Ch. 3. The Agricultural South Plantation Economy Arises ▫Cash crop: crop grown mostly to be sold, rather than to be used by the farmer. ▫Maryland, Virginia,

Ch. 3

The Agricultural South• Plantation Economy Arises

▫ Cash crop: crop grown mostly to be sold, rather than to be used by the farmer.

▫ Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina = tobacco

▫ South Carolina and Georgia = rice, and later indigo

•Plantations▫ More common than towns in the south.

▫ Planters shipped good directly to northern economies and Europe with out needing city dock facilities.

▫ Crops were stored on plantations

▫ No need for shops, bakeries, or markets; Plantations produced most of their own goods.

•South was mostly rural and self sufficient.

•Important port city in south▫Charles Town, South

Carolina (now Charleston, SC)

Life in Southern Society• Germans settled throughout Maryland, Virginia, and down

into South Carolina.▫ Raised grain, livestock, and tobacco

• Scots & Scots-Irish settled in the south; mainly in the fertile hills of North Carolina.

• Small farmers made up most of the south’s populations.

• Planters –owners of plantations; controlled much of the South’s economy.

• Planters also controlled political and social aspects in the south.

• Planters lived a life of prosperity and social events.

Southern Women• Women were considered second-class citizens; could not

vote, preach, or own property.

• “Regular “ Southern Women▫ Worked over hot fires baking bread or boiling meat.▫ Milked cows▫ Slaughtered pigs (ham & bacon)▫ Tend to garden▫ Sewed, washed clothes▫ Cleaned

• Planter’s Wife Lifestyle▫ Basic housework, cooking, cleaning, and sewing were

done by servants.▫ Take care of husbands and household servants.▫ Dispense clothing, food, and medicine to slaves.

•Indentured Servants▫ Mainly young, white men▫ Traded life in prison or poverty

in Europe for limited servitude in America.

▫ No rights while in bondage▫ Many never saw the end of their

servitude

• Indians were the first to be forced into slavery in the Americas.▫ Spanish and Portuguese capture and enslaved Indians.

▫ English encouraged fighting within tribes and captured Indians for slavery during times of war.

• By 1700, the Indian slave trade replaced by slaves from Africa.

• Eventually, slaves replaced Indians and servants on tobacco plantations.

Triangular Trade

The Middle Passage• 6-8 week voyage from Africa to the Americas.• 20% of slaves died on the trip over.

Slavery in the South

•80-90% of slaves worked in the fields.

• 10-20% of slaves worked in their master’s home (cooked, cleaned, raised master’s

children) or as artisans (carpenters, blacksmiths, and bricklayers).

• Traces of African culture remained in slave society.▫ Creole – American born slaves

• Labor consumed most of slave’s time.

• Growth of slave families and communities inhibited escape and rebellion.

• Thousands of slaves ran away, but finding a place to hide was difficult.

• Some went to Florida where the Spanish promised them freedom.

• Slaves worked slowly, broke tools and faked being sick as a form of rebellion.

•Stono Rebellion▫ Colonial America’s largest

slave uprising.

▫ Twenty slaves broke into a store and armed themselves with stolen guns; they marched southward along the Stono River, growing in size to around one hundred; their destination was Spanish Florida for freedom.

▫ White troops stopped and defeated the black rebels within a week with twenty-four white people dead and about twice that for black rebels.

The Commercial North

•Diversified economy▫Farmed several cash crops▫Grinding wheat, harvesting fish, and

sawing lumber were thriving industries.▫Manufactured ships and iron.

•Urban Life▫Major cities – Boston, New York, and

Philadelphia.

▫Crowding leads to poverty, fires, disease.

Northern Society is Diverse1700 1755

▫ England/Welch 80%▫ African 11%▫ Dutch 4%▫ Scottish 3%▫ Other European 2%

▫ England/Welch 52%▫ African 20%▫ German 7%▫ Scots-Irish 7%▫ Irish 5%▫ Scottish 4%▫ Dutch 3%▫ Other European 2%

•Slavery in the North▫Had better legal standing▫Could sue or be sued▫Had right to appeal▫Could offer testimony against whites

•Women in the North▫ Weaving cloths▫ Sewing clothes▫ Tending to garden and livestock▫ Baking and preserved food▫ Made soap and candles

Salem Witchcraft Trials• April 1692• Slave woman, Tituba, was accused of practicing witchcraft

on a group of Salem girls.• 19 people were hanged• 1 person was crushed to death.

The Enlightenment

•Also known as the Scientific Revolution▫Nicolaus Copernicus – Heliocentric Theory (planets

revolve around the sun); Catholic Church does not acknowledge Copernicus’ theory until 1992!

▫Galileo Galilei – supports heliocentric theory; provided advancements in astronomy; improved telescope; discoveries about planet surfaces.

▫Sir Issac Newton – develops theory of motion (states same forces rule motion of planets, matter in space, and earth; Law of universal gravitation.

▫Fracis Bacon & Rene Decartes – develop scientific method (formulate question, hypothesis, prediction, test, analysis)

•Benjamin Franklin – wanted to obtain truth through experimentation and reasoning; Flew kite in thunderstorm to demonstrate that lightening is a form of electricity, not an act of God. Created lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and a stove that heated rooms more efficiently.

• Thomas Jefferson - used reason to conclude individuals have natural rights that government must respect.

The Great Awakening (1740s & 1750s)• Leaders of the Great Awakening,

Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield had little interest in merely engaging parishioners' intellects; rather, they wanted to revive the intensity and dedication of the Puritan vision.

• Edwards preached that attending church was not enough for salvation; people must feel their sinfulness and feel for God’s love.

• Brought more native Americans and African Americans to Christianity.

