Ch. 4 Amendments to the Constitution. The First Amendment The Bill of Rights, which was added to the Constitution in 1791, protects our civil liberties.

Ch. 4Ch. 4

Amendments to the Amendments to the ConstitutionConstitution

The First AmendmentThe First Amendment

The Bill of Rights, which was The Bill of Rights, which was added to the Constitution in 1791, added to the Constitution in 1791, protects our protects our civil libertiescivil liberties

the freedoms we have to think the freedoms we have to think and act without government and act without government interference or fear of unfair interference or fear of unfair treatmenttreatment

The First AmendmentThe First Amendment

The 1The 1stst Amendment protects five Amendment protects five basic freedoms:basic freedoms:

1.1. ReligionReligion

2.2. SpeechSpeech

3.3. PressPress

4.4. AssemblyAssembly

5.5. PetitionPetition

Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion

Congress may not establish a official Congress may not establish a official religion, favor one religion over another, or religion, favor one religion over another, or treat people differently because of their treat people differently because of their beliefsbeliefs

People may practice their faith as they wishPeople may practice their faith as they wish

Thomas Jefferson referred to it as a, “wall Thomas Jefferson referred to it as a, “wall of separation between church and stateof separation between church and state

Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech

In some countries, people can be jailed for In some countries, people can be jailed for criticizing the government or voicing criticizing the government or voicing unpopular ideas.unpopular ideas.

We are guaranteed the right to say what We are guaranteed the right to say what is on our minds, privately or publicly, is on our minds, privately or publicly, without fear of punishmentwithout fear of punishment

Freedom of speech includes Freedom of speech includes conversations, radio, and T.V.; also conversations, radio, and T.V.; also protects forms of expression ex. protects forms of expression ex. Tinker Tinker v. Des Moines (1965)v. Des Moines (1965)

Freedom of PressFreedom of Press

As American citizens, we are free to express As American citizens, we are free to express ourselves in print or other media.ourselves in print or other media.

Media includes radio, T.V., and computer Media includes radio, T.V., and computer networks (blogs)networks (blogs)

The government can not practice The government can not practice censorship, censorship, or ban printed materials or film or ban printed materials or film because they contain offensive ideas because they contain offensive ideas

Also are prohibited from banning information Also are prohibited from banning information before it is published or broadcast.before it is published or broadcast.

Freedom of PressFreedom of Press

1733, John Peter Zenger, publisher for the New 1733, John Peter Zenger, publisher for the New York Weekly Journal was arrested and York Weekly Journal was arrested and imprisoned for criticizing Gov. William Crosby imprisoned for criticizing Gov. William Crosby (NY).(NY).

Zenger’s lawyer argued that only a free press to Zenger’s lawyer argued that only a free press to criticize could prevent the government from criticize could prevent the government from abusing its power.abusing its power.

There are some restrictions: you can not publish There are some restrictions: you can not publish materials that can harm a person’s character or materials that can harm a person’s character or reputation; if its based on fact, its fair gamereputation; if its based on fact, its fair game

Freedom of AssemblyFreedom of Assembly

We may gather in groups for any reason, We may gather in groups for any reason, as long as the assemblies are peaceful.as long as the assemblies are peaceful.

Government can make rules about when Government can make rules about when and where activities can be held but and where activities can be held but cannot ban them outright.cannot ban them outright.

We may freely join clubs, political We may freely join clubs, political parties, unions and other organizations parties, unions and other organizations as we wish.as we wish.

Freedom of PetitionFreedom of Petition

We all have the right to petition the We all have the right to petition the governmentgovernment

We can express our ideas and complaints about We can express our ideas and complaints about government actiongovernment action

Ex. Complain about the traffic situation on Ex. Complain about the traffic situation on Brawley School Road. Brawley School Road.

Get other like minded people to sign a petition Get other like minded people to sign a petition (written request) to pressure leaders into action(written request) to pressure leaders into action

Limits to the 1Limits to the 1stst AmendmentAmendment The Supreme Court has decided that the 1The Supreme Court has decided that the 1stst

Amendment is not an absolute freedom and Amendment is not an absolute freedom and has to be limited in scope to protect safety has to be limited in scope to protect safety and security.and security.

You may not say anything that may provoke You may not say anything that may provoke a riot.a riot.

