Ch 6: Long-Term Memory. Long-term vs. Short-term Memory.

Ch 6: Long-Term Memory

Long-term vs. Short-term Memory

Long-Term Memory

Analogy: “Scrapbook” or “treasure chest”

Long-Term Memory

Capacity

Time stored

Coding

Types of Long-Term Memory

Declarative MemorySemantic Memory

Definitions of words

Verb tenses

Arithmetic facts

Historical facts

Scientific facts

Geography facts

Declarative Memory Double Dissociations

Two broken TVs Function 1: Sound Function 2: Picture

TV “A” OK Not working

TV “B” Not working OK

Memory Function 1: Semantic Function 2: Episodic

Gene OK Not working

Italian woman Not working OK

Presentation of one stimulus affects performance on that stimulus when it is presented again

Recognition

Recall

Implicit MemoryRepetition priming

Experiment: recall of spatial layout of a city

Implicit MemoryRepetition priming

Implicit MemoryRepetition priming

Implicit MemoryRepetition priming

Implicit MemoryProcedural memory

Emotional events remembered more easily and vividly

Emotion improves memory, becomes greater with time (may enhance consolidation)

Brain activity: amygdala

Implicit MemoryMemory for Emotional Stimuli

Storing Information in LTM Encoding: acquiring information and

transforming it into memory

Maintenance rehearsalMaintains information but does not transfer

information to LTM

Elaborative rehearsalTransfers information to LTM

The Levels-of Processing View

Basic assumption: Depth of Analysis

Superficial or shallow encoding

Deeper or semantic encoding

The Levels-of Processing View

Basic assumption: Depth of Analysis

Experiment: Trial 1 Trial 2Capital letters?

Rhyming?

Fit into sentence?

BABY monkey

cat fish

plate ocean

Information Storage at the Synapse

The Fragility of New Memories

Retrograde amnesia: loss of memory for events prior to the trauma

Anterograde amnesia: cannot form new memories

Consolidation Transforms new memories from fragile state

to more permanent stateSynaptic consolidation occurs at synapses,

happens rapidlySystems consolidation involves gradual

reorganization of circuits in brain

Forgetting

Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve

http://www.moorshire.com/images/forgettingcurve.jpg

Forgetting

Interference

Proactive interference

Retroactive interference

How does interference work?

Retrieval Cue

Fan effect

Forgetting

The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

Retrieval of Information Mnemonics

Categorization

Other Factors that Aid Encoding Imagery

Creating connections, cues for remembering

Other Factors that Aid Encoding

Self-reference effect

Generation effect

Organizing to-be-remembered information

Amount of processing (black:white; black:train)

Environment (context effect)

Physiological state (state-dependent memory)

Other Factors that Aid Encoding

Encoding Specificity - Context

Encoding Specificity - State

Encoding Specificity - Mood

Improving Learning and Memory

Associate what you are learning to what you already know

Take breaksMemory is better for multiple short study

sessionsConsolidation

Improving Learning and Memory

Distributed versus massed practice effectDifficult to maintain close attention

throughout a long study session

Studying after a break gives feedback about what you already know