• Increased interest in higher education (founding of Princeton, Brown, Columbia, and Dartmouth) trained ministers.

French and Indian War• Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle explored and claimed the Mississippi

River Valley for France; area called Louisiana, after King Louis XIV.

• Hurons, Ottawas, Ojibwas, and other Native American tribes trapped beavers and traded the fur for guns, hatchets, blankets, mirrors, or beads.

• French and British territories collided; six years of peace ended in 1754.

• French built Ft. Duquesne where the Ohio River started

• Virginia government had granted 200,000 of land to wealthy planters.

• Governor of Virginia sent a group of militiamen, led by a 22 yr. old George Washington, to remove the French.

• French soldiers planned to go after Washington’s weak, untrained troops.

• On July 3, French soldiers attacked Washington at Fort Necessity; Washington surrendered the next day after a quarter of his troops were killed or wounded.

• Last Anglo-French colonial wars.

• First war where the fighting started in North America.

• Fighting occurred in the Caribbean, Africa, India, the Philippines, Europe, and North America.

• France was defeated.

• William Pitt ▫ Chosen by King George II to lead

government in 1757.

▫ Energetic, self-confident, politician.

▫ Wanted to create largest army in all of North America (50,000 men).

▫ British army gains support from Iroquois.

▫ British and French battle in Quebec.

• The French and Indian War officially ended February 10, 1763, with the Treaty of Paris.

▫France regained the West Indian Sugar Islands, but lost the rest of its North American empire.

▫France gave all of its land east of the Mississippi River (except New Orleans).

▫France had to compensate Spain for being their ally and for the men they lost (receiving the Trans-Mississippi West and the New Orleans Port).

• England now owned everything east of the Mississippi; from the Gulf of Mexico to the Hudson Bay.

• With Spain and France of the verge of financial collapse, England could now dominate the new world and the “Americans” felt enormous British pride.

Pontiac’s Rebellion• The British took advantage of this

increasing vulnerability: Traders exploited the Indians, and settlers.

• Offered a reunited effort to resist the British and revitalize Indian cultures.

• The spiritual catalyst for this movement was a Delaware leader named Neolin or the Delaware Prophet. Who urged Native Americans to reject European goods and ways.

• A British commander used germ warfare against the Indians, sending them blankets infested with smallpox.

• Settlers in Paxton township (near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) were equally unrestrained; Irish frontiersmen along Susuquehanna River

• Formed a vigilante group; Angered by the lack on aggression towards the Indians, settlers lashed out at easy targets and massacred 20 of their peaceful neighbors the Susquehannock; known as the Conestogas Massacre.

• Facing arrest and trial for this outrage were the so-called Paxton Boys, who marched toward Philadelphia, threatening the Philadelphia Assembly.

• Benjamin Franklin is who convinced the Paxton Boys to disperse.

• In 1763, the British government took several steps to deal with the new territories, protect the old colonies, and maintain peace with the Indians.

• One step was to keep a substantial number of troops stationed in America.

• Next, the Proclamation of 1763, was to temporarily forbid white settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

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• The Proclamation Line restricted white settlement was presumably twofold: to keep white settlers and Indians apart, preventing fighting between them, and to keep the colonists closer to the coast where they would be easier to control.

• The Proclamation Line provoked resentment, because it threatened to deprive settlers and speculators in the rapidly developing colonies of the land they converted, and it was often ignored.

• This new plan, which was suppose to bring the British and America back together ended up bringing both sides farther apart.

• France’s territories on the mainland was reduced to two small islands in the Gulf of the St. Lawrence.

• Spain had Cuba, the Philippines, Louisiana, and California.

• Spain might have been less powerful militarily, but had a much bigger presence on the mainland of North America

• England emerged from the war with what was then, a VERY large amount of national debt at approximately 130 million pounds.

• Interest payments alone made up for half the governments annual expenditures after the war.

• Very alarmed by this debt Britain believed that Americans should contribute more financially.

• The colonists seemed to be prosperous to the British soldiers that served America.

•However, compared to the English who paid a third of their income in taxes, most Americans rendered no more than 5 percent.

• The British government continued to provoke resentment with the Americans with the passage of the Quartering Act, which required colonial assemblies to provide barracks and certain supplies for the troops.

• The presence of British troops during peacetime was alarming to Americans.

• Anglican ministers in Virginia drew tax-supported salaries computed in pounds of tobacco.

• The Virginia House of Burgesses restricted their payments to 2 pennies a pound, below the market value of tobacco that backed their salaries.

• British authorities also sought to restrict the power of colonial legislatures to issue legal tender currency, paper notes that could be used to settle debts.

• George Grenville chosen to be the Prime Minister 1763.

• To help pay for the army and the HUGE war debt, Prime Minister Grenville imposed more tariffs (taxes) on the colonists.

• Believed colonists were smuggling goods into the Americas without paying taxes.

•The Currency Act of 1764 is when Parliament extended this restriction to the rest of the colonies, prohibiting all of them from printing their own legal tender paper money.

•To deprive them of their paper money was, in the words of one American, “downright robbery.”

The Sugar Act• The Sugar Act was passed in 1764 by British

Parliament to raise revenue in the American colonies.

• It lowered the duty from 6 pence to 3 pence per gallon on foreign molasses imported into the colonies and increased restrictions on colonial commerce.

• Furthermore, to prevent trade with other countries the Sugar Act legislation lengthened the list of enumerated products– goods that could be sent only to England or within the empire—and required that ships carry elaborate new documents certifying the legality of their cargoes.

• The British government continued to use the Royal Navy to seize smugglers’ ships, a practice which started during the French and Indian War.

• It also ordered colonial customs collectors to discharge their duties personally, rather than through use of easily bribed deputies.

• Judges received 5% of any cargo the courts confiscated.