pass through the small blood vessels, thereby causing blockages to blood flow.




Medical Terminology

• The language of anatomy and physiology is primarily based on medical terminology.

• Learning medical terminology is easier if you understand the root terms, prefixes, and suffixes that can be put together to form a large variety of terms.

• Each medical term has a basic structure upon which to build, called a word root.

• Prefixes and suffixes are added to root words and can change or alter the meaning.




Figure 1-2 How prefixes and suffixes can be combined with a word root to form many medical terms.




Table 1-1 Common Combining Terms




Table 1-2 Common Prefixes




Table 1-3 Common Suffixes




Forming Medical Terms (cont’d)

• Learning Hint • If a suffix begins with a vowel, drop the vowel in

the combining form.• The medical definition indicates the last part of

the term first, especially when suffixes are used. Inflammation of the stomach is gastritis not itisgast

and one who studies the stomach is a gastrologist, not an ologistgastro.




Forming Medical Terms

• When using prefixes, put the part in the order you say the definition. Slow heart rate is bradycardia, not cardiabrady.




Common MedicalAbbreviations

• Extensively used in the medical profession• Useful in simplifying long, complicated terms for

diseases, diagnostic procedures, and therapies during charting

• You will learn more abbreviations with each chapter




Table 1-4 Common Medical Abbreviations




Professionals who work in medical assisting must become very familiar with medical terminology in their workplace.




Click here to view a video on the topic of Medical Specialties

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The Metric System• The metric system is the mathematical language

of anatomy and physiology.• Two major systems of measurements are used

in the world today. The United States Customary System (USCS)

Used in the US and Myanmar

The Système International (SI) Used everywhere else, especially in healthcare and

pharmaceuticals companies Also known as the Metric System, based on the power of 10




The United States Customary System (USCS)

• Based on the British Imperial System• Different designations for length, weight, and

volume Volume in ounces, pints, quarts, gallons, pounds Distances in inches, feet, yards, and miles Weight in pounds, ounces, and tons

• Commonly called the English System• Cumbersome to use because there is no

common base, with no relationship between each unit




Language of Disease

• Things can go wrong with the human body. • Disease is a condition in which the body fails to

function normally.• The body works to make things function

smoothly and maintain a balance known as homeostasis.

• Eating habits, smoking, inherited traits, trauma, cancer, environmental factors, and aging can alter this balance.




Signs and Symptoms of Disease

• Signs are definitive, objective, obvious indicators of an illness. Vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood

pressure) Fever Cough




Figure 1-3 Taking a pulse is vital to the proper measurement of blood pressure.




Signs and Symptoms of Disease (cont’d)

• Symptoms are more subjective and difficult to measure consistently. Pain – tolerance to pain varies in different people

• A set group of signs and symptoms that commonly occur with a specific disease process is called a syndrome.




Click here to view a video on the topic of Vital Signs

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Diagnosis

• Diagnosis translates from the Greek as “know through or completely.”

• Discovering as many signs and symptoms as possible can aid in making a diagnosis.

• History and results of diagnostic testing is also required.

• Prognosis is the prediction of the outcome of a disease.




Clinical Application:Metabolic Syndrome or Syndrome X• There is a disturbing new syndrome, affecting

nearly one quarter of the United States’ adult population, known as Metabolic Syndrome or Syndrome X.

• Individuals who exhibit this syndrome are at an increased risk for a form of diabetes, heart attack, and/or stroke.

• This syndrome is the result of poor diet and lack of exercise.




Metabolic Syndrome or Syndrome X

• People with this syndrome exhibit three of five common conditions: High blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) High blood pressure (hypertension) Abdominal obesity High triglycerides Low blood levels of HDL (good cholesterol)




Amazing Facts: Bizarre Signs and Symptoms

• There are some strange signs and symptoms that are indications of disease. There are many others that aren’t listed here. Generalized itching – Hodgkin’s disease Sweating at night – Tuberculosis A hunger for clay or starchy paste – Iron deficiency Fruity smelling breath – Diabetes Magenta colored tongue – Riboflavin deficiency




Amazing Facts: Bizarre Signs and Symptoms (cont’d)

• There are some strange signs and symptoms that are indications of disease. There are many others that aren’t listed here. Absence of moons on fingernails – Kidney disease Hairy tongue – Results from improper usage of

antibiotics Spoon shaped fingernails – Iron deficiency Brown linear streaks on fingernails - Melanoma




Metabolism

• Metabolism refers to all of the chemical operations going on within our bodies. Requires various nutrients Waste products are produced Includes all the life sustaining reactions within the

body




Anabolism

• A subdivision of metabolism is anabolism.• Anabolism is the process of simple compounds

being built up and then used to manufacture materials for growth, reproduction, and repair.