You may not write or speak in a way that You may not write or speak in a way that leads to criminal activities or any effort to leads to criminal activities or any effort to overthrow the governmentoverthrow the government

Limits to the 1Limits to the 1stst AmendmentAmendment People should use civil liberties responsibly People should use civil liberties responsibly

and not interfere with the rights of others. and not interfere with the rights of others. Ex. Ex. You are free to assemble but not in You are free to assemble but not in the middle of 150the middle of 150

You may criticize government officials but You may criticize government officials but you can not spread lies that can harm a you can not spread lies that can harm a person’s reputation.person’s reputation.

Doing so is a crime called Doing so is a crime called slander slander if lies are if lies are spoken, and spoken, and libel libel if lies are printed.if lies are printed.

Limits to the 1Limits to the 1stst AmendmentAmendment The First Amendment was never intended to The First Amendment was never intended to

give people unlimited freedom or allow them give people unlimited freedom or allow them to do whatever they want.to do whatever they want.

The rights of one individual must be balanced The rights of one individual must be balanced against the rights of others and the against the rights of others and the communitycommunity

When there is a conflict, the rights of the When there is a conflict, the rights of the community will always come first, or society community will always come first, or society would break apart.would break apart.

Other Guarantees in the Other Guarantees in the Bill of Rights: Ch.4.2 Bill of Rights: Ch.4.2 Rights of the AccusedRights of the Accused The right to fair legal treatment is just The right to fair legal treatment is just

as important to our civil liberties.as important to our civil liberties.

Without these protections, government Without these protections, government could ransack our homes, drag us to could ransack our homes, drag us to jail, and hold a trial without you jail, and hold a trial without you responding to the charges.responding to the charges.

The 4The 4thth, 5, 5thth, 6, 6thth, and 8, and 8thth amendments amendments prevent this from happeningprevent this from happening

The Fourth The Fourth AmendmentAmendment The fourth amendment protects us against The fourth amendment protects us against

unreasonable searches and seizures.unreasonable searches and seizures.

Cannot search your home or property without Cannot search your home or property without probable cause.probable cause.

If police believe you have committed a crime, If police believe you have committed a crime, they can ask a judge for a they can ask a judge for a search warrant – search warrant – court order allowing law enforcement officials court order allowing law enforcement officials to search a suspect’s home or business and to search a suspect’s home or business and take evidence.take evidence.

Ex. Ex. Mapp v. OhioMapp v. Ohio (1961) (1961)

The Fifth AmendmentThe Fifth Amendment

The fifth amendment gives us protections in The fifth amendment gives us protections in a few ways:a few ways:

- states that no person can be put on trial for a - states that no person can be put on trial for a

serious federal crime without an serious federal crime without an indictment, indictment, a formal charge by a group of citizens called a formal charge by a group of citizens called a a grand jury, grand jury, who reviewwho review the evidence.the evidence.

An indictment does not mean guilt, but it An indictment does not mean guilt, but it indicates that the person indicates that the person may may have have committed a crimecommitted a crime

The Fifth Amendment The Fifth Amendment (cont.)(cont.)- protects a person from protects a person from double double

jeopardy jeopardy

- people can not be tried and judged for people can not be tried and judged for the same crime twice.the same crime twice.

- Ex. O.J. could not be tried again in Ex. O.J. could not be tried again in California for the murders of Nicole California for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman when he was acquitted the first time.when he was acquitted the first time.

The Fifth Amendment The Fifth Amendment (cont.)(cont.)- Protects the accused by giving them the Protects the accused by giving them the right right

to remain silentto remain silent

- Prevents authorities from threatening, Prevents authorities from threatening, torturing, or coercing people into a confession.torturing, or coercing people into a confession.

- Cannot force people to testify against Cannot force people to testify against themselves themselves

- Protection against self-incrimination- ex. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

The Fifth Amendment The Fifth Amendment (cont.)(cont.)- States that no one may be denied States that no one may be denied

life, liberty, or property without life, liberty, or property without due processdue process

- Must follow established legal Must follow established legal procedures procedures

The Fifth Amendment The Fifth Amendment (cont.)(cont.)- Limits the government’s power of Limits the government’s power of

eminent domain –eminent domain – the right of the the right of the government to take private property for government to take private property for public usepublic use

- If your house lies in the way of a proposed If your house lies in the way of a proposed government works project, government government works project, government must give you fair price for it.must give you fair price for it.

