Ch. 6 Sec. 1 The Age of Invention
Dec 25, 2015
Ch. 6 Sec. 1
The Age of Invention
Industrial Revolution Pre-test
1. What is the Industrial Revolution?• Significant change in technology, industry,
and manufacturing
2. In what time period did it occur?• 1700s – 1900s
3. In what country did it begin?• Great Britain, but quickly spread to USA
Industrial Innovations
1865-1905 Second Industrial Revolution beginsMarked by the invention of steel
What began the 1st Industrial Revolution?
- Coal and Steam Engines
Steel
Bessemer Process created a cheaper, faster, more effective way
to produce steel Invented by Henry Bessemer
Where are the major steel centers in the US?
- Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Gary IN
Oil Discovered in 1859 by Edwin
Drake in Titusville PA Oil Boom began in Ohio, PA,
and WV looking for “Black Gold”
Spread to TX in 1901 Elijah McCoy patented a
lubricating cup feeding oil to machines to help them run better
Transportation
1. Railroads 1869 – 1st Transcontinental Railroad Completed
Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR’s joined Bessemer Process had a significant impact on railroad
industry
Benefits of Railroads Increased settlement in west Urbanization Jobs Industrial Growth
2. Automobile Horseless carriage created, leading to
creation of car Limited in use b/c too expensive
3. Airplanes Orville and Wilbur Wright (Wright Brothers)
of Dayton, OH made 1st piloted flight in Kitty Hawk, NC
Communications
1. Telegraph Created by Samuel Morse in 1837 Communicate over wires = Morse Code
2. Telephone Alexander Graham Bell – 1837
3. Typewriter Christopher Sholes – 1867 Created jobs for women
How do these inventions affect our lives today?
Edison and Menlo Park
Edison and his partners at Menlo Park were responsible for the creation of many useful inventions such as : Telegraph that could send 4 messages at one time Phonographs Motion-picture cameras Lightbulb (Lewis Latimer) Electric Power Plant
Electricity in homes, electric streetcars, street lights
Ch. 6 Sec. 2
Rise of Big Business
Capitalism US economic system Individuals control the factors of production,
meaning: Private businesses run industries Competition controls price Businesses determine wages
Laissez-faire capitalism – no government intervention; businesses free to do as they choose
Capitalism is also known as free enterprise or market economy
Critics of Capitalism Karl Marx and his followers believed that
capitalism was harmful to society and the working class
Wanted to create a political system that removed inequalities of wealth known as Marxism or Communism
Communism – government controls factors of production Property and means of production are owned by
everyone in the community Community provides for everyone equally Goal: Create a classless society
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer “survival of the fittest”
Only the strongest people, businesses, and nations would rise to wealth and power
Corporations Large businesses funded by shareholders Many corporations formed trusts and monopolies to
gain more control over the market Carnegie Steel
Vertical Integration – acquired companies that provided the materials and services that his business depended on
Ex: He owned the coal and iron mines that provided materials to make his steel, and bought the railroads and steamship lines used to transport the goods. This allowed him to cut costs and make a bigger profit by controlling every step in the manufacturing process.
Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company One of the first trusts in the US Used both vertical and horizontal integration Horizontal Integration – one company controls the other
companies producing the same product
Railroad Giant
George PullmanManufactured railroad cars that made long-
distance travel more comfortable creating a massive passenger-railroad-car industry
Created company towns, or planned communities for his workers
Hoped it would encourage educated, healthy, peaceful workers
He controlled daily life making many people miserable
Mass Marketing
Companies developed new ways of persuading consumers to purchase their products: Brand names, bright packaging, logos,
advertisements, and slogans
Department stores opened allowing people to buy a variety of products under one roof Targeted women as both employees and customers
Ch. 6 Sec. 3
Labor Strives to Organize
Government and Business
US govt. policies benefited businesses, NOT workers
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) passed – outlawed monopolies and trusts that restrained tradeFailed to define a monopoly, so hard to
enforce law = ineffective
New Working Class
Immigrants Rural Americans moving to the cities African Americans
Moved from South to find better jobs and escape discrimination
Still subjected to discrimination b/c most jobs went to native-born whites over immigrants or African Americans
Usually had most dangerous, dirtiest jobs
Women and ChildrenWomen worked b/c families needed the income# of female workers doubled between 1870 and
1890By 1890 about 20% of children between 10 and
15 worked to make $$$ for their families
Worked in: Textile mills – 1 in 4 workers were younger than 16 Garment factories Canneries Mines Shoe factories
Working Conditions
Long Hours - 12 hours/day Low wages – pennies a day Child labor Unskilled workers made less than skilled
workers Dangerous working conditions – injuries on the
job with no compensation Company towns
Labor Unions
1. Knights of Labor (K of L) Expanded under Terence
V. Powderly Attracted workers who
were often excluded from other unions
Immigrants, Women, African Americans, unskilled workers, skilled workers, but NOT Chinese
Fought For:1. Temperance
2. 8 hr. workday
3. Equal pay for equal work
4. End to child labor
Large union – 700,000 members
Great Upheaval & Haymarket Riot Great Upheaval began in 1877 when railroad
workers went on strike b/c of a pay cut Pres. Hayes ordered federal troops to protect the
railroad, angering workers and leading to strikes in 14 states
Haymarket Riot began in 1886 when 40,000 Chicago workers went on strike against McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. for an 8-hour workday Became a violent confrontation between strikers and
police 60 police wounded, seven police officers and one
civilian dead Police arrested 8 anarchists and four were hanged
Haymarket Riot
May 1, 1886 40,000 workers in Chicago went on strike for an 8 hr. workday
Anarchists took over the strike, and it spun out of control May 3, 1886 there was a police confrontation and 2
people were killed Strikers continued to protest peacefully, but when police
showed up a bomb exploded and shots were fired 60 policemen injured, 7 police killed, 1 civilian dead 8 anarchists convicted and charged with conspiracy – 4
hanged
Unions
2. American Federation of Labor (AFL) Samuel Gompers 1886 Helped skilled workers
As a result of the Haymarket Riots, unskilled workers were forced out of unions
- Businesses put them on blacklists- Forced to sign yellow-dog contracts where they
promised they would not be part of a union
Pullman Strikes
May 1894- Pullman sleeping-car factory workers went on strike b/c of wage cuts and refusal to lower rent or prices in company town
Eugene V. Debs led American Railway Union (ARU) refusing to work or ride on trains with Pullman cars
Result: RR traffic stopped in Midwest and lost a lot of money Asked govt. for help to end strike – govt. sided with
businesses and strikers lost