• This is the building phase of metabolism.




Catabolism

• Catabolism is the process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances.

• Examples would include the breakdown of food into simpler chemical building blocks for energy.

• An abnormal and extreme example of catabolism is a starvation victim whose body will “feed upon itself” by actually consuming the body’s tissues.




Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the physiologic process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment or equilibrium.

• Survival depends on our ability to maintain homeostasis.

• Homeostatic regulation refers to the adjustments made in the human organism to maintain a stable internal environment. The thermostat in your home is an example of a

homeostatic control in your home.




Negative Feedback Loop

• A continuous feedback loop to determine what required action is needed

• If the feedback opposes the stimulus, it is a negative feedback loop

• The hypothalamus in the brain uses a negative feedback loop to control body temperature and maintain homeostasis.




Positive Feedback

• Positive feedback increases the magnitude of a change versus resisting change.

• This kind of a process is also known as a vicious cycle.

• This is not a way to regulate your body because it increases a change away from a set point.

• Often harmful if the cycle cannot be broken.• An example is the recurrent contraction of the

uterus during childbirth.




Figure 1-4 The homeostatic control of normal body temperature (37°C or 98.6°F).




Clinical Application: A “Breaking” Fever

• Fevers are believed to be a way for the body to make an inhospitable environment for a pathogen. Sweating is often said to be a sign that the fever is “breaking.” A fever sets the hypothalamus to a higher temperature. The body increases metabolism to create more heat. When the cause is resolved, the hypothalamus returns the temperature set point to normal. To quickly reduce temperature, sweating uses evaporation to cool the skin off.




Click here to view a video on the topic of Medical Assisting.

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Click here to view a video on the topic of Health Information Management.

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Click here to view a video on the topic of Medical Transcription.

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Snapshots from the Journey

• Anatomy – study of the internal and external structures of the body

• Physiology – study of how structures normally function

• Pathology – study of disease• Medical terminology – language of medicine

combining root words, prefixes, and suffixes• Metric system – mathematical language of

medicine based on the power of ten




Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d)

• Metabolism – all the chemical operations going on within the body; anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down) are the two primary processes of metabolism.

• Homeostasis – the body’s attempt to maintain a balanced, or stable, environment

• Negative feedback loop – constant monitoring and changing of the body’s environment to maintain homeostasis




Case Study

• A 66-year-old Asian male involved in a vehicular accident is taken to the ICU with SOB and abdominal pain. He has acrocyanosis, tachycardia, and a past medical history of cardiopathy. He weighs 150 pounds and is 5 feet 6 inches tall. His chest X-ray shows an enlarged heart. His facial injuries will require future rhinoplastic surgery. An electrocardiogram and lower GI series is ordered.




Case Study Questions

• Where exactly in the hospital was the patient taken?

• Describe the patient’s color, heart rate, and breathing.

• What is the medical term for what the X-ray showed?

• What future facial surgery will be needed?




End of Chapter Review Questions

1. Which of the following is an example of microscopic anatomy?a. Viewing an x-ray

b. Examining the shape of an organ during an autopsy

c. Classifying a type of bacterial cell

d. Watching how the pupils react to light





2. Acromegaly means which of the following:a. A large stomach

b. Enlarged extremities

c. An inflamed stomach lining

d. A large acrobat





3. The breakdown of sugar in the body for energy is called:a. Anabolism

b. Catabolism

c. Dogabolism

d. Hyperbolism





4. Which of the following is a measurement system based on the power of 10?a. English System

b. British Imperial System

c. Metric System

d. Weights and Measures System





5. The cause of a disease is referred to as the:a. Prognosis

b. Diagnosis

c. Pathology

d. Etiology





6. Ted’s knee injury occurred at last night’s football game. Today his doctor wants to make a small incision and use a device to “look around the joint” to assess the damage. What is the term for this device?____________

7. __________ is the study of the structures of the body, and _____________ is the study of the function of these structures.





8. For years Ali never learned to swim because of her unnatural fear of the water, which is called _______________.

9. Pulse and temperature represent two ____________ signs of the body.

10.Raheem had blood work done that showed a normal number of white blood cells (WBC’s) and red blood cells (RBC’s). What are the respective medical terms for these cell types?




End of ChapterReview Questions

1. Explain the difference between diagnosis and prognosis.

2. Knowing that difficulty swallowing is called dysphagia, what do you think the function of a phagocyte is?

3. Contrast negative and positive feedback loops.

4. Describe one example of homeostasis in your body.

CH01

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