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• Why is it so difficult for the computer to recognize objects as we do?
• http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/
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What AI can do
• 50th anniversary in 2006 (from Rodney Brooks)
– The most advanced AI can barely beat a 2-year-old child in object recognition.
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Why AI betrayed?
• Recognizing objects– is much more than just detecting lines, colors,
or shapes.
– requires a large amount of background knowledge.
both implicit and explicit knowledge
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The challenge of object perception
• The stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous
– Inverse projection problem: an image on the retina can be caused by an infinite number of objects
• Objects can be hidden or blurred
– Occlusions are common in the environment
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Figure 5.3 The principle behind the inverse projection problem. The small square stimulus creates a square image on the retina. However, this image could also have been created by the other two shapes and many other stimuli. This is why we say that the image on the retina is ambiguous.
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Fig. 5-4, p. 96
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The Challenge of Object Perception - continued
• Objects look different from different viewpoints– Viewpoint invariance: the ability to recognize
an object regardless of the viewpoint
• The reasons for changes in lightness and darkness in the environment can be unclear
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Fig. 5-6a, p. 96
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Fig. 5-8, p. 97
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Part + Part = Whole?
• Gestalt psychology
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Group discussion
• Given the pictures shown in the slides, write down everything you see
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Fig. 1.
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Fig. 2
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Fig. 3
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Fig 4
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Fig. 5
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Fig. 7aFig. 7b
Fig. 7c
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Three Musicians. P. Picasso
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Woman with a book: P. Picasso
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La lectrice: P. Picasso
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Music. H. Matisse
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Dance. H. Matisse
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View of Toledo: El Greco
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Baptism of Christ: El Greco
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The Burial of Count Orgaz: El Greco
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Metamorphosis of narcissus: S. Dali
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War: S. Dali
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Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cezanne)
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Hokusai
Hiroshige
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What do these pictures tell us?
• Perceiving things is a lot more than just detecting lines, colors, motion, so on.
• We see– Face, body, hands, apples, mountains, legs,