Ch 4 Morphology Questions? Comments? Last minute Phonology questions?

Ch 4 MorphologyCh 4 Morphology

Questions? Comments?

Last minute Phonology questions?


Chapter 4Chapter 4 Exx: 2, 4, 13, 14, 19, 20 due 5/1 Problem Set 3 due 5/6

MIDTERM is Tuesday 5/6!


Morphology

The part of the grammar that is concerned with words and word formation Lexicon - your mental dictionary - the filing cabinet drawer for how words are put together and what the meanings of these different parts are Word - the smallest free form found in language (it does not have to occur in fixed position with respect to other forms)

Morphology

Slide 1


Morphology

Morpheme - the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function (builder has 2 morphemes: build and -er) Simple words - contain only 1 morpheme Complex words - contain more than 1 morpheme Free morpheme - a morpheme that can be a word by itself Bound morpheme - a morpheme that must be attached to another element

Morphology

Slide 2


Morphology Identifying Morphemes

A morpheme can carry info about meaning or function. Haunt cannot be broken down into h + aunt because only aunt has meaning. Bats can be broken down into 2 morphemes: bat + -s (where the 2nd morpheme means more than one).The meanings of individual morphemes should contribute to the overall meaning of the word. pumpkin cannot be broken down into pump + kin because the meaning of pumpkin has nothing to do with that.A morpheme is not the same thing as a syllable. treat = 1 morpheme and 1 syllable; dracula = 1 morpheme and 3 syllables; -s (PLURAL) in English = 1 morpheme and is not even 1 syllable.Often during word formation, changes in pronunciation and/or spelling occur. These do not affect a morpheme’s status as a morpheme.

scare + -y = scary (root = scare); scary + -er = scarier (root = scare)

Morphology

Slide 3


Morphology PracticeWORD # of Morphemes FREE BOUND

2 erase -er

1 wicked

2 valid in-

1 invalid

2 walk -ed

2 Jack -s

5 act re-, -ive, -ate, -tion

eraser

wicked

invalid (A)

invalid (N)

walked

Jack’s

reactivation

Morphology

Practice 4


Morphology PracticeHow to solve morphology problems: isolate and identify all the morphemes in the data. To do this, identify recurring strings of sounds and match them with recurring meanings.

Mende (Sierra Leone) What is the morpheme meaning ‘the’? -i

If [sale] means ‘proverb’, what is the form for ‘the proverb’?

[salei]

If [kpindii] means ‘the night’, what does [kpindi] mean?

‘night’

Morphology

Practice 5


Morphology PracticeHow to solve morphology problems: isolate and identify all the morphemes in the data. To do this, identify recurring strings of sounds and match them with recurring meanings.

Turkish slide - What morphemes mean

Morphology

Practice 6

Ch 4 MorphologyCh 4 Morphology Morphology

Practice 8

Ch 4 MorphologyCh 4 Morphology Morphology

Practice 8


Morphology Practice

ROOT PLURAL POSSESSIVE POSTPOSITION

Turkish - What is the order of morphemes

Morphology

Practice 9


Morphology PracticeTurkish handout - English/Turkish translation

Morphology

Practice 10


Morphology

Allomorphs - the variant forms of a morpheme English indefinite article has 2 allomorphs: a and anEnglish plural has 3 allomorphs - what are they? cats, dogs, horses

Morphology

Slide 11


Morphology Word structure Root - the core of the word and carries the major component of meaning Lexical category - Noun (N), Adjective (A), Verb (V), Preposition (P) Affixes - general term for a morpheme that does not have a lexical category, and is always bound Base is the form to which an affix is attached (most cases it is the root)

Morphology

Slide 12


Morphology Practice

WORD # of Morphemes ROOTROOT

CATEGORYWORD

CATEGORY

3 kind adjective noun

2 amaze V N

2 honest A A

3 love N A

2 tree N N

3 read V V

3 person N A

kindnesses

amazement

dishonest

lovelier

trees

rereads

impersonal

Morphology

Practice 13


Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness1) Identify the root

kindness

A

Morphology

Slide 14


Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness2) Attach the suffix and determine lexical category of the word