- Limits this process.Limits this process.

The Sixth AmendmentThe Sixth Amendment

Guarantees additional rights to people Guarantees additional rights to people accused of crimes.accused of crimes.

- requires accused people to be told the - requires accused people to be told the charges against them (charges against them (writ of habeas writ of habeas corpus)corpus)

- - requires thatrequires that the accused be allowed a the accused be allowed a trial by jury, unless the accused trial by jury, unless the accused chooses a judge instead (bench trial)chooses a judge instead (bench trial)

The Sixth Amendment The Sixth Amendment (cont.)(cont.)- If the accused asks for a jury trial, If the accused asks for a jury trial,

it must be speedy and public, it must be speedy and public, with jurors being impartial.with jurors being impartial.

- If possible the trial should take If possible the trial should take place in the same area in which place in the same area in which the crime took place.the crime took place.

The Sixth Amendment The Sixth Amendment (cont.)(cont.)- The accused have the right to hear and The accused have the right to hear and

question witnesses who testify against them.question witnesses who testify against them.

- They also have the right to call witnesses in They also have the right to call witnesses in their own defensetheir own defense

- Accused people are entitled to a Accused people are entitled to a lawyer/counsellawyer/counsel

- Supreme Court ruled that if a person can not Supreme Court ruled that if a person can not afford a lawyer, the government must provide afford a lawyer, the government must provide one and pay his/her fees ex. one and pay his/her fees ex. Gideon v. Gideon v. Wainwright Wainwright (1963)(1963)

The Eighth The Eighth AmendmentAmendment The Eighth Amendment forbids any excessive The Eighth Amendment forbids any excessive

bail and excessive finesbail and excessive fines

Before trial, the accused may stay in jail or Before trial, the accused may stay in jail or pay pay bail, bail, a security deposit.a security deposit.

Bail is returned if the person comes to court Bail is returned if the person comes to court for trial; it is forfeited if the person fails to for trial; it is forfeited if the person fails to appear.appear.

Bail must meet the severity of the crime; Bail must meet the severity of the crime; judge weighs various factors of the individualjudge weighs various factors of the individual

The Eighth The Eighth Amendment (cont.)Amendment (cont.) Also forbids any cruel and unusual Also forbids any cruel and unusual

punishment punishment

Many people disagree on what types of Many people disagree on what types of punishments are cruel and unusual but punishments are cruel and unusual but generally agree that punishment generally agree that punishment should be proportional to the crime should be proportional to the crime committed.committed.

Ex. Ex. Furman v. Georgia Furman v. Georgia (1972)(1972)

Other Protections Other Protections within the Bill of within the Bill of RightsRights The The 22ndnd amendment amendment is often debated. is often debated.

Some believe it only allows states to keep an Some believe it only allows states to keep an armed militia.armed militia.

Others believe it guarantees the right of all Others believe it guarantees the right of all citizens to “keep and bear arms.” citizens to “keep and bear arms.”

The courts have generally ruled that The courts have generally ruled that government can pass laws to control, but not government can pass laws to control, but not prevent, the possession of weapons by prevent, the possession of weapons by individualsindividuals

The Third AmendmentThe Third Amendment

The 3The 3rdrd Amendment states that Amendment states that soldiers may not move into private soldiers may not move into private homes without the owners’ consent.homes without the owners’ consent.

Soldiers had done this in colonial timesSoldiers had done this in colonial times

The government is responsible for The government is responsible for quartering soldiers during war and quartering soldiers during war and during peacetime.during peacetime.

The Seventh The Seventh AmendmentAmendment The 7The 7thth amendment concerns civil amendment concerns civil

cases – lawsuits involving cases – lawsuits involving disagreements among people disagreements among people rather than crimes.rather than crimes.

Guarantees the right to a jury trial Guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases involving more than in civil cases involving more than $20. $20. It does not require a jury It does not require a jury trial however.trial however.

The Ninth AmendmentThe Ninth Amendment

The 9The 9thth Amendment states that Amendment states that citizens have other rights beyond citizens have other rights beyond those listed in the Constitution.those listed in the Constitution.

