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Systems Analysis and DesignThird Edition
Alan Dennis, Barbara Haley Wixom, and Roberta RothJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slides by Candace S. Garrod
Red Rocks Community CollegeEdited by J.D. Fernandez, Spring 2006
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Introduction to Systems Analysis
and Design
Chapter 1
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The SDLC is composed of four
fundamental phases:
Planning Analysis
Design
Implementation
The Systems DevelopmentLife Cycle (SDLC)
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Each of the phases include a set of
steps, which rely on techniques that
produce specific document files thatprovide understanding about the
project.
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To Understand the SDLC:
Each phase consists of steps that lead
to specific deliverablesThe system evolves through gradual
refinement
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This phase is the fundamental process of
understanding why an information
system should be built.
The Planning phase will also determine
how the project team will go about
building the information system.
The Planning phase is composed of two
planning steps.
Phase I: Planning
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1. During project initiation, the system’s
business value to the organization is
identified (How will it lower costs or increase
revenues?)2. During project management, the project
manager creates a work plan, staffs the
project, and puts techniques in place to help
the project team control and direct the project
through the entire SDLC.
Two Planning Steps
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Phase II: Analysis
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The analysis phase answers the questions ofwho will use the system, what the system willdo, and where and when it will be used.
During this phase the project team investigatesany current system(s), identifies improvementopportunities, and develops a concept for thenew system.
This phase has three analysis steps.
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Three Analysis Steps
1. Analysis strategy: This is developed toguide the projects team’s efforts. Thisincludes an analysis of the current system.
2. Requirements gathering: The analysis ofthis information leads to the development of aconcept for a new system. This concept isused to build a set of analysis models.
3. System proposal: The proposal is presentedto the project sponsor and other keyindividuals who decide whether the projectshould continue to move forward.
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The system proposal or requirements analysis
report is the initial deliverable that describes
what business requirements the new system
should meet.The deliverable from this phase is both an
analysis and a high-level initial design for the
new system.
Requirements Analysis
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Phase III: Design
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In this phases it is decided how the
system will operate, in terms of the
hardware, software, and network
infrastructure; the user interface, forms,
and reports that will be used; and the
specific programs, databases, and files
that will be needed.
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Five Design Steps
1. Design Strategy: This clarifies whether thesystem will be developed by the company oroutside the company.
2. Architecture Design: This describes thehardware, software, and networkinfrastructure that will be used.
3. Database and File Specifications: Thesedocuments define what and where the data
will be stored.4. Program Design: Defines what programs
need to be written and what they will do.
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Phase IV: Implementation
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During this phase, the system is either
developed or purchased (in the case of
packaged software).
This phase is usually the longest and
most expensive part of the process.
The phase has three steps.
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Three Implementation Steps
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System Construction: The system is
built and tested to make sure it performs
as designed.
Installation: Prepare to support the
installed system.
Support Plan: Includes a post-
implementation review.
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A methodology is a formalized approach
to implementing the SDLC.
The methodology will vary depending onwhether the emphasis is on businesses
processes or on the data that supports
the business.
Systems Development
Methodologies
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Process-centered Methodologies
With this methodology, the focus is on defining
the activities associated with the system.
The concentration is on representing the
system concept as a set of processes withinformation flowing into and out of the
processes.
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This methodology focuses on defining
the content of the data storage
containers and how they are organized.
Data-centered methodologies utilize data
models as the core of the system
concept.
Data-centered Methodologies
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This methodology attempts to balancethe focus between processes and data.
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is
used to describe the system concept as acollection of objects incorporating bothdata and processes.
Object-oriented Methodologies
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Category I of the System
Development Methodology:
Structured Design
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Structured design methodologies adopt aformal step-by-step approach to the SDLC thatmoves logically from one phase to the next.
This design methodology introduces the use of
formal modeling or diagramming techniques todescribe a system’s basic business processesand follows a basic approach of two structureddesign categories.
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With waterfall development- basedmethodologies, the analysts and users proceedsequentially from one phase to the next.
The two key advantages of waterfalldevelopment-based methodologies are:
- The system requirements are identified long
before programming begins.- Changes to the requirements are minimized asthe project proceeds.
Waterfall Development
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The two key disadvantages of waterfall
development-based methodologies are:
- The design must be completely specified
before programming begins.- A long time elapses between the
completion of the system proposal in the
analysis phase and the delivery of the system.
Waterfall Development - 2
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Waterfall Development-based Methodology
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This methodology attempts to addressthe long time interval between theanalysis phase and the delivery of the
system.
Parallel Development
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A general design for the entire system is performed and then
the project is divided into a series of distinct subprojects.
C t II f th S t
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Category II of the System
Development Methodology: Rapid
Application Development (RAD)
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RAD-based methodologies adjust the SDLCphases to get some part of system developedquickly and into the hands of the users.
Most RAD-based methodologies recommend
that analysts use special techniques andcomputer tools to speed up the analysis,design, and implementation phases, such asCASE (computer-aided software engineering)tools.
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One possible subtle problem with RAD-based
methodologies is managing user expectations.
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This methodology breaks the overall systeminto a series of versions that are developedsequentially.
The team categorizes the requirements into a
series of versions, then the most important andfundamental requirements are bundled into thefirst version of the system.
The analysis phase then leads into design and
implementation; however, only with the set ofrequirements identified for version 1.
As each version is completed, the team beginswork on a new version.
Phased Development
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Phased Development-based Methodology
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Prototyping-based methodologies perform theanalysis, design and implementation phasesconcurrently.
All three phases are performed repeatedly in acycle until the system is completed.
A prototype is a smaller version of the systemwith a minimal amount of features.
Prototyping
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Prototyping-based Methodology
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Advantage: Provides a system for the
users to interact with, even if it is not
initially ready for use.
Disadvantage: Often the prototype
undergoes such significant changes that
many initial design decisions prove to be
poor ones.
Prototyping
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Throwaway Prototyping-based Methodology
Category III of the System
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Category III of the System
Development Methodology: Agile
Development
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Extreme Programming (XP)
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Key principles of XP include:
Continuous testing
Simple codingClose interaction with the end users to
build systems very quickly
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An Extreme Programming-based
Methodology
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Selecting the Appropriate
Development Methodology
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Selecting a methodology is not simple, asno one methodology is always best.
Many organizations have their own
standards.The next figure summarizes someimportant methodology selection criteria.
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Criteria for Selecting a
Methodology
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Clarity of User Requirements
RAD methodologies of prototyping and
throwaway prototyping are usually more
appropriate when user requirements are
unclear as they provide prototypes forusers to interact with early in the SDLC.
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Project Team Skills and Roles
Projects should consist of a variety of skilledindividuals in order for a system to besuccessful.
Six major skill sets an analyst should have
include:Technical
Business
Analytical
InterpersonalManagement
Ethical
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Categories of Analysts
Business Analyst
Systems Analyst
Infrastructure AnalystChange Management Analyst
Project Manager
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Project Team Roles
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Summary
The Systems Development Lifecycle consistsof four stages: Planning, Analysis, Design, andImplementation
There are six major development
methodologies: the waterfall method, theparallel development method, the phaseddevelopment method, system prototyping,design prototyping, and agile development.
There are five major team roles: businessanalyst, systems analyst, infrastructure analyst,change management analyst and projectmanager.
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