Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 5 Respiratory System
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Chapter 5
Respiratory System
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Respiratory System Function
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and body cells. The process is called respiration. External respiration (breathing): Oxygen passes
from lungs to blood (capillaries) and carbon dioxide passes from capillaries back into lungs to be expelled.
Internal respiration: The body cells take on oxygen from the blood and give back carbon dioxide, which is transported back to the lungs.
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Organs of the Respiratory System
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Structures of the Nasal Passages and Throat
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Respiratory System
nose: lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs; acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air
pharynx (throat): serves as a food and air passageway adenoid: lymphoid tissue located behind the
nasal cavity tonsils: lymphoid tissue located behind the
mouth
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Respiratory System (cont’d)
larynx (voice box): location of the vocal cords
epiglottis: flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing and keeps food from entering the larynx
trachea: passageway for air to the bronchi
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Respiratory System (cont’d)
bronchus: one of two branches from the trachea, which conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides (referred to as a bronchial tree). bronchioles: smallest subdivision of the bronchial
tree alveolus: air sacs at the end of the bronchioles;
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through alveolar walls and capillaries
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Bronchioles and Alveoli
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Respiratory System (cont’d)
lungs: 2 sponge-like organs in the thoracic cavity (right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes) pleura: Serous membrane covering each lung
and lining the thoracic cavity
diaphragm: Muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; aids in breathingmediastinum: Space between the lungs
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Combining Forms for the Respiratory System
adenoid/o
alveol/o
bronch/i, bronch/o
diaphragmat/o
epiglott/o
laryng/o
lob/o
nas/o, rhin/o
pharyng/o
pleur/o pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/opulmon/o
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Combining Forms for the Respiratory System (cont’d)
sept/o
sinus/o
thorac/o
tonsill/o
trache/o
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Combining Forms Commonly Used with Respiratory System Terms
atel/o
capn/o
hem/o, hemat/o
muc/o
orth/o
ox/o, ox/i
py/o
spir/o
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Prefixes
a-, an-
endo-
eu-
pan-
poly-
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Suffixes
-algia -ar, -ary -cele -centesis -eal-ectasis -emia -gram
-graphy -graph -meter -metry -oxia -pexy -phonia -pnea
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Suffixes (cont’d)
-rrhagia
-scope
-scopic
-scopy
-spasm
-stenosis
-stomy
-thorax
-tomy
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Word Parts Meaning Breathing, Oxygen, and Chest Appear as Combining Forms and Suffixes
Meaning Combining Form Suffix
breathing spir/o -pnea
chest thorac/o -thorax
oxygen ox/o, ox/i -oxia
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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts
adenoiditis atelectasis bronchogenic carcinoma hemothorax pansinusitis pneumonitis pneumothorax rhinorrhagia
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Atelectasis Showing Collapsed Alveoli
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(air) / cv / (chest)
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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
asthma
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever or cocci)
emphysema
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
pulmonary embolism
tuberculosis (TB)
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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts
bronchoplasty laryngocentesis lobectomy pleuropexy pneumobronchotomy thoracocentesis or thoracentesis thoracotomy tracheostomy
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(chest) / cv / (surgical puncture to remove fluid)
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Types of Diagnostic Procedures
radiography: x-ray images of internal organs using ionizing radiationnuclear medicine: scans using radioactive material to determine the functional capacity of an organultrasound: sonograms, or echograms, using high-frequency sound waves to create an image of body organs
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Types of Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d)
computed tomography (CT scans): computerized images of body organs in slices, horizontally
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scans): gives information about the body’s biochemistry by placing the patient in a magnetic field
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Types of Diagnostic Procedures(cont’d)
endoscopy: endoscopes, which are lighted, flexible instruments, are used for visual examination of a hollow organ or body cavity
laboratory: diagnostic procedures performed on specimens such as blood, tissue, sputum, and urine
pulmonary function tests: diagnostic tests performed to determine lung function
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Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts
capnometer
endoscope
endoscopic
endoscopy
laryngoscopy
thoracoscope
thoracoscopy
oximeter
polysomnography
spirometer
spirometry
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Pulse Oximetry
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Spirometer
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts
Diagnostic imaging chest CT (computed tomography) scan chest x-ray ventilation-perfusion scanning
Laboratory procedure acid-bacilli (AFB) smear
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d)
Pulmonary function arterial blood gases (ABGs) pulmonary function tests (PFTs) pulse oximetry
Other PPD skin test
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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts
acapnia anoxia aphonia apnea bronchospasm diaphragmatic dysphonia dyspnea
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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)
eupnea hypercapnia hypocapnia hypoxemia hypoxia laryngeal nasopharyngeal rhinorrhea
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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts
airway asphyxia aspirate bronchoconstrictor bronchodilator hyperventilation hypoventilation mucopurulent
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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d)
nebulizer
nosocomial infection
patent
sputum
ventilator
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Abbreviations
ABGsAFBARDSCFCOPDCTCXR
CO2
LLLLTBLUL
O2
OSAPCP
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
PE
PFTs
PSG
RLL
RUL
TB
URIVPS