Ex. people’s right to privacy –this Ex. people’s right to privacy –this is not listed in the Constitutionis not listed in the Constitution

The Tenth AmendmentThe Tenth Amendment

The 10The 10thth Amendment says that any Amendment says that any powers the Constitution does not powers the Constitution does not specifically give to the national specifically give to the national government are reserved to the states government are reserved to the states or to the people.or to the people.

Prevents Congress and the President Prevents Congress and the President from becoming too strong from becoming too strong

They have only the powers the people They have only the powers the people give them.give them.

Extending the Bill of Extending the Bill of Rights: Ch. 4.3Rights: Ch. 4.3 At first the Bill of Rights applied only to At first the Bill of Rights applied only to

adult, white males.adult, white males.

Also applied only to the national Also applied only to the national government and not to the states or government and not to the states or local governmentslocal governments

Later amendments and court rulings Later amendments and court rulings made the Bill of Rights apply to all made the Bill of Rights apply to all people and level of governmentspeople and level of governments

Civil War AmendmentsCivil War Amendments

The 13The 13thth , 14 , 14thth, and 15, and 15thth Amendments Amendments are also known as the Civil War are also known as the Civil War Amendments because they extended Amendments because they extended civil liberties to African-Americans civil liberties to African-Americans during that time periodduring that time period

1313thth Amendment (1865) officially Amendment (1865) officially outlawed slavery, freeing thousands of outlawed slavery, freeing thousands of African AmericansAfrican Americans

Civil War AmendmentsCivil War Amendments

Even after freeing the slaves, this did Even after freeing the slaves, this did not guarantee them full rights not guarantee them full rights

After the Civil War, many southern After the Civil War, many southern states passed “black codes” that states passed “black codes” that excluded African Americans from excluded African Americans from certain jobs, limited property rights, certain jobs, limited property rights, and placed many restrictions on their and placed many restrictions on their lives.lives.

Civil War AmendmentsCivil War Amendments

The 14The 14thth Amendment (1868) Amendment (1868) remedied this situation by defining remedied this situation by defining citizens as “anyone born or citizens as “anyone born or naturalized in the United States” naturalized in the United States” which included African Americanswhich included African Americans

Requires all states to grant citizens Requires all states to grant citizens ““equal protection of the lawsequal protection of the laws””

Civil War AmendmentsCivil War Amendments

Over the years this clause has been Over the years this clause has been used to benefit women, the disabled, used to benefit women, the disabled, and other groups whose rights have and other groups whose rights have not been protected fairly.not been protected fairly.

The 14The 14thth amendment also nationalized amendment also nationalized the Bill of Rights by forbidding state the Bill of Rights by forbidding state governments from interfering with the governments from interfering with the rights of citizens.rights of citizens.

Civil War AmendmentsCivil War Amendments

The last of the Civil War amendments, the 15The last of the Civil War amendments, the 15thth amendment (1870) says that no state may take away amendment (1870) says that no state may take away a person’s voting rights on the basis of race, color, or a person’s voting rights on the basis of race, color, or previous enslavement. previous enslavement.

The amendment was clearly intended to guarantee The amendment was clearly intended to guarantee suffrage –suffrage –the right to vote – to African Americans.the right to vote – to African Americans.

Keep in mind, it applied only to menKeep in mind, it applied only to men

Various states had the power to decide whether Various states had the power to decide whether women could vote. Still regardless of race, women women could vote. Still regardless of race, women could not vote in most federal or state electionscould not vote in most federal or state elections

Later AmendmentsLater Amendments

Gradually, the Bill of Rights came Gradually, the Bill of Rights came to cover all Americans equally to cover all Americans equally and limited the power of and limited the power of government at all levels.government at all levels.

Additional amendments would Additional amendments would extend the rights of Americans to extend the rights of Americans to participate fully in the democratic participate fully in the democratic process (voting rights)process (voting rights)

The Seventeenth The Seventeenth AmendmentAmendment According to Article I of the Constitution, According to Article I of the Constitution,

the people were to elect members of the the people were to elect members of the House of Rep., but the state legislatures House of Rep., but the state legislatures were to choose members of the Senate.were to choose members of the Senate.

Ratified in 1913, this amendment Ratified in 1913, this amendment allowed voters to elect their senators allowed voters to elect their senators directly.directly.

Gave Americans a greater voice in their Gave Americans a greater voice in their governmentgovernment

The Nineteenth The Nineteenth AmendmentAmendment The Constitution did not grant nor deny women the The Constitution did not grant nor deny women the

right to vote. right to vote.

This decision was left for the states under the reserved This decision was left for the states under the reserved powers granted to them by the 10powers granted to them by the 10thth amendment. amendment.

Some territories such as Wyoming allowed women to Some territories such as Wyoming allowed women to vote in 1869, national support for women’s suffrage vote in 1869, national support for women’s suffrage was slow.was slow.

Women’s suffrage movement started around 1848 in Women’s suffrage movement started around 1848 in NYNY

1919thth Amendment (1920) established women’s right to Amendment (1920) established women’s right to vote in all elections vote in all elections

The Twenty-third The Twenty-third AmendmentAmendment Because Washington, D.C. is a district Because Washington, D.C. is a district

and not a state, the people who lived and not a state, the people who lived there were not initially allowed to vote there were not initially allowed to vote in national elections.in national elections.

2323rdrd amendment (1961) established amendment (1961) established that citizens of D.C. may vote for the that citizens of D.C. may vote for the President and Vice President, just as President and Vice President, just as other Americans do.other Americans do.

The Twenty-fourth The Twenty-fourth AmendmentAmendment The 15The 15thth amendment gave African Americans the right amendment gave African Americans the right

to vote, but many had trouble exercising the right to vote, but many had trouble exercising the right

Many southern states had Many southern states had poll taxes, poll taxes, requiring voters requiring voters to pay a sum of money before casting a ballot.to pay a sum of money before casting a ballot.

This was a financial burden for African Americans and This was a financial burden for African Americans and poor whites; no pay, no vote.poor whites; no pay, no vote.

2424thth Amendment (1964) made poll taxes illegal in Amendment (1964) made poll taxes illegal in national elections and then two years later, made national elections and then two years later, made them illegal in state electionsthem illegal in state elections

The Twenty-sixth The Twenty-sixth AmendmentAmendment Throughout history, a young man could fight Throughout history, a young man could fight

and die for his country at the age of 18, but and die for his country at the age of 18, but was unable to vote for leaders until the age of was unable to vote for leaders until the age of 21.21.

Constitution does not state an age minimum, Constitution does not state an age minimum, this was established by the states.this was established by the states.

2626thth Amendment (1971) during the Vietnam Amendment (1971) during the Vietnam War, Americans were guaranteed the right to War, Americans were guaranteed the right to vote at the age of 18.vote at the age of 18.

Lowered age minimum from 21 to 18.Lowered age minimum from 21 to 18.

The Civil Rights The Civil Rights Struggle: Ch. 4.4Struggle: Ch. 4.4 After the Civil War, African Americans routinely After the Civil War, African Americans routinely

faced faced discrimination, discrimination, or unfair treatment or unfair treatment based on prejudice against a certain group.based on prejudice against a certain group.

““Jim Crow” laws passed in the south required Jim Crow” laws passed in the south required the social separation of the races which was the social separation of the races which was known as known as segregation.segregation.

It would take more than 100 years for African It would take more than 100 years for African Americans to secure their Americans to secure their civil rights – civil rights – thethe rights of full citizenship and equality under the rights of full citizenship and equality under the law.law.

““Separate but Equal”Separate but Equal”

““Jim Crow” laws had mandated Jim Crow” laws had mandated the “separate but equal” status the “separate but equal” status for blacks in America.for blacks in America.

Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)(1896)

Beginning to ChangeBeginning to Change

Executive Order 9981 (1948) from Executive Order 9981 (1948) from President Harry Truman ordered President Harry Truman ordered an end to segregation in the an end to segregation in the nation’s armed forces.nation’s armed forces.

The biggest victory for equality of The biggest victory for equality of rights came with the decision in rights came with the decision in 1954.1954.

Brown DecisionBrown Decision

Brown v. Board of Education of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KSTopeka, KS (1954) (1954)

NAACP lawyers successfully argued NAACP lawyers successfully argued that segregation in that segregation in public schools public schools was unconstitutional.was unconstitutional.