A

kindness

N

Af

Morphology

Slide 15


Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindnesses1) Identify the root

kindnesses

A

Morphology

Slide 16


Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness2) Attach the 1st affix and determine lexical category of the word

A

kindnesses

N

Af

Morphology

Slide 17


Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness3) Attach the 2nd affix to the new base and determine lexical category of the resulting word

A

kindnesses

N

Af

Af

N

Morphology

Slide 18


Morphology Affixes can be suffixes, prefixes or infixes

Infixes must be morphemes inserted into the root of the word, and not just adding another prefix or suffix to an existing onefreakin’ as an infix: abso-freakin-lutely not *absolute-freakin-lya true English infix?

Problems: some words that have an affix no longer allow the root to be a free form - unkempt, inept, overwhelmed - any others? Some words appear to have affixes but are considered one morpheme - receive, submit, permit (still formed with other affixes like they do have affixes though - permission, reception)

Morphology

Slide 19


Morphology Derivation - an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from its base (see Table 4.6, p. 119) Complex derivations - when there are multiple affixes Structurally ambiguous words - unlockable

Af

unlockable

V

V

unlockable

A

V Af

Af

A

Af

A

Morphology

Slide 20


Morphology Constraints on derivation - suffix -ant cannot affix to native English words, only borrowed words from Latin (p. 121) Sometimes constraint is phonological - -en can only attach as a suffix to a monosyllabic base ending in an obstruent.

Morphology

Slide 21


Morphology 2 different classes of affixes: Class 1 affix - triggers phonological changes in consonants or vowels of the base (see Table 4.9, p. 127) - stress shifts (not talking about spelling) Class 2 affix - phonologically neutral, having no effect on base or stress of resulting word (see Table 4.10, p. 127) (not talking about spelling) Usually, Class 2 affixes cannot come between Class 1 affixes and the root. *fearlessity, but ok fearlessness, relational, divisiveness

Morphology

Slide 22


Morphology Practice

Draw a word tree for lovlier -- How many morphemes?

N

love li er

A

Af

Af

A

How many morphemes in ugly? uglier?

12

Morphology

Practice 23


Morphology Inflection - the modification of a word’s form to indicate grammatical information of various sorts The base that inflectional forms are added to is sometimes called a stem (like root for derivational affixation) This is different from derivationNot all inflection is through affixes

Morphology

Slide 24


English only has 8 inflectional suffixes! (memorize them)(Table 4.15, p. 132)

Nouns

Plural -s the books

Possessive (genitive) -’s John’s book

Verbs

3rd Person Singular (SG) nonpast -s He works hard.

Progressive -ing He is working.

Past tense -ed He worked yesterday.

Past participle -en/-ed He has worked/eaten.

Adjectives

Comparative -er the smaller one

Superlative -est the smallest one

Morphology

Slide 25


Morphology There are many irregular forms in English that don’t use the affixation of inflection as discussed. (go + PAST = goed? no, went) Inflection versus Derivation

Inflection does not change the grammatical category or the meaning of the word to which it is affixed Derivation can change the category and does change the meaning (although still related) (All English prefixes are derivation even though they do not change the lexical category of the word) Derivational affixes have to occur closest to base. neighborhoods but not *neighborshood Inflectional affixes can combine with nearly every possible word (plural -s) but derivational affixes can combine with a more limited set (-ment) (Table 4.16, p. 130)

Morphology

Slide 26


Morphology

Inflection versus Derivation Special case of -ing: There are 3 -ing affixes! 1) Derivational: Verb + -ing = Noun - I watched the dancing in the room. 2) Derivational: Verb + -ing = Adjective - The dancing frog 3) Inflecitonal: Verb + -ing = Verb - The frog is dancing

Morphology

Slide 27


Morphology

Inflection - in English is usually marked with affixes (suffixes) Can also be marked through Internal Change - a process that substitutes one nonmorphemic segment for another to mark a grammatical contrast

Ablaut (vowel alterations): sing, sink, drive - sang, sank, drove OR feet and geese from foot and goose - what about dive?

Suppletion - replaces a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast

to be in English is made up of a few different forms not related to each other through affixation or internal change: is, was, were, are, am, be

Morphology

Slide 28


MorphologyINFLECTIONReduplication - full or partial - the repetition of all or part of a word to indicate a grammatical or semantic contrast

See Table 4.19, p. 132 - Do we do this in English? ugly ugly

Tone placement - different pitch to indicate different tense (Spanish has an inflectional stress to indicate tense and person - hablo versus habló) Agreement – when one word is inflected to match a certain grammatical properties of another word – number, person (Eng. 3rd Sing Present –s: he speaks Case - is a change in a word’s form to indicate its grammatical role (subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.)

He/his/him, I/mine/me

Morphology

Slide 29

Accusative Genitive


Morphology Compounding - compound word is the combination of two already existing words The right-most word determines the lexical category of the new compound word (greenhouse is a noun because house is a noun although green is an adjective) - the morpheme that determines the category is called the head Spelling is not consistent with how compounds are represented - high school, high-school, highschoolPronunciation differences between compound and A + N sequence (Table 4.11, p. 124) - blackbird versus black bird Inflectional suffixes can only be added to second form in compound (tense or plural) so drop kicked but not *dropped kick

Morphology

Slide 30


Morphology Compounds that you can build the meaning out of the two words are endocentric - steamboat, airplane, bathtub Compounds that you cannot build the meaning out of the two words are exocentric - redhead, redneck (not type of head or neck) See Table 4.13, p. 125 for more examples Compounds in other languages? Any examples? earworm in German

Morphology

Slide 31


MorphologyOther morphological phenomena

Cliticization - clitics must be attached to another word (host) I’m leaving now. - sometimes indicated in English with apostrophe They’re here now French - Jean t’aime Clitics are not like affixes because they belong to their own lexical category (verb, noun, etc.) different from their host

Morphology

Slide 32


MorphologyOther morphological phenomena - Word formation processes

Conversions - changing one word from one category to another without the use of affixes (zero derivation) - invalid to invalid (Table 4.22, p. 135) stress shift often occurs in English Clipping - the shortening of a longer form to derive a new form - fax, porn, blog - why blog and not eblog? Blends - blends two words together - smog, brunch, absotively Backformation - reanalysis of possible affix to form backwards the root into a new form (that didn’t really exist) burglar - burgle; editor - edit

Morphology

Slide 33


MorphologyOther morphological phenomena - Word formation processes

Acronyms - the pronunciation of letters - scuba, laser, NASA, NATO - not abbreviation which is just pronouncing the letters - LA - if say [la], then acronym – for fun: RAS syndromeInitialism – just pronouncing the string of letters DC, LA Onomatopoeia - words created to sound like the thing they describe - zip, buzz, hiss, sizzle - different words in diff langs for same sound - how does a dog bark in French? Spanish? English? Coinage - the creation of a new word from scratch (not how much a person is worth!) - Teflon, spandex - flig

Morphology

Slide 34


Morphology Practice Identify the word formation process

blending

conversion

inflection (internal change)

onomatopoeia

derivation

clipping

inflection (suppletion)

infomercial

(to) ship

mice

chirp

healthy

demo

better

he’s

headline

enthuse

cliticization

compounding

back formation

Morphology

Practice 35


Morphology

Morphology

Slide 36


Morphology

Morphology

Slide 37


Morphology PracticeMorphophonemics

Morphology

Practice 38


Midterm on Tuesday!

Have a safe and happy Halloween!

Ch 4 Morphology Questions? Comments? Last minute Phonology questions?

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