It violated the 14It violated the 14thth Amendments Amendments principle of “equal protection under principle of “equal protection under the law”the law”

Montgomery Bus Montgomery Bus BoycottBoycott In 1955, one year after the Brown In 1955, one year after the Brown

decision, an African American decision, an African American woman named Rosa Parks was woman named Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man.her seat to a white man.

Arrested for violating Alabama’s Arrested for violating Alabama’s segregation laws.segregation laws.

Montgomery Bus Montgomery Bus BoycottBoycott Her arrest spurred the local African Her arrest spurred the local African

American community to organize a American community to organize a boycott of the Montgomery, AL bus boycott of the Montgomery, AL bus system.system.

A year later, Supreme Court ruled that A year later, Supreme Court ruled that public bus segregation was public bus segregation was unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gained national prominence from their gained national prominence from their actionsactions

Peaceful ProtestsPeaceful Protests

Dr. King was a Baptist minister and one of Dr. King was a Baptist minister and one of the main leaders of the civil rights the main leaders of the civil rights movement.movement.

His ability to speak and his belief in non-His ability to speak and his belief in non-violent resistance helped move the cause.violent resistance helped move the cause.

King helped organize marches, boycotts, and King helped organize marches, boycotts, and demonstrations that opened people eye’s to demonstrations that opened people eye’s to the treatment of blacks and that change was the treatment of blacks and that change was needed.needed.

Peaceful ProtestsPeaceful Protests

Students were known for staging “sit-ins” at Students were known for staging “sit-ins” at lunch counters that served only whiteslunch counters that served only whites

African Americans and whites sympathetic to African Americans and whites sympathetic to the cause were “Freedom Riders” who the cause were “Freedom Riders” who traveled together on buses to protest traveled together on buses to protest segregationsegregation

King’s “I Have a Dream Speech” was and still King’s “I Have a Dream Speech” was and still is inspirational to those who hope for racial is inspirational to those who hope for racial equality.equality.

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19641964 In response to the growing demand for In response to the growing demand for

government action, Congress passed government action, Congress passed the the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Civil Rights Act of 1964.

This law prohibited discrimination in:This law prohibited discrimination in:- public facilities- public facilities- employment- employment- education- education- voter registration- voter registration

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19641964 It banned discrimination by race, It banned discrimination by race,

color, gender, religion, and color, gender, religion, and national origin.national origin.

Strengthened the 14Strengthened the 14thth AmendmentAmendment

Other Steps to Other Steps to EqualityEquality Ratification in 1964 of the 24Ratification in 1964 of the 24thth

Amendment to protect African Amendment to protect African Americans when it came to registering Americans when it came to registering and voting; banned poll taxes in and voting; banned poll taxes in America.America.

The The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965 ensured all citizens the right to vote, ensured all citizens the right to vote, regardless of race.regardless of race.

Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action

In the 1970’s, the federal In the 1970’s, the federal government created programs that government created programs that were intended to make up for past were intended to make up for past discrimination.discrimination.

These programs encouraged the These programs encouraged the hiring and promoting of minorities hiring and promoting of minorities and women, and the admission of and women, and the admission of more minority students to colleges.more minority students to colleges.

Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action

From the beginning, affirmative From the beginning, affirmative action has been controversial.action has been controversial.

Critics complain that affirmative Critics complain that affirmative action programs give preferential action programs give preferential treatment to women and treatment to women and minorities, amounting to minorities, amounting to discrimination against men and discrimination against men and whites. “reverse discrimination”whites. “reverse discrimination”

Racial ProfilingRacial Profiling

The struggle for equal rights continues The struggle for equal rights continues today.today.

Each year, the federal government Each year, the federal government receives more than 75,000 complaints receives more than 75,000 complaints of workplace discrimination.of workplace discrimination.

Many people are subject to Many people are subject to racial racial profilingprofiling

Racial ProfilingRacial Profiling

Racial profiling is being singled Racial profiling is being singled out as suspects because of the out as suspects because of the way they look.way they look.

Some Americans are also victims Some Americans are also victims of hate crimes – acts of violence of hate crimes – acts of violence based on a person’s race, color, based on a person’s race, color, national origin, gender, or national origin, gender, or disability